• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.55-65
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• 2009

Due to the rapid increase of electricity demand, consideration of environmental constraints in optimal power flow (OPF) problems is increasingly important. In Algeria, up to 90% of electricity is produced by thermal generators (vapor, gas). In order to keep the emission of gaseous pollutants like sulfur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen (NO2) under the admissible ecological limits, many conventional and global optimization methods have been proposed to study the trade-off relation between fuel cost and emissions. This paper presents an efficient decomposed Parallel GA to solve the multi-objective environmental/economic dispatch problem. At the decomposed stage the length of the original chromosome is reduced successively and adapted to the topology of the new partition. Two subproblems are proposed: the first subproblem is related to the active power planning to minimize the total fuel cost, and the second subproblem is a reactive power planning design based in practical rules to make fine corrections to the voltage deviation and reactive power violation using a specified number of shunt dynamic compensators named Static Var Compensators (SVC). To validate the robustness of the proposed approach, the algorithm proposed was tested on the Algerian 59-bus network test and compared with conventional methods and with global optimization methods (GA, FGA, and ACO). The results show that the approach proposed can converge to the near solution and obtain a competitive solution at a critical situation and within a reasonable time.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.117-126
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• 2001

식생활의 단계는 생존(Survival), 인지(Recognition), 선택(Selection) 그리고 기호(Reference)의 단계에서 예술(Art)의 단계로까지 승화한다고 한다. 식생활도 먹는 일에서 즐거움으로 변화하고 있고, 식품포장의 기능은 단순한 포장보다는 다양한 기능을 요구하고 있다. 최근 평균적인 생활수준 향상등 생활환경의 변화가 현저히 나타나고 있고 이 같은 생활환경의 변화는 우리 식문화에 많은 영향을 끼치고 있다. 특히 정부의 유통개방정책에 즈음하여 속속 외국의 유명 베이커리가 국내 시장에 진출을 고려하고 있고, 、93년 7월 유통시장의 완전개방 이후 국내시장의 베이커리업계의 많은 어려움이 있다. 제품디자인이나 포장디자인 분야는 선진국의 경우를 답습하는 정도에 그치고 있어 앞으로의 시장에 대한 업계의 관심은 그 어느 때보다도 중요한 시기일 것이다. 즉 우리실정에 맞는 제품과 포장디자인의 강화된 상품력으로 시장에서 확고한 소비자 거점을 확보해 놓는 일을 서둘러야 한다. 기업의 목적을 위한 수단은 마켓팅, 생산, 판매에 의해 성취 될 수 있다. 이것은 각각의 전략을 필요로 하고 마켓팅 전략 역시 광고선전, 판매, 포장 등과 연계되어 생각되어야 한다. 이중에도 포장은 Marketing Mix의 가장 중요한 도구중의 하나이다. 그것은 시장에서 생산자의 포지셔닝과 판매후의 역할에도 지대한 영향을 미치기 때문이다. 이와 같이 모든 분야가 합리화, 과학화되어 가는 현대의 시장에서 경쟁사간의 마케팅 전쟁은 끊임없이 되풀이되어가고 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 시대적 환경 속에서 포장이 마케팅의 수단이나 도구로써 존재하는 것이 아닌, 소비자의 심리를 자극하는 포장디자인의 진정한 목표달성을 위한 패키지로, 또 도외시되어 가는 휴머니즘의 회복에 중요한 요소로써 제몫을 하기 위해 소비자 감성에 소구할 수 있는 포장디자인 계획으로 기업의 상품력 강화나 이미지 향상에 기여할 수 있는 방안을 강구하고자 하였다.

