• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2013

In this study, the effect of squid liver powder intake on accumulation of cadmium in mice was investigated. Subjects were divided into 4 groups including the control group (CON), squid liver powder group with lipids not removed (SLP100), and squid liver powder groups with lipids removed (LFSLP50 and LFSLP100). Feed intake and food efficiency ratio of squid liver powder groups was significantly higher than the CON. As a result of investigating cadmium content in hair, serum, liver, and kidney during intake of squid liver powder, all groups showed increase in cadmium accumulation through consistent, long-term intake. Especially, cadmium content in liver and kidney of LFSLP100 was significantly higher than the content of SLP100 and CON. As a result of pathological observation on liver and kidney tissues according to squid liver powder diet, LFSLP100 showed most serious pathological symptoms. In case of kidney tissues, degeneration was significantly more severe in LFSLP100 compared to other groups. Such results suggest that cadmium concentration in human body can be increased by ingestion of whole squid including internal organs and that tissues can be damaged by increased cadmium concentration. More specific and systematic studies are deemed necessary.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the development of smoked chicken using old laying hens. Seventy two-weeks-old, spent laying hens were fed commercial feed (control) supplemented with 100 IU ${\alpha}$-tocopherol plus 10% squid liver oil (treatment) for 15 days and slaughtered. Smoked chickens were manufactured with spent laying hens in this study, Moisture and crude ash contents in smoked chicken of treatments were higher (P＜0.05) than those of control group due to the feeding 100 IU ${\alpha}$-tocopherol plus 10% squid liver oil. No differences were observed in fatty acid and amino acid composition between control and treatments. In sensory evaluation, the springiness of smoked chicken was evaluated optimum for 32% consumer. The elastic, blend, specific flavor and smell of the smoked chicken of the treatment were not different from those of the control. However, 46% of tested panel answered that the springiness was higher in the treated-group due to the feeding 100 IU ${\alpha}$-tocopherol plus 10% squid liver oil. These results indicated that smoked chickens would be developed with spent laying hen after feeding 100 IU ${\alpha}$-tocopherol plus 10% squid liver oil and sensory evaluation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.656-666
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• 2018

To evaluate the optimal time for extracting lipids from the viscera of the common squid Todarodes pacificus the proximate and fatty acid compositions of the liver and gonads of commercial squid were analyzed according to sex for 6 months (Jul. to Sept. and Nov. to Jan.). The body and liver weights of the squid were larger in females than in males, and were larger from Nov. to Jan. than from Jul. to Sept. in both sexes. The average lipid contents in the livers of female and male squid were also higher from Nov. to Jan (22.9% and 24.9%, respectively) than from Jul. to Sept. (11.7% and 17.5%, respectively). The average lipid contents of the ovaries and testes were 5.16% and 1.76%, respectively, and changed little over the 6 months. The percentage of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid) was higher in the gonads (44.8-49.1%) than in the liver (36.3-37.6%). These results suggest that Nov. to Jan. is the best time to extract lipids from the liver, whereas there was no difference in the efficacy of lipid extraction from the gonads between the two seasons.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.11
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• pp.1654-1659
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• 2010

In order to utilize squid liver by-products, which is normally discarded as industrial waste in the process of squid manufacturing, salt-fermented squid liver sauce was prepared experimentally and also tested for inhibitory activity against angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). ACE inhibitory activity of squid liver sauce was increased with the elapse of fermentation days until 12 months, followed by a constant level of inhibitory activity thereafter. 15-month-old sauce ($IC_{50}=29.66\;{\mu}g$) was filtered through PM-10 membrane (M.W. cut-off 10,000 Da) to obtain the peptides fractions with ACE inhibition activity. Filtered fractions were applied to a Bio-gel P-2 column and three active fractions (A, B and C) were collected. Among them, fraction B applied to a SuperQ-Toyopearl 650S column chromatography lead to the isolation of active B-1 fraction. It has the ACE inhibitory activity ($IC_{50}=5.46\;{\mu}g$). The main composition of its amino acids is lysine, glycine and proline, which cover about 85% of the total amino acids.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.621-625
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• 2008

Squid oil is an abundant source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. This is particularly true for eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. The principal objective of this study was to extend the stability and improve the process aptitude of squid liver oil. Fluidized bed coatings were employed for coating with microencapsulated oil. The efficiency of the fluidized bed coating of the microencapsulated powder was over 90%. The apparent density with zein-DP was 0.6 g/mL, thereby indicating that flow ability had been improved as the result of an increase in specific gravity. The solubility of artificial gastric and enteric fluids with HPMC-FCC was 59.9 and 0%, respectively, whereas with zein-DP solubility was 0 and 31.0%, respectively. Polyunsaturated fatty acid retention results demonstrated that zein-DP coating was higher than HPMC-FCC, followed by the microencapsulated squid liver oil method. These results demonstrated that the application of microencapsulation and fluidized bed micro-coating techniques improved the stability and processing compatibility of squid liver oil.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.100-104
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the microencapsulation characteristics of squid liver oil according to various ratios of wall materials and squid liver oil. The emulsion stability and the water binding capacity increased with an increase in wall materials contents. The microencapsulation efficiency was found to be in the order of 7:3>4:6>3:7>5:5>6:4 by mixing ratio of wall materials and squid liver oil; also, ratio of 7:3 was found to be inappropriate because the oil content in the powder was not sufficient. Regarding the fatty acid composition, the content of polyunsaturated fatty acid was found to be over 50% in all treatment groups. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid of the powder was the highest (2.13) at the mixing ratio of 4:6.

