• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.282-286
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• 2002

양파 간이저장시 무분별한 야적에 의해 발생하는 부패를 감소시켜 양파의 상품성 향상 및 안전저장을 목적으로 적재 방법에 따른 저장성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 평균기온은 4열 8단에 비해 1열 6단은 1.6~3.2$^{\circ}C$, 1열 8단은 0.5~3.5$^{\circ}C$, 2열 6단은 1.3~.6$^{\circ}C$, 2열 8단은 0.1~2.4$^{\circ}C$, 4열 6단은 0.1~1.8$^{\circ}C$가 낮았고 상대습도는 열수가 많을수록 높았다. 부패율은 4열 8단 16.6%에 비해 1열 6단 11.4%, 2열 6단 11.6%, 4열 6단 12.4%, 1열 8단 14.6%, 2열 8단 13.9%로 열수 및 단수가 많을수록 부패는 많았고 중량감모도 열수 및 단수가 많을수록 높았다. 저장중 발생하는 부패원인균의 경우 Fusarium sp.은 7월 중순과 8월 상순, Aspergillus sp.은 7월 하순에서 8월 중순까지, Bacteria는 7월 중순과 9월 상순에 발생이 많았다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.83-102
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• 2008

In the book of , it is recorded that the names of ingressive stone stairs to the main shrine were Cheongwoongyo(blue cloud bridge) and Baekwoongyo(white cloud bridge) and the names of stairs to the paradise hall were Yeonwhagyo(lotus bridge) and Chilbogyo(seven treasure bridge). But, the ingressive stone stairs to the main shrine and the paradise hall are single consecutive stairs with 2 levels respectively. Because of this, it is rather hard to clearly designate the names to the upper level and the lower level stairs. But, of the stairs to the Paradise hall, the lower stairs have a carving of lotus, and the upper stairs have seven stairs. In this aspect of artifacts, we can safely assume that the upper stairs are Chilbogyo and the lower are Yeonwhagyo. But, for the ingressive stairs to the main shrine, there is no such artificial hint. So, it is difficult to designate the upper and the lower stairs for the two bridges. Especially, it is not clear whether the descriptive order of "lower stairs upper stairs" in the names of Yeonwhagyo and Chilbogyo can be applied to the names of stairs to the main shrine. It is because the general descriptive order is "upper lower" rather than "lower upper." Even though there have been many studies on the Bulguksa temple, the study on the ingressive stone stairs to the main shrine has not made till now. Therefore, the study on the position of Cheongwoongyo and Baekwoongyo stairs can have its validity. In this paper, the positional approach to Cheongwoongyo and Baekwoongyo has been made in following aspects: First, the temple structure of Bulguksa; Second, the five element theory of oriental philosophy and the Book of Changes; Third, the directional consciousness of Buddhism. Through the aspects, the validity of up-down position of Cheongwoongyo and Baekwoongyo has been sought. In this research, it can be concluded that the upper level of ingressive stone stairs to the main shrine of Bulguksa is Cheongwoongyo and the lower level is Baekwoongyo. When considered in the Buddhist directional consciousness, it forms the total structure of "East-Cheongwoongyo South- Baekwoongyo West-Yeonwhagyo North-Chilbogyo."

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제11권10호
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• pp.3964-3973
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• 2010

본 연구는 박물관에 있어서 계단, 엘리베이터 등의 수직동선 요소에 대한 분석을 하고자 한다. 연구 방법에 있어 가장 기초 단계라는 의미로 각 요소별의 개수를 분석하여 수치적으로 접근하였다. 공간적 범위를 우리나라로 한정하였다. 연구의 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 수직동선 요소를 가장 많이 지닌 사례는 8개이며, 3~4개가 50%를 차지하였다. 연구 초기에 생각했던 것보다 높은 수치의 사례가 있어 다양한 박물관의 실상을 알 수 있었다. 계단의 경우 5개가 제일 높았으며, 일반적으로는 2개의 계단을 가진 것이었다. 엘리베이터의 경우는 1개를 가진 사례가 79%였다. 경사로는 38개 사례 중 9개의 사례에서만 볼 수 있었으며, 1개를 가진 사례가 66%를 차지하였다. 3개 가진 사례도 있었으며, 앞으로의 건축설계의 추세를 보면 더 많은 경사로를 지닌 사례가 나올 것으로 예측된다. 둘째, 코어의 구성에 있어 계단 단독, 엘리베이터 단독, 경사로 단독, 엘리베이터 + 계단, 계단 + 경사로의 구성을 찾을 수 있었으나 엘리베이터 + 경사로, 엘리베이터 + 계단 + 경사로의 조합은 아직 찾을 수 없었다. 계단 + 경사로의 사례는 단 1개이다. 앞으로 계단 + 경사로, 엘리베이터 + 경사로, 엘리베이터 + 계단 + 경사로의 조합을 이용하여 설계한다면 다양한 모습의 박물관이 나타날 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2019