• 접착 및 계면
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.117-120
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• 2013

섬유 프리프레그(prepreg)는 복합재료를 제조하기 위한 중간성형재료이다. 아라미드섬유직물에 범용 페놀수지와 polyvinyl butyral (PVB) 변성 페놀수지를 각각 40 wt%씩 도포하고, 열처리를 통해 B-stage 상태의 섬유 프리프레그를 제조하였다. 섬유 프리프레그의 표면형상을 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 프리프레그의 tack성은 복합재료 성형 시에 매우 중요한 특성으로 본 연구에서는 시험적 요인에 따른 tack성을 보기 위하여 probe tack 시험법을 적용하였다. 시험시의 contact time, contact force, debonding rate를 변수로 두었다. 섬유 프리프레그의 tack성은 시험적 요인의 증가에 따라 비례적으로 증가하다가 임계점에서부터는 일정한 값을 가지는 것을 확인하였다. 최종적으로 debonding rate에 따른 tack성의 변화와 프리프레그 표면에서의 fibrillation과의 상관관계를 고찰하였다.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2014

기업 운영에서 자금의 원활한 조달은 필수요소이다. 하지만 국내 창업기업과 소상공인의 경우 자금조달에 어려움을 겪고 있는 경우가 많다. 최근 등장한 크라우드펀딩은 개인이나 조직의 특정 활동을 위한 자금을 다수의 개인으로부터 모집하는 행위로 소셜미디어의 확산과 함께 성장하고 있다. 국내 크라우드펀딩은 아직 도입 초기단계로 문화, 예술 분야에 치중되어 있으며 창업분야에서는 공익적 성격을 가진 프로젝트의 비율이 높다. 선진국에 비하여 시장 규모 면에서는 작은 수준이지만 프로젝트의 성공률은 매우 높기 때문에 창업자금 조달의 방안으로 잠재력을 가진다. 본 연구의 목적은 국내 창업분야의 크라우드펀딩 사례를 분석하여 성공전략을 제시하는 것이다. 이를 위해 국내 크라우드펀딩 플랫폼과 미국의 Kickstarter의 프로젝트 현황을 조사하였고, 크라우드펀딩 프로젝트 운영 관련 지표를 이용하여 국내 창업분야 전체 사례들을 분석하였다. 마지막으로는 크라우드펀딩 성공사례와 실패사례를 8개의 프로젝트 속성별로 비교 분석하였다. 분석결과 프로젝트 제안자의 신뢰도와 적극성, 보상의 설계, 쌍방향 소통 노력 정도의 차이가 프로젝트의 성공에 큰 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 반면 공익성과 후원자의 참여기회는 창업분야 프로젝트의 성공에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다. 이를 통하여 다음과 같은 크라우드펀딩 성공전략을 도출하였다. 첫째, 프로젝트의 제안자는 크라우드펀딩 진행 사전에 적극적인 활동을 통하여 지지기반을 확보해야 한다. 둘째, 프로젝트 게시글에서는 사업진행 실적과 진행 과정을 쉽게 확인할 수 있어야 한다. 셋째, 후원 금액에 대한 보상 설계시 금액에 상응하는 제품 또는 서비스가 제공되어야 한다. 넷째, 프로젝트가 시작된 이후에는 주기적인 업데이트와 댓글 관리, SNS를 통한 소통 노력이 뒷받침되어야 한다.

• 한국임상보건과학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.35-45
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• 2013

Purpose. Based on the comparison and analysis with those of United States, the aim of this research is to find the problems in current management, operation and future directions of emergency medical service (EMS) fund in S. Korea and to provide basic resources and appropriate measures to make a right decision in policies for EMS fund. Methods. Data from Ministry of Health and Welfare and other various sources during 1995 to 2012 were collected and analyzed. Results. From our analyses, several problems are identified in EMS fund operation. In brief, problems discerned are as follows. First, whereas the purpose and direction of EMS fund operations in United States are highlighted and focused on pre-hospital EMS system and associated infrastructures which need to be constructed, those of S. Korea are emphasized mainly on the in-hospital EMS system so far. Second, on the contrary to the fact that the EMS funds in United States are tuned to pre-hospital EMS system to provide prompt and efficient emergency care at the emergency scene of pre-hospital stage and to achieve the development, design, planning and demonstration projects for pre-hospital EMS systems, up to date, our investment of EMS funds demonstrated an excess biased inclination toward the construction of in-hospital EMS system, which is far from the realization of constructive and vital pre-hospital infrastructures. Third, while emergency medical technician is important and principal body in the management of emergency medical funds in United States, so far, no EMS funds in S. Korea existed for EMTs including the job condition, improved treatment and working environment for them. Conclusion. In conclusion, we strongly suggest that the problems pointed out must be revised and corrected. Current usage of EMS fund needs to be redirected predominatly to pre-hospital EMS system. Otherwise, unless current management and investment of emergency medical funds in S. Korea are applied and used for the vital necessities and demands of EMTs, public EMS units and private EMS units as well as related units in pre-hospital EMS system as in the cases of United States, in our consideration, they must be suspended or abolished.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.180-194
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• 2017

