• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.196-208
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• 2018

This paper described the contents of the WTO (world trade organization) SPS (world trade organization) Agreement and trends in the WTO SPS provisions such as equivalence, localization, transparency, and risk assessment. The purpose of the WTO SPS agreement is to promote international trade by preventing arbitrary and unreasonable use of SPS measures, which are the rights of a country for the protection of human health and animal and plant health, and by abolishing the non-tariff barriers. To this end, the requirements for implementing the SPS measures taken by the importing country are restricted to those that can scientifically prove to be inevitable for SPS protection. The major provisions in WTO SPS agreement were elaborated to promote international trades. When trade-restricted SPS measures such as prohibition of imports are made, a scientific basis should be provided. Therefore, it is essential to provide scientific evidence based on risk analysis to protect people's health from potentially harmful imported foods.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.121-136
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• 2019

Objective : To investigate the effect of sihogayonggolmoryeotang (SY) on Single Prolonged Stress(SPS)-induced Post Traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD). Method : To confirm the effects of SY on SPS-induced PTSD, Changes in body weight, sucrose intake open field test(OFT) and forced swimming test(FST)were observed. After behavioral tests, the plasma corticosterone(CORT) from the abdominal aorta, serotonin(5-HT) from prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and striatum, norepinephrine(NE) and dopamine(DA) from hippocampus was measured by ELISA. mRNA expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) and cAMP response element-binding protein(CREB) in hippocampus was measured by RT-PCR. Result : Weight change and sucrose intakes of rats in 14th day after the administration of SY were significantly increased in the SPS + SY450 group compared to the SPS group (p<0.05). Numbers of crossing in the central zone in the OFT were significantly increased in the SPS + SY450 group (p<0.05) compared with the SPS group. The immobility time of FST was significantly decreased in SPS + SY450 group compared with SPS group (p<0.05). The change of plasma CORT concentration was significantly decreased in SPS + SY450 group compared with that in SPS group (p<0.05). The change of 5-HT concentration was significantly increased in the SPS + SY450 group at hippocampus and amygdala compared with the SPS group (p<0.05). The concentration of DA was significantly increased in the SPS + SY450 group compared with the SPS group (p<0.05). The expression of BDNF and CREB were significantly increased in SPS + SY450 group compared with the SPS group (p<0.05). Conclusion : SY administration lowered the increase of CORT caused by PTSD and increases the 5-HT concentration and reversed the decreased expression of NE and DA and BDNF and CREB by PTSD. It is postulated that SY is effective in treating PTSD by restoring cognitive function, memory impairment, unstable emotional disturbances.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.109-121
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• 2022

Objective : This study is conducted to investigate the effect of Astragali Radix on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD) induced by the Single Proposed Stress(SPS). Methods : The experiment was conducted with five groups; SAL groups with only saline treatment, SPS group, SPS + ARX25 group, SPS + ARX50 group, and SPS + ARX100 group. After applying SPS, saline and ARX were administered for 14 days to identify the change of body weight, sucrose intake amount, and behavioral changes through Open Field Test(OFT) and Forced Swimming Test(FST). After the behavioral experiment, plasma corticosterone levels, serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay in medical prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) in the hippocampus was measured using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction. Results : Weight change has significantly decreased in the SPS group compared to the SAL group(p<0.05). On day 14, the sucrose intake of rats has significantly increased in the SPS + ARX100 group compared to the SPS group(p<0.05). In OFT, the number of staying in the central space has significantly increased in the SPS + ARX100 group(p<0.01). In FST, immobility has significantly decreased in SPS + ARX50 group and SPS + ARX100 group(p<0.05). The concentration of serotonine, dopamine and BDNF expression has increased significantly in SPS + ARX100 group compared to SPS group(p<0.05) Conclusions : In the SPS-induced PTSD experiment, ARX increased sucrose intake and the numbers of crossing in the central zone space in OFT, decreased immobility time in FST, and increased concentration of serotonin, dopamine, and BDNF. It can be postulated that the ARX could be effective for the treatment of PTSD.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.439-455
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• 2008

The SPS Agreement, concluded in the Uruguay Round for the purpose of controlling SPS risks, has traditionally been recognized to maintain the narrowest scope of application compared with TBT Agreement and GATT in relation with environmental provisions. Contrary to such an understanding on the scope of the SPS Agreement, the panel in the EC-Biotech case found that the SPS Agreement extends to regulate trade-restrictive measures on Genetically Modified Organizations(GMOs) causing health and environmental risks. This expanding scope of the SPS Agreement would have substantial influence on domestic environmental regulations as well as Multilateral Environmental Agreements(MEAs). This paper discusses the consequences of an expanding ambit for the WTO SPS Agreement through the designation of a wider range of health and environmental regulations affecting trade as SPS measures. As a result, not only precautionary measures on GMO risks, but also other health and environmental measures with trade impacts, could be subject to SPS control, and consequently, the institutional rigors of the WTO regime. However, strict and literal interpretation of the SPS provisions to expand its applicable scope would cause concerns about the WTO's intervention on the purely environmental measures. Pursuing harmonized and flexible interpretation of provisions on environment-related conflicts as well as accepting precautionary principle included MEAs will contribute to reduce such kind of concerns.