In recent years, urban regeneration is focused on smart and pedestrian oriented development utilizing various mobility technology. The characteristics of walkways needs to reflect such development orientations. This research is the first step to find an adequate slope for ramp replacing stairs and shared by pedestrians, personal mobilities and powered wheelchairs. It aims to check if ramps on a recommended degree of angle by general guidelines are more preferred than stairs and find out what make difference of such preferences. Two surveys were conducted at $9^{\circ}$ and $9.6^{\circ}$ ramps coexisted with stairs at sequential and parallel location. The study on the survey result found that the general evaluation of $9^{\circ}$ ramp was better than $9.6^{\circ}$ ramp but $9^{\circ}$ ramp was not preferred than stairs while $9.6^{\circ}$ ramps was preferred. The difference of preferences was related to characteristics of stairs. The stair with shorter tread and riser next to $9^{\circ}$ ramp was evaluated much better than stairs next to $9.6^{\circ}$ ramp. Therefore the research concludes that $10.0^{\circ}$ which many guidelines recommend for the maximum slop of a ramp was not adequate for a ramp to replace stairs as a preferred means of vertical circulation. In addition the research found that the preference was sensitive to moving direction and gender especially in regards to comfort of stairs and safety of ramp. Most pedestrians chose a means of vertical circulation based on its comfort but pedestrian's evaluation of safety was most different based on moving direction.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.107-118
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• 1998

In order to provide the basic data for planning of stairways design in elderly housing, the study of Ergonomics were exmined. 3 old women and 3 female subjects were tested: 1) The relations between blood pressure and pulse: In case of the old, blood pressure was the highest at 13 cm and pulse was the highest at 23 cm. But in case of the young, the former was the highest at 23 cm and the latter was at 13 cm. 2) EMG: According to the height of stairs, the significant differences on the statistics were not seen. 3) Riviewing that biological characters according to the finishing materials, in case of the old groups, they feel most stable, as they up the wooden stairs. While they feel very dangerous, as they up the stairs where carpet is on. In the biological characters according to the stairs heights and the finishing materials, the most stable conditions for the old are 15 cm-high-stairs, wooden. And even if the stairs used inside the house, the installment of the handrails at both side must be considered.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제39호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2003

From long time ago, stairs are performed the central role of vertical circulation system in architectural planning for convenience of human. The purpose of this study is to find the spacial characteristics of stairs in architectural space. Two methods In this study are discussed. First, it is to extract the formal elements in its stairs shape raising an impulse of visual-perceptible recognition. Second, it is to analysis its characteristic through relationship between stairs and spacial elements. In conclusion, the characteristics of stairs in architectural space have as follows 1) spatial connection - to connect between space and other space or masses; 2) spatial separation - to separate between inner space and other space; 3) openness or closeness of space; 4) directed-tention of space.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.67-76
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• 1999

Going up and down the stairs is a repeated task in the activities of daily living. These activities are needed during the recovery process with impaired lower limbs. This paper presents the difference of EEI (energy expenditure index) through the slope of stairs. Twenty-one normal young adults took a part in this study (11 males, 10 females). They stepped up and down the stairs which had two different slopes for 5 minutes. Resting heart rate, walking heart rate, and moving distance were recorded. EEI was calculated from the heart rate and moving speed which was calculated by the distance of movement. Data were analyzed by repeated two-way ANOVA with SAS program and the difference of EEI through the slope of stairs was not statistically significant (p=0.9971). The results show that EEI was not affected by the slope of stairs in normal people. But distance of movement (p=0.0067) and speed (p=0.0064) had a significant difference.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.435-448
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• 2009