기상위험에 선제적으로 대응할 수 있도록 하기 위하여 농장별 정밀 날씨추정, 작목별 기상위험의 알림과 대응지침의 전달 등 개별 농가 단위의 농업기상위험 관리 기술이 본 연구의 선행 성과물로 개발된 바 있다. 현재 470 자원 농가와 950농장을 대상으로 시군 단위로 관내 농장의 날씨와 기상위험 현황을 시각적으로 파악할 수 있는 GIS 기반 분포형 경보 시스템이 구축되어 현업 서비스가 운영 중이다(http://www.agmet.kr). 그러나 모든 농가를 서비스 대상으로 하다 보니 많은 작목과 기상위험요소가 나열되어 개별 농가가 시스템에 접속하여 자기 농장만의 농업기상위험 정보를 확인하기에는 불편한 사항이 많다. 따라서 개별 농장별로 정보 확인 편의성을 위하여 휴대전화 번호만을 이용하여 자기 농장만의 날씨, 작목의 생육단계, 작목 기상위험을 최대 미래 9일까지 조회하고, 기상특보 및 기상위험 주의, 경보 수준을 알림 정보로 제공받을 수 있는 농업기상재해 조기경보 모바일용 어플리케이션을 개발하였다. 스마트폰으로 본 시스템에 접속하여 농장별 날씨와 재배작목의 생육단계, 생육단계별 기상위험과 대응지침을 제공 받는 등 농장별로 특화된 기상위험을 사전 경고 정보로 신속하게 확인할 수 있다. 자기 농장만의 과거부터 미래까지 날씨와 기상위험을 단순하고 보기 쉽게 정리하여 농가에 제공함으로써 기존의 GIS 기반 기상위험 분포형 경보 시스템이 가진 정보 접근 불편함을 해소하였다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.307-315
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• 2016

국내 외 기후변화 대응 체제의 강화에 따라 전 세계적으로 온실가스 감축을 위한 노력을 기울이고 있다. 건설 분야에서는 건축물을 중심으로 온실가스 저감을 위한 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있으나, 온실가스 이외에 지구환경에 영향을 미치는 각종 오염물질을 고려한 종합적인 환경부하 저감을 위한 연구는 다소 부족하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 NATM터널을 대상으로 LCA (Life Cycle Assessment, 전과정 평가) 방법론을 이용하여 공종별 환경부하 특성을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 라이닝콘크리트공, 숏크리트공, 갱문 및 개착터널 등 7대 공종이 NATM터널의 주요 환경부하 공종으로 나타났으며 전체 환경부하량의 89.22%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 대표공종들의 연장(m)당 환경부하량을 산정하여 비교 분석한 결과 개착구간에 해당하는 갱문 및 개착터널 공종의 환경부하량이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 전체 터널 구간을 대상으로 할 경우 라이닝콘크리트공과 숏크리트공에서 환경부하량이 많이 발생하는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 설계초기단계에서 환경부하 대표공종의 물량을 개략적으로 산출하여 전체 환경부하량을 추정하는 모델 개발 시 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 향후 친환경 SOC건설을 위한 환경부하 관리방안을 수립하는데 큰 역할을 할 것으로 기대된다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2008

