• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.194-201
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• 1996

A series of experiments to analyse and to compare performance of various types of mini-sprinkler was carried out. Twelve kinds of the sprinkler, which have various sizes of nozzle orifice diameter and structures of spreader, were selected to be tested. Flow (water sprinkling) rate and sprinkling intensity pattern from a sprinkler were measured as a first part of this study, and the results are as follows. Sprinkler flow rate of various sizes of nozzle orifice and applied water pressures could be predicted by Torricelli's theorem. Discharge coefficients of the Torricelli's theorem for the sprinkler nozzle of various sizes were determined by the experiment as 0.90- 0.95, 0.80-0.82 and 0.76-0.79 for 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 mm of nozzle orifice diameter, respectively. Experiments on sprinkling intensity pattern resulted that nozzle orifice diameter and applied water pressure are major variables for uniformity of the sprinkling intensity. More uniform sprinklering patterns were noted with smaller nozzle orifice diameter of a sprinkler and at lower sprinkling pressure. Besides the variables, structure of spreader of a sprinkler is also an important variable for the uniformity of sprinkling intensity.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.56-62
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• 2019

A sprinkler is a fire extinguishing equipment installed in a protected area where a detector or head detects a fire and automatically puts out the fire. However, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport's "Regulations on Building Evacuation and Fire Protection Standards, etc." stipulate that fire compartment area should be reduced to three times by installing sprinkler facilities in the case of factories and warehouses. In this study, fire hazard was analyzed for a real PCB factory which mitigated the fire protection zone by sprinkler installation, and the head opening characteristics of sprinkler facilities through computer simulation, installation standards of sprinkler facilities, thermal performance, operating range, and the amount of water sprayed to identify the problems of operation of sprinkler facilities in case of fire, and to suggest the grounds such as required sprinkling flow rate for system improvement.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1467-1474
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• 2016

In response to the water shortage problem, continued attempts are being made to secure consistent and reliable water sources. Among various solutions to this problem, wastewater effluent is an easy way to secure the necessary supply, since its annual output is consistent. Furthermore, wastewater effluent has the advantage of being able to serve various purposes, such as cleaning, sprinkling, landscaping, river management, irrigation, and industrial applications. Therefore, this study presents the possible use of reclaimed industrial wastewater treated with Birm filters and a UF membrane, along with an analysis on membrane fouling. The preprocessing stage, part of the reclamation process, used Birm filters to minimize membrane fouling. Since this study did not consider heavy metal levels in the treated water, the analyses did not include the criterion for irrigation water quality. However, the wastewater reclaimed by using Birm filters and a UF membrane met every other requirement for reclaimed water quality standards. This indicated that the treated water could be used for cleaning, channel flow for maintenance, recreational purposes, and industrial applications. The analysis on the fouling of the Birm filter and UF membrane required the study of the composition and recovery rate of the membrane. According to SEM and EDX analyses of the UF membrane, carbon and oxygen ion composition amounted to approximately 57%, whereas inorganic matter was not detected. Furthermore, the difference in the recovery rates of the distressed membrane between acidic and alkaline cleaning was more than ~78%, which indicated that organic rather than inorganic matter contributed to membrane fouling.