• 대한수의사회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.446-456
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• 2003

본인은 '03.4.1-4.3(3일간) 스위스 제네바에서 개최된 제26차 WTO/SPS위원회 회의에 대한민국 대표단의 일원으로 참석하였다. 본 회의에서는 WTO/SPS협정의 구체화 및 이행방안, 교역과 관련된 SPS 현안 등에 대한 논의가 있었다. 최근 WTO/SPS위원회에서 무엇이 논의되고 있으며, 쟁점사항이 무엇인지 등을 보고 형태로 기술하여 전국의 수의직 공무원 및 관련 분야 종사자에게 조금이나마 도움이 될 것을 기대하며 참석결과를 소개하고자 합니다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.657-666
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• 2004

A Design of GA-based SPS controller for power system stabilization was investigated in this paper. The design problem of SPS controller is formulated as an optimization problem using GA. The dynamic characteristic responses are considered to verify the performance of the proposed SPS under various disturbances and operation conditions. The simulation results show that the proposed SPS controller provides most of the damping and improves greatly the voltage profile of the system under two different disturbances.

• 대한감각통합치료학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.42-54
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• 2020

목적 : 아동감각처리척도(Sensory Processing Scale-Children; SPS-C)의 표준화를 위한 예비연구로써, 도구의 결과 해석을 위한 표준점수를 제시하고 단축감각프로파일(Short Sensory Profile; SSP)과의 상관관계를 통해 공인타당도를 알아보고자 한다. 연구방법 : 부산·경남 지역 소재의 일반 어린이집과 유치원을 다니고 있는 일반 아동 만 3~5세 337명을 대상으로 표준점수와 공인타당도를 확인하였다. 연구도구는 아동의 감각처리능력을 평가하기 위한 도구로 아동감각처리척도(SPS-C)와 단축감각프로파일(SSP)을 사용하였다. 아동감각처리척도(SPS-C)의 표준점수를 확인하기 위해 기술통계를 실시하여 평균-1 표준편차, 평균-2 표준편차를 확인하였고, 공인타당도 검증을 위해 아동감각처리척도(SPS-C)와 단축감각프로파일(SSP)간의 피어슨 상관분석을 하였다. 결과 : 아동감각처리척도의 총점에 대한 표준점수를 확인한 결과, 총점이 115~150점일 때 '정상', 105~114점일 때 '문제 가능성', 50~104점일 때 '확실한 문제'로 선별할 수 있다. 아동감각처리척도(SPS-C)와 단축감각프로파일(SSP)간의 피어슨 상관관계를 통해 공인타당도를 확인한 결과, 총점 간의 상관계수는 .755로 강한 양의 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 아동감각처리척도(SPS-C)의 임상적 사용을 위해 결과 해석을 위한 표준점수를 제시하였고, 다른 평가도구와 공인타당도를 검증하여 만3~5세 아동의 감각처리능력을 평가하기에 타당한 도구임을 확인한 점에서 의미가 있다.

• 의학교육논단
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.150-154
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• 2019

When standardized patients (SPs) are used for educational purposes, the authenticity of role play and the quality of feedback are essential requirements of SPs. This study was conducted to investigate medical students' assessment of SPs and to identify the components of SPs' performance that were most strongly correlated with patient-physician interaction score. One hundred and forty-two fourth-year medical students were asked to complete the Maastricht Assessment of Simulated Patients (MaSP) at the end of a clinical performance examination. SPs evaluated the patient-physician interactions using a 4-point Likert scale (1=poor to 4=excellent). Medical students' assessment of SPs using the MaSP was positively correlated with patient-physician interactions (r=0.325, p<0.01). Items addressing the authenticity of role play (e.g., "SPs appear authentic," "SPs might be real patients," and "SPs answer questions in a natural manner") were closely correlated with patient-physician interactions (p<0.001, p=0.027, and p=0.017, respectively). These results showed that the MaSP appears to be a useful instrument for evaluating SPs' performance and that the authenticity of SPs' performance was positively correlated with medical students' interactions. In order to improve patient-physician interactions, medical students should be given opportunities to practice their skills with SPs who have been trained to portray patients with a specific condition in a realistic way.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2011년도 제42회 하계학술대회
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• pp.280-281
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• 2011

Special Protection Scheme(SPS) that operates scenarios about faults beyond the normally protective action is wide system protection technology for the purpose of wide areas protection. Therefore, the SPS focuses on the improvement of the power supply capability by protecting the system rather than protecting the system equipments. Since the SPS requires emergency operation, the operation schedule is set up in advance by analyzing various scenarios. Since the SPS's action scheme uses generator tripping and is a classical method it is presently the most powerful one. However, as the setting of SPS is set to the most severe disturbance, the scheme tends to trip more generators than required to prevent fault propagation. It is highly likely that tripping generator units to prevent fault propagation would result in difficulty of system management and possibility of load shedding. Accordingly, it is desirable that generators are connected to the system within the range that ensures system stability and intelligent SPS is currently under development to solve the problem being stated. In this paper, as a part of developing the intelligent SPS, application of the fast-valving and braking resistor scheme to the generators is being proposed and analysed to reduce the number of tripped generators.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권12호
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• pp.3805-3810
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• 2013

The surface modification of silica particles (SPs) was systemically conducted by the treatment of 0.1-10 wt % phenylsilanetriol (PST) on the basis of SPs used through two step processes: 1) the PST coating of SPs via evaporation under reduced pressure and 2) their thermal condensation leading to Si-O-Si bond formation via heating at $130^{\circ}C$. The evaluation of the modified SPs was conducted by the simple floating test on water and the measurement of the contact angle (CA) of water droplet on the 2-dimensional layer of modified SPs on slide glass. When PST was used about 2 wt % or above on the basis of SPs (about average size: 50 nm) used, the modified SPs were fully floated on the water and all dispersed into upper organic solvent layer after a shaking with the mixture of the water and benzene, indicating that the modified SPs have hydrophobic properties. The modified SPs were characterized by $^{29}Si$ MAS NMR and physicochemical properties including SEM, TEM, BET, adsorption/desorption isotherms, etc. were measured and compared each other in details. This research demonstrates that the organosilanetriol is a good modifier applicable for the surface modification of inorganic oxide particles using a low amount of modifier on the basis of oxide particles used.