일반적 중 저농도형 하수처리시설을 통해서는 처리가 힘든 고농도 유기성 폐수의 경우 재생에너지 생산이 가능한 혐기성 분해로 처리하는 것이 유리하다. 기존 호기성 처리에서 이미 그 실용성과 우수성이 입증된 E-PFR을 혐기성 처리에 적용하여 그 효용성과 재생에너지 생산 효율 증대 효과 등을 검증하고, 효율적인 재생에너지 생산을 위한 조건 등을 제시하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. N 음식물쓰레기 처리시설에서 발생하는 탈리액을 대상으로 수행한 Pilot Plant 규모의 실험 연구에서 반응기의 구조적 특성으로 인해 혐기성 분해의 효율 향상 및 메탄가스 발생량이 증가함을 확인하였다. 이러한 처리 효율의 향상은 유체 이동관과 각단을 분리하는 격벽을 설치한 E-PFR의 구조적 특성에 기인한 원활한 혼합조건 형성과 스컴제어로 혐기성 처리에 있어서도 매우 이상적인 반응 조건을 형성시키기가 용이하였기 때문이다. E-PFR은 상향류식 폐수 유입과 각 단별로 분리된 다단형 처리로 인해 폐수 유입 구역에는 상대적으로 높은 MLSS가 유지될 수 있으므로 충격부하에 대한 내성이 강하고, 전체적으로 혐기성 최적 pH인 7.0~8.0 정도를 유지하여 상대적으로 높은 가스 발생량 및 메탄가스 함량을 유지하는 것이 가능하였다. 뿐만 아니라, 각 단별로 각기 다른 MLSS를 유지시키면서 SRT를 상대적으로 길게 유지함으로써 유기물 분해 및 가스 발생 효율을 증가시키는 효과가 있었다. 향후, 반응기의 구조적 개선과 발생가스를 이용한 교반 효과 개선 등을 통해 메탄가스 함량 70 % 수준의 안정적 혐기성 분해가 가능한 실증 플랜트 설계가 가능할 것으로 판단되며, 이를 통해 한층 향상된 재생에너지 획득 시스템 확보가 가능할 것이다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.861-876
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• 1965

