• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics B
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• v.31B no.1
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• pp.99-106
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• 1994

In this paper, we develop an algorithm which recognizes Ilpa-style shorthand characters by on-line. It discriminates the structure of characters using coordinates which are measured by tablet board, then it outputs the recognized characters using the fuzzy inference rules. Shorthand characters have several forms, in which an initial or a middle sound depends on angle and length while a last sound is treated as a hook. We apply fuzzy inference rules to the discrimination of the length, the angle, the curve, and the straight line. We also built up a set of standard character codes in order to reduce the processing time.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2012.11a
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• pp.197-198
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• 2012

If the mechanical development be applied to the Nuclear Power Plant Structures instead of the standard hook development, the problem of overcrowding re-bars in the anchorage zone can be solved and the construction quality of the concrete work will be improved. But there are some problems in applying it to the NPP structures because of the restriction on the re-bar yield strength and diameter. After the performance evaluation test for the mechanical development, we can develop the new design equation of the mechanical development length in order to solve the limitation and apply it to NPP structures.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.59-62
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• 2005

Seven columns laterally reinforced with either mechanically anchored crossties or conventional crossties under cyclic loading are tested. 4 columns are specimens for flexural strength and 3 columns are for shear strength. Main variable is anchorage types of crossties. Conventional hooks, 180$^{\circ}$ standard hook-mechanical anchorage and all mechanical anchorage type are used. The specimens are tested under 10$\%$ axial load of nominal axial capacity of the columns combined with increasing lateral load. From the flexure test, it is found that columns with mechanical anchorages exhibit superior performance in terms of ductility and energy dissipation. The crossties with mechanical anchorages reduce buckling length of longitudinal rebar. From the shear test, it is found that. 3 specimens exhibit almost the same strength, displacement, and shear failure mode at ductility factor =2.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2013.05a
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• pp.273-275
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• 2013

If the mechanical development is applied to the Nuclear Power Plant Structures instead of the standard hook development, the problem of overcrowding re-bars in the anchorage zone can be solved and the construction quality of the concrete work will be improved. But there are some problems in applying it to the NPP structures because of the restriction on the yield strength and diameter of the re-bar. After the performance evaluation test for the mechanical development, we can develop the new design equation of the mechanical development length in order to solve the limitation and apply it to NPP structures.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.593-601
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• 2001

In RC structure, sufficient anchorage of reinforcement is necessary for the member to produce the full strength. Generally, conventional standard hook is used for the reinforcement's anchorage. However, the use of standard hook results in steel congestion, making fabrication and construction difficult. Mechanical anchor offers a potential solution to these problems and may also ease fabrication, construction and concrete placement. In this paper, the required characteristics and the design considerations of mechanical anchor were studied. Also, the mechanical anchor was designed according to the requirements. To investigate the pull-out behavior and properness of mechanical anchorage, pull-out tests were performed. The parameters of tests were embedment length, diameter of reinforcement, concrete compressive strength, and spacing of reinforcements. The strengths of mechanical anchor were consistent with the predictions by CCD method. The slip between mechanical anchor and concrete could be controlled under 0.2mm. Therefore, the mechanical anchor with adequate embedment could be used for reinforcement's anchorage. However, it was observed that the strength of mechanical anchors with short spacing of reinforcements was greatly reduced. To apply the mechanical anchor in practice (e.g. anchorage of the beams reinforcements in beam-column joint), other effects that affect the mechanical anchor mechanism, such as confinement effect of adjacent member from frame action or effects of shear reinforcement, should be considered.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.146-148
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• 2019

We report a simple technique for repairing capsular tear, using only a hook-like, cannulated instrument and braided sutures without relaying steps. A No. 2 braided suture is passed through the lumen of the instrument. Under direct arthroscopic view, the tip of the instrument is passed through the side of the capsule that has previously been separated with the probe. One end of the suture is retrieved with a grasper through a separate portal. The tip is moved back without withdrawing through the skin, and reinserted into the other side of the capsule. Holding the end retrieved earlier, the other end of the suture is retrieved with a suture retriever. After complete removal of the instrument, the suture is tied through a cannula using the standard knot tying techniques. The same procedures are repeated for other required knots.