본 연구는 노인의 계단과 경사로 오르기와 평지보행 동안 하지의 운동학적 변화를 분석하는 것이었다. 건강한 노인 14명(남:10, 녀:4)이 실험에 참여하였으며 측정도구는 삼차원동작분석기인 Vicon system(Vicon, Oxford Metrics, England)을 사용하였다. 보행주기 각 시점에서 하지 관절의 각도 변화를 보행 조건(평지, 계단, 경사로)에 따라 알아보기 위해 일요인 반복측정 분산분석(one-way repeated measure of ANOVA)을 사용하였다. 전후면상에서 골반은 평지 보행에서 보행 주기 동안 전방굴곡이 나타났으며 계단과 경사로 오르기에서 전방굴곡이 증가하였다. 고관절과 슬관절는 모두 평지보행과 비교해 계단 오르기에서 굴곡이 더 증가하였다. 족관절은 평지보행과 비교해 경사로 오르기에서 굴곡이 더 증가하였다. 좌우면상에서 보행 주기 동안 평지보행과 비교해 계단 오르기에서 골반이 크게 올라갔으며 고관절도 계단 오르기에서 내전과 외전의 변화가 크게 나타났다. 또한 슬관절도 계단 오르기에서 내반이 증가하였고 족관절 역시 계단 오르기에서 내번이 증가하였다. 수평면상에서 보행 주기 동안 골반은 평지 보행과 비교해 계단과 경사로 오르기에서는 내회전이 대체로 증가하였고 고관절은 계단과 경사로 오르기에서 내회전이 증가하였으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 슬관절은 계단 오르기에서 대체적으로 내회전이 증가하였고 족관절은 계단 오르기에서 대체적으로 외회전이 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 노인의 계단과 경사로 오르기는 평지 보행과 비교해 하지의 운동학적 보행 변수들을 크게 변화시키는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.297-302
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to investigate the kinematic gait parameter of lower extremities with different gait conditions (level walking, stair, ramp) in hemiplegic patients. Methods: Ten hemiplegic patients participated in this study and kinematic data were measured using a 3D motion analysis system (LUKOtronic AS202, Lutz-kovacs-Electronics, Innsbruk, Austria). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way repeated measure of ANOVA in order to determine the difference of lower extremity angle at each gait phase with different gait conditions. Results: Affected degree of ankle joint in the heel strike phase showed significant difference between level walking and climbing stairs, and toe off phase showed significant difference between level walking and climbing stairs, ramps, and climbing stairs. Affected degree of knee joint showed no significant difference in all attempts. Affected degree of hip joint in the toe off phase showed significant difference between level walking, ramps and stairs, and climbing ramps. Swing phase showed significant difference between sides for level walking and stairs, climbing ramps. Affected ankle joint of heel strike and toe off, and affected hip joint of toe off and the maximum angle of swing phase in the angle was increased. Unaffected side of the ankle joint, knee joint, and hip joint showed a significant increase in walking phase. Conclusion: These findings indicate that compared with level walking, different results were obtained for joint angle of lower extremity when climbing stairs and ramps. In hemiplegia patient's climbing ramps, stairs, more movement was observed not only for the non-affected side but also the ankle joint of the affected side and hip joint. According to these findings of hemiplegic patients when climbing stairs or ramps, more joint motion was observed not only on the unaffected side but also on the affected side compared with flat walking.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.20-27
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• 2001

A variable configuration tracked vehicle(VCTV) is developed to reduce turning energy and improve climbing ability for stairs. This mechanism has four track T-type frames. By changing the driving direction, each track T-type frame rotates to minimize the contact area with ground. It also has better performance than other VCTV in energy consumption of turning. Futhermore this mechanism is more stable than other VCTV on the rough terrain. When climbing stairs, each track T-type frame rotates to obtain a front attack angle and keep stability on steep stairs. The design parameters of components of track T-type frames are optimized to enhance the performance of climbing stairs. Performance indices include a stable angle, a climbing ability, a height of the vertical obstacle. In case that the overall length of the mechanism is 0.2m, it is required that the radius of the wheels should be 5mm and the length track contacted with he ground should be 0.09m to climb higher and steeper stairs.