During my stay in the Netherlands, I have studied the following, primarily in relation to the Mokpo Yong-san project which had been studied by the NEDECO for a feasibility report. 1. Unit hydrograph at Naju There are many ways to make unit hydrograph, but I want explain here to make unit hydrograph from the- actual run of curve at Naju. A discharge curve made from one rain storm depends on rainfall intensity per houre After finriing hydrograph every two hours, we will get two-hour unit hydrograph to devide each ordinate of the two-hour hydrograph by the rainfall intensity. I have used one storm from June 24 to June 26, 1963, recording a rainfall intensity of average 9. 4 mm per hour for 12 hours. If several rain gage stations had already been established in the catchment area. above Naju prior to this storm, I could have gathered accurate data on rainfall intensity throughout the catchment area. As it was, I used I the automatic rain gage record of the Mokpo I moteorological station to determine the rainfall lntensity. In order. to develop the unit ~Ydrograph at Naju, I subtracted the basic flow from the total runoff flow. I also tried to keed the difference between the calculated discharge amount and the measured discharge less than 1O~ The discharge period. of an unit graph depends on the length of the catchment area. 2. Determination of sluice dimension Acoording to principles of design presently used in our country, a one-day storm with a frequency of 20 years must be discharged in 8 hours. These design criteria are not adequate, and several dams have washed out in the past years. The design of the spillway and sluice dimensions must be based on the maximun peak discharge flowing into the reservoir to avoid crop and structure damages. The total flow into the reservoir is the summation of flow described by the Mokpo hydrograph, the basic flow from all the catchment areas and the rainfall on the reservoir area. To calculate the amount of water discharged through the sluiceCper half hour), the average head during that interval must be known. This can be calculated from the known water level outside the sluiceCdetermined by the tide) and from an estimated water level inside the reservoir at the end of each time interval. The total amount of water discharged through the sluice can be calculated from this average head, the time interval and the cross-sectional area of' the sluice. From the inflow into the .reservoir and the outflow through the sluice gates I calculated the change in the volume of water stored in the reservoir at half-hour intervals. From the stored volume of water and the known storage capacity of the reservoir, I was able to calculate the water level in the reservoir. The Calculated water level in the reservoir must be the same as the estimated water level. Mean stand tide will be adequate to use for determining the sluice dimension because spring tide is worse case and neap tide is best condition for the I result of the calculatio 3. Tidal computation for determination of the closure curve. During the construction of a dam, whether by building up of a succession of horizontael layers or by building in from both sides, the velocity of the water flowinii through the closing gapwill increase, because of the gradual decrease in the cross sectional area of the gap. 1 calculated the . velocities in the closing gap during flood and ebb for the first mentioned method of construction until the cross-sectional area has been reduced to about 25% of the original area, the change in tidal movement within the reservoir being negligible. Up to that point, the increase of the velocity is more or less hyperbolic. During the closing of the last 25 % of the gap, less water can flow out of the reservoir. This causes a rise of the mean water level of the reservoir. The difference in hydraulic head is then no longer negligible and must be taken into account. When, during the course of construction. the submerged weir become a free weir the critical flow occurs. The critical flow is that point, during either ebb or flood, at which the velocity reaches a maximum. When the dam is raised further. the velocity decreases because of the decrease\ulcorner in the height of the water above the weir. The calculation of the currents and velocities for a stage in the closure of the final gap is done in the following manner; Using an average tide with a neglible daily quantity, I estimated the water level on the pustream side of. the dam (inner water level). I determined the current through the gap for each hour by multiplying the storage area by the increment of the rise in water level. The velocity at a given moment can be determined from the calcalated current in m3/sec, and the cross-sectional area at that moment. At the same time from the difference between inner water level and tidal level (outer water level) the velocity can be calculated with the formula $h= \frac{V^2}{2g}$ and must be equal to the velocity detertnined from the current. If there is a difference in velocity, a new estimate of the inner water level must be made and entire procedure should be repeated. When the higher water level is equal to or more than 2/3 times the difference between the lower water level and the crest of the dam, we speak of a "free weir." The flow over the weir is then dependent upon the higher water level and not on the difference between high and low water levels. When the weir is "submerged", that is, the higher water level is less than 2/3 times the difference between the lower water and the crest of the dam, the difference between the high and low levels being decisive. The free weir normally occurs first during ebb, and is due to. the fact that mean level in the estuary is higher than the mean level of . the tide in building dams with barges the maximum velocity in the closing gap may not be more than 3m/sec. As the maximum velocities are higher than this limit we must use other construction methods in closing the gap. This can be done by dump-cars from each side or by using a cable way.e or by using a cable way.

• 복식
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• 제4권
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• pp.87-114
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• 1981