• Gut and Liver
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.722-727
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• 2018

Background/Aims: Although endoscopic bilateral stent-instent placement is challenging, many recent studies have reported promising outcomes regarding technical success and endoscopic re-intervention. This study aimed to evaluate the technical accessibility of stent-in-stent placement using large cell-type stents in patients with inoperable malignant hilar biliary obstruction. Methods: Forty-three patients with inoperable malignant hilar biliary obstruction from four academic centers were prospectively enrolled from March 2013 to June 2015. Results: Bilateral stent-in-stent placement using two large cell-type stents was successfully performed in 88.4% of the patients (38/43). In four of the five cases with technical failure, the delivery sheath of the second stent became caught in the hook-cross-type vertex of the large cell of the first stent, and subsequent attempts to pass a guidewire and stent assembly through the mesh failed. Functional success was achieved in all cases of technical success. Stent occlusion occurred in 63.2% of the patients (24/38), with a median patient survival of 300 days. The median stent patency was 198 days. The stent patency rate was 82.9%, 63.1%, and 32.1% at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively, respectively. Endoscopic re-intervention was performed in 14 patients, whereas 10 underwent percutaneous drainage. Conclusions: Large cell-type stents for endoscopic bilateral stent-in-stent placement had acceptable functional success and stent patency when technically successful. However, the technical difficulty associated with the entanglement of the second stent delivery sheath in the hook-cross-type vertex of the first stent may preclude large cell-type stents from being considered as a dedicated standard tool for stent-in-stent placement.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.185-200
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• 1987

This paper was undertaken to observe the displacement of craniofacial complex with cervical headgear and to compare narrowing or widening effect of palate by use of contraction or expansion face-bow, respectively. The 3-dimensional finite element method(FEM) was used for a mathematical model composed of 597 nodes and 790 elements and an electrical resistance strain gauge investigation was performed to validate the finite element model. The outer bow of cervical headgear was adjusted to be placed below the occlusal plane by $25^{\circ}$ and met the midsagittal plane by $40^{\circ}$, and was loaded 1kg on each right and left hook toward posterior direction. The results were as follows 1. Generally, the maxillary teeth and facial bone were displaced in posterior, medial and downward direction. 2. It was the maxillary 2nd bicuspid that moved bodily. 3. The craniofacial complex rotated in a clockwise direction around the rotating axis which lay from the most posterior and lowest point connecting nasal crest of maxillary bone and vomer, progressively toward a more posterior, lateral and upward direction, anterior and upper area of pterygomaxillary fissure, base of medial pterygoid plate and laterally to the contact area of zygomatic arch with squamous part of temporal bone. 4. No contraction effect was observed by contraction face-bow when compared to the standard face-bow. 5. In case of expansion face-bow, the areas of maxillary 2nd bicuspid, molars and palate were expanded remarkably.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2016

Background We conducted this study to analyze the values of the key cephalometric angular measurements of the mandible using 3-dimensional (3D) computed tomography scans. Methods In the 106 enrolled patients, a 3D cephalometric analysis was performed to measure the angular variables of the mandible. These values were compared between the two sides and between the two sexes. Results The frontal measurements revealed that the mandibular body curve angle was larger on the left (Lt) side (right [Rt], $141.24{\pm}7.54$; Lt, $142.68{\pm}6.94$; P=0.002) and the gonial angle was larger on the right side (Rt, $134.37{\pm}8.44$; Lt, $131.54{\pm}7.14$; P<0.001). The sagittal measurements showed that the gonial angle was larger on the right side (Rt, $134.37{\pm}8.44$; Lt, $131.54{\pm}7.14$; P>0.05). Further, the transverse measurements revealed that the mandibular body curve angle was larger on the right side (Rt, $140.28{\pm}7.05$; Lt, $137.56{\pm}6.23$; P<0.001). Conclusions These results provide an average of the mandibular angular measurements for the Korean population, establishing a standard for determining surgical patient groups and outcome evaluations in the field of mandible contour surgery.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.479-499
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• 2014

This paper illustrates the damages of reinforced concrete and masonry minarets during October 23 (Erciş) and November 9 (Edremit), 2011 Van earthquakes in Turkey. Erciş and Edremit are townships located 90km and 18km from Van city center in Turkey, respectively. Ground accelerations and response spectrums for these earthquakes are given in this paper. A total of 63 reinforced concrete and masonry minarets are heavily damaged or collapsed in the city center and villages nearby after both earthquakes. Because of the fact that there is no Turkish standard and specification directly related to design of minarets, nearly all of the constructions are carried out by workers using only their own technical knowledge. So, all of the non-engineering reinforced concrete and masonry minarets completely collapsed or damaged heavily. From the study, it is seen that the damages are due to several reasons such as site effect, location, and length of the fault, reduction in cross section and formation of the discontinuity, use of plain reinforcement steel, use of concrete with insufficient strength, existence of short lap splices and incorrect end hook angle, larger mass and stiffness concentrations on some region, longitudinal reinforcements discontinuity, cracks at the cylindrical body, and damage of spire and end ornament. In addition to these reasons, the two earthquakes hit the minarets within seventeen days, causing progressive damage. So, the existing design and construction practices should be improved to provide sufficient earthquake performance. Also, it is recommended that there should be a safe distance between the minaret and surrounding structures to reduce the loose of life after earthquake.