• BMB Reports
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.254-258
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• 2008

Lipase was purified from squid (Todarodes pacificus) liver in an attempt to investigate the possibility of applying the enzyme for biotechnological applications. Crude extract of squid liver was initially fractionated by the batch type ion exchange chromatography. The fraction containing lipase activity was further purified with an octyl-Sepharose column. Finally, lipase was purified by eluting active protein from a non-dissociating polyacrylamide gel after zymographic analysis. Molecular weight of the purified enzyme was determined to be 27 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme showed the highest activity at a temperature range of $35-40^{\circ}C$ and at pH 8.0. The activity was almost completely inhibited at 1 mM concentration of $Hg^{2+}$ or $Cu^{2+}$ ion. Partial amino acid sequence of the enzyme was also determined.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1541-1544
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• 2009

This study evaluated effects of enzymatic hydrolysates of squid on cholesterol lowering in rats. Thirty male rats were blocked into 3 groups [high cholesterol diet (control), 5% normal squid, and 5% enzymatic hydrolysates of squid] and were raised for 10 weeks. Triglyceride level in enzymatic hydrolysates of squid-fed rats was lower than that in the control. Serum low density lipoprotein-cholesterol level followed in the order of control>normal squid>enzymatic hydrolysates. Serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol level in enzymatic hydrolysates of squid-fed rats was higher than that in control rats. Liver cholesterol level in enzymatic hydrolysates of squid-fed rats was lower than that in control rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1677-1685
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• 2012

The autolysate and hydrolysate of a common squid liver, Todarodes pacificus, were prepared. Autolysis (liver ratio, pH, temperature) and Protamex-treated hydrolysis (pH, temperature, ratio of protease to liver) conditions were optimized by response surface methodology using central composite design for under 1 hr of hydrolysis time. The desirability profile indicated that maximum DH could be achieved at a squid liver of 93.5%, pH 6.4, and $47^{\circ}C$ in autolysis, while that of Protamex-treated hydrolysis did at a Protamex-to-squid liver level of 0.33%, pH 6.0, and $55^{\circ}C$. Three amino acids, proline, cysteine, and methionine, were not detected in the total amino acid composition of the Protamex-treated hydrolysate, while they were detected in the free amino acid composition. Cadmium was $8.32{\pm}0.03$ mg/100 g-powder for raw, $3.56{\pm}0.02$ mg/100 g-powder for the autolysate, and $13.26{\pm}0.04$ mg/100 g powder for the Protamex-treated hydrolysate. The major molecular weight ranged from 1.0 to 1.5 kDa for the autolysate and from 210 to 470 Da for the Protamex-treated hydrolysate. Food functionalities of the autolysate, such as surface hydrolphobicity, emulsion activity index, emulsion stability, water, and fat adsorption, were similar to the Protamex-treated hydrolysate. Both the autolysate and Protamex-hydrolysate showed high inhibitory activities on the angiotensin-I converting enzyme. Cell toxicity against the HepG2 cell line was not detected in the autolysate or the Protamex-treated hydrolysate by 200 ${\mu}g/mL$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.869-879
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary lipid source and level on growth performance, blood parameters, fatty acid composition and flesh quality of sub-adult olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Eight experimental diets were formulated to contain 5% squid liver oil (SLO), 5% linseed oil (LO), 5% soybean oil (SO), a mixture of 1% squid liver oil, 2% linseed oil and 2% soybean oil (MIX), no lipid supplementation with high protein level (LL-HP), 10% squid liver oil (HL-SLO), a mixture of 1% squid liver oil, 4.5% linseed oil and 4.5% soybean oil (HL-VO), and 1% squid liver oil with high starch level (LL-HC), respectively. Two replicate groups of fish (average initial weight of 296 g) were fed the diets for 17 wks. After 5 wks, 11 wks and the end of the feeding trial, five fish from each tank were randomly sampled for analysis of body composition. At the end of the feeding trial, final mean weight of fish fed the LL-HP diet was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of fish fed the HL-VO diet, but did not differ significantly from those of fish fed the SLO, LO, SO, MIX, HL-SLO and LL-HC diets. Fish fed the LL-HP diet showed significantly higher feed efficiency than fish fed the LO, HL-SLO and HL-VO diets. Feed efficiency of fish fed the LO, SO and MIX diets were similar to those of fish fed the SLO and HL-SLO diets. Fish fed the HL-SLO diet showed significantly higher total cholesterol content in plasma compared with other diets. Fatty acid composition of tissues was reflected by dietary fatty acid composition. The highest linoleic (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA) contents in the dorsal muscle were observed in fish fed the SO and LO diets, respectively, regardless of feeding period. The highest eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content in the dorsal muscle was observed in fish fed the LL-HP and LL-HC diets after 11 and 17 weeks of feeding, respectively. Fish fed the SLO and HL-SLO diets showed higher docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content than that of other treatments after 11 and 17 weeks of feeding, respectively. Dietary inclusion of vegetable oils reduced n-3 HUFA contents in the dorsal muscle and liver of fish. The n-3 HUFA contents in tissues of fish fed the SLO and HL-SLO diets were higher than those of fish fed other diets, except for the LL-HP and LL-HC diets. Hardness, gel strength, chewiness and cohesiveness values of dorsal muscle in fish were significantly affected by dietary lipid source. The results of this study indicate that fish oil in fish meal based diets for sub-adult olive flounder could be replaced by soybean oil and linseed oil without negative effects on growth and feed utilization.