A costume reveals the social characteristics of the era in which it is worn, thus we can say that the history of change of the costume is the history of change of the living culture of the era. Since the Three States era, the costume structure of this country had been affected by the costume system of the China's historical dynasties in the form of the grant therefrom because of geographical conditions, which affection was conspicuous for the bureaucrat class, particularly including but not limited to the Kings' familities. Such a grant of the costume for the bureaucrat class (i.e., official uniform) was first given by the Dang-dynasty at the age of Queen Jinduck, the 28th of the Shilla-dynasty. Since then, the costume for the bureaucrats had consecutively been affected as the ages had gone from the unified Shilla, to the Koryo and to the Yi-dynasty. As the full costumes officially used by government officials (generally called "Baek Gwan") in the Yidynasty, there existed Jo-bok, Gong-bok and Sang-bok. Of such official costumes, Gong-bok was worn at the time of conducting official affairs of the dynasty, making a respectful visit for the expression of thanks or meeting diplomatic missions of foreign countries. It appears no study was made yet with regard to the Gong-bok while the studies on the Jo-bok and the Sangbok were made. Therefore, this article is, by rendering a study and research on the styles of costumes of civil servants' stone images erected at the Kings' tombs of the Yi-dynasty, to help the persons concerned understand the Gong-bok, one of the official costume for Baek Kwan of that age and further purports to specifically identify the styles and changes of the Gong-bok, worn by Baek Gwan during the Yi-dynasty, consisting of the Bok-doo (a hat, four angled and two storied with flat top), Po (gown), Dae (belt), and Hol (small and thin plate which was officially held by the government officials in hand, showing the courtesy to and writing brief memorandums before the King) and Hwa (shoes). For that purpose, I investigated by actually visiting the tombs of the Kings of the Yi-dynasty including the Geonwon-neung, the tomb of the first King Tae-jo and the You-neung, the tomb of the 27th King Soon-jong as well as the tombs of the lawful wives and concubines of various Kings, totalling 29 tombs and made reference to relevant books and records. Pursuant. to this study, of the 29 Kings' tombs the costume styles of civil servants' stone images erected at the 26 Kings' tombs are those of Gong-bok for Baek-gwan of the Yi-dynasty wearing Bok-doo as a hat and Ban-ryeong or Dan-ryenog Po as a gown with Dae, holding Hol in hand and wearing shoes. Other than those of the 26 tombs, the costume styles of the Ryu-neung, the tomb of the Moon-jo who was the first son of 23rd King Soon-jo and given the King's title after he died and of the You-neung, the tomb of the 27th King Soon-jong are those of Jobok with Yang-gwan (a sort of hat having stripes erected, which is different from the Bok-doo), and that of the Hong-neung, the tomb of the 26th King Go-jong shows an exceptional one wearing Yang-gwan and Ban-ryeong Po ; these costume styles other than Gongbok remain as the subject for further study. Gong-bok which is the costume style of civil servants' stone images of most of the Kings' tombs had not been changed in its basic structure for about 500 years of the Yi-dynasty and Koryo categorized by the class of officials pursuant to the color of Po and materials of Dae and Hol. Summary of this costume style follows: (1) Gwan-mo (hat). The Gwan-mo style of civil servants' stone images of the 26 Kings' tombs, other than Ryu-neung, Hong-neung and You-neung which have Yang-gwan, out of the 29 Kings' tombs of the Yi-dynasty reveals the Bok-doo with four angled top, having fore-part and back-part divided. Back part of the Bok-doo is double the fore-part in height. The expression of the Gak (wings of the Bokdoo) varies: the Gyo-gak Bok-doo in that the Gaks, roundly arisen to the direction of the top, are clossed each other (tombs of the Kings Tae-jong), the downward style Jeon-gak Bok-doo in that soft Gaks are hanged on the shoulders (tombs of the Kings Joong-jong and Seong-jong) and another types of Jeon-gak Bok-doo having Gaks which arearisen steeply or roundly to the direction of top and the end of which are treated in a rounded or straight line form. At the lower edge one protrusive line distinctly reveals. Exceptionally, there reveals 11 Yang-gwan (gwan having 11 stripes erected) at the Ryu-neung of the King Moon-jo, 9 Yang-gwan at the Hong-neung of the King Go-jong and 11 Yang-gwan at the You-neung of the King Soon-jong; noting that the Yang-gwan of Baek Kwan, granted by the Myeong-dynasty of the China during the Yi-dynasty, was in the shape of 5 Yang-gwan for the first Poom (class) based on the principle of "Yideung Chaegang" (gradual degrading for secondary level), the above-mentioned Yang-gwans are very contrary to the principle and I do not touch such issue in this study, leaving for further study. (2) Po (gown). (a) Git (collar). Collar style of Po was the Ban-ryeong (round collar) having small neck-line in the early stage and was changed to the Dan-ryeong (round collar having deep neck-line) in the middle of the: dynasty. In the Dan-ryeong style of the middle era (shown at the tomb of the King Young-jo); a, thin line such as bias is shown around the internal side edge and the width of collar became wide a little. It is particularly noted that the Ryu-neung established in the middle stage and the You-neung in the later stage show civil servants in Jo-bok with the the Jikryeong (straight collar) Po and in case of the Hong-neung, the Hong-neung, the tomb of the King Go-jong, civil servants, although they wear Yang-gwan, are in the Ban-ryeong Po with Hoo-soo (back embroidery) and Dae and wear shoes as used in the Jo-bok style. As I could not make clear the theoretical basis of why the civil servants' costume styles revealed, at these tombs of the Kings are different from those of other tombs, I left this issue for further study. It is also noted that all the civil servants' stone images show the shape of triangled collar which is revealed over the Godae-git of Po. This triangled collar, I believe, would be the collar of the Cheomri which was worn in the middle of the Po and the underwear, (b) Sleeve. The sleeve was in the Gwan-soo (wide sleeve) style. having the width of over 100 centimeter from the early stage to the later stage arid in the Doo-ri sleeve style having the edge slightly rounded and we can recognize that it was the long sleeve in view of block fold shaped protrusive line, expressed on the arms. At the age of the King Young-jo, the sleeve-end became slightly narrow and as a result, the lower line of the sleeve were shaped curved. We can see another shape of narrow sleeve inside the wide sleeve-end, which should be the sleeve of the Cheom-ri worn under the Gong-bok. (c) Moo. The Moo revealed on the Po of civil servants' stone images at the age of the King Sook-jong' coming to the middle era. Initially the top of the Moo was expressed flat but the Moo was gradually changed to the triangled shape with the acute top. In certain cases, top or lower part of the Moo are not reveald because of wear and tear. (d) Yeomim. Yeomim (folding) of the Po was first expressed on civil servants' stone images of the Won-neung, the tomb of the King Young-jo and we can seemore delicate expression of the Yeomim and Goreum (stripe folding and fixing the lapel of the Po) at the tomb of the Jeongseong-wanghoo, the wife of the King Young-jo, At the age of the King Soon-jo, we can see the shape of Goreum similar to a string rather than the Goreum and the upper part of the Goreum which fixes Yeomim was expressed on the right sleeve. (3) Dae. Dae fixed on the Po was placed half of the length of Po from the shoulders in the early stage. Thereafter, at the age of the King Hyeon-jong it was shown on the slightly upper part. placed around one third of the length of Po. With regard to the design of Dae, all the civil servants' stone images of the Kings' tombs other than those of the Geonwon-neung of the King Tae-jo show single or double protrusive line expressed at the edge of Dae and in the middle of such lines, cloud pattern, dangcho (a grass) pattern, chrysanthemum pattern or other various types of flowery patterns were designed. Remaining portion of the waist Dae was hanged up on the back, which was initially expressed as directed from the left to the right but thereafter expressed. without orderly fashion,. to the direction of the left from the right and vice versa, Dae was in the shape of Yaja Dae. In this regard, an issue of when or where such a disorderly fashion of the direction of the remaining portion of waist Dae was originated is also presented to be clarified. In case of the Ryuneung, Hong-neung and You-neung which have civil servants' stone images wearing exceptional costume (Jo-bok), waist Dae of the Ryu-neung and Hong-neung are designed in the mixture of dual cranes pattern, cosecutive beaded pattern and chrvsenthemum pattern and that of You-neung is designed in cloud pattern. (4) Hol. Although materials of the Hol held in hand of civil servants' stone images are not identifiable, those should be the ivory Hol as all the Baek Gwan's erected as stone images should be high class officials. In the styles, no significant changes were found, however the Hol's expressed on civil servants' stone images of the Yi-dynasty were shaped in round top and angled bottom or round top and bottom. Parcicularly, at the age of the King Young-jo the Hol was expressed in the peculiar type with four angles all cut off. (5) Hwa (shoes). As the shoes expressed on civil servants' stone images are covered with the lower edges of the Po, the styles thereof are not exactly identifiable. However, reading the statement "black leather shoes for the first class (1 Poom) to ninth class (9 Poom)," recorded in the Gyeongkook Daejon, we can believe that the shoes were worn. As the age went on, the front tips of the shoes were soared and particularly, at the Hong-neung of the King Go-jong the shoes were obviously expressed with modern sense as the country were civilized.