• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.714-719
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• 2002

To examine effects of Whadamcheongwha-tang(WDCWT) extract, the mice investigated the gastrin and histamine secreting cells of the stomach by immunohistochemical method, and the lymphocytes of the spleen and thymus by flow cytometry after the oral administration of WDCWT extract(0.2ml/day) and omeprazole (1mg/day) for 7, 14 and 21 days. The result are as follows; 1. When WDCWT extract was administrated for 7 days, in result, gastrin secreting cells were unchanged. When omeprazole was administrated for 7 and 14 days, gastrin secreting cells were slightly increased than that of normal control group. When WDCWT extract was administrated for 21 days, in result, gastrin secreting cells were significantly increased 1.9 times than that of normal control group. When omeprazole was administrated for 21 days, gastrin secreting cells were increased 1.96 times than that of normal control group. 2. When WDCWT extract and omeprazole were administrated for 7 days, in result, histamine secreting cells were unchanged. When WDCWT extract was administrated for 21 days, in result, histamine secreting cells were significantly increased 1.9 times more than that of normal control group. When omeprazole was administrated for 21 days, in result, histamine secreting cells were increased 2.1 times compared with normal control group. 3. When WDCWT extract administrated for 7, 14 and 21 days, in result, splenic Band T lymphocytes, especially T/sub H/ lymphocytes were significantly increased compared with normal control group, and thymic T/sub H/ lymphocytes were also increased in WDCWT administrated group for 14 days. The results suggest that WDCWT extract inhibit a gastric acid secretion in mice stomach, and is useful in the treatment of the hyperacidity and gastric ulcer.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.438-445
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• 2010

The immunomodulatory effects of Aureohasidium pullulans SM-2001 exopolymers containing $\beta$-1,3/1,6-glucan were evaluated in cyclophosphamide (CPA)-treated mice. To induce immunosuppression, 150 and 110 mg/kg of CPA were intraperitoneally injected 3 days and 1 day, respectively, before beginning administration of the test material. Exopolymers were delivered subcutaneously or orally, four times, in a volume of 10 ml/kg at 12-h intervals beginning 24 h after the second CPA treatment. Changes in thymus and spleen weights, splenic amounts of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$, interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, and IL-10, and numbers of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and TNF-$\alpha+$ thymus and spleen cells were monitored in CPA-treated mice. As a result of CPA treatment, dramatic decreases in the number of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and TNF-$\alpha+$ cells were detected in the thymus and spleen, along with decreases in thymus and spleen weights. In addition, splenic TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-10 contents were also decreased on observation with flow cytometry. However, oral and subcutaneous treatments with exopolymers effectively reduced the immunosuppressive changes induced by CPA. Therefore, it is concluded that exopolymers of A. pullulans SM-2001 can effectively prevent immunosuppression through, at least partially, the recruitment of T cells and TNF-$\alpha+$ cells or enhancement of their activity, and can provide an effective component of prevention or treatment regimens for immunosuppression related to cancer, sepsis, and high-dose chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.20-52
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• 1999

In order to investigate the effect of Naetakchungumsankamibang(NTCGS) water extract on the skin tumor induced by 3-MCA and immunological responses in mice, the cytotoxicity against SK-MEL-2 cells and total number of tumors induced by 3-MCA were measured. The numbers of WBC, platelets and RBC, plaque forming cells, hemagglutinin titer, hemolysis titer, carbon clearance, proliferation of splenocyte by thymidine uptake assay, splenic leukocyte by FACS analysis and $TNF-{\alpha}$ were also measured for the evaluation of the immunological responses. The results were obtained as follows: 1. In cytotoxicity against SK-MEL-2 cells, concentration inhibiting cell growth up to below $20\%$ of control was recognized at 1mg/ml of NTCGS. 2. In Inhibitory effect on the skin tumor induced by 3-MCA, the results showed a strong inhibitory effect of NTCGS. 3. In hematological changes in the tumor bearing mice, the numbers of WBC decreased significantly in NTCGS treated group as compared with control. 4. In hematological changes in the tumor bearing mice, the numbers of platelets increased significantly in NTCGS treated group as compared with control. 5. In hematological changes in the tumor bearing mice, the numbers of RBC increased with no significance in NTCGS treated group as compared with control. 6. Effects of the plaque forming cells in the tumor bearing mice, NTCGS treated group exhibited a significant effect compared with control. 7. In terms of the effects on hemagglutinin titer, NTCGS treated group showed higher level than control, without significance. 8. In terms of the effects on hemolysis titer, NTCGS treated group showed higher level than control, without significance. 9. In terms of the effects on phagocytic index K in Balb/C mice, NTCGS treated group showed significant difference from control. 10. In terms of the effects on proliferation of splenocyte by thymidine uptake assay, NTCGS showed significant effect at the concentration of 0.5mg/ml. 11. In terms of the effects on splenic leukocyte of Balb/C mice by FACS analysis, NTCGS treated group showed significantly higher level of helper T cell, B cell and macrophage than in control. 12. In terms of the effects on the secretion of $TNF-{\alpha}$, the treated group showed significant effect at the concentration of 1mg/ml of NTCGS. Based on the results summarized above, NTCGS is considered to have antitumor activity and immunological responses against skin tumor, and to be usable fur the treatment.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 2004

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of Sabaek-San(SBS) on the activity of immune cell and leukemia cell. The addition of SBS(1 ㎍/㎖) enhanced the proliferation of cultured-splenocytes and thymocytes. And also, administration of SBS(250, 500 mg/kg) accelerated subpopulation of splenic T lymphocytes in BALB/c mice. Administration of SBS eminently enhanced the production of IFN-γ, and IL-4. The treatment of high dose of SBS inhibit the proliferation of Jurkat cells and dose-dependently increased the apoptosis of cultured-Jurkat leukemia cells. These results suggest that SBS have a cell mediated immuno-regulatory effect.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.85-90
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• 2011

Relatively little has been studied on the AMA-1 vaccine against Plasmodium vivax and on the plasmid DNA vaccine encoding P. vivax AMA-1 (PvAMA-1). In the present study, a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding AMA-1 of the reemerging Korean P. vivax has been constructed and a preliminary study was done on its cellular immunogenicity to recipient BALB/c mice. The PvAMA-1 gene was cloned and expressed in the plasmid vector UBpcAMA-1, and a protein band of approximately 56.8 kDa was obtained from the transfected COS7 cells. BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly or using a gene gun 4 times with the vaccine, and the proportions of splenic T-cell subsets were examined by fluorocytometry at week 2 after the last injection. The spleen cells from intramuscularly injected mice revealed no significant changes in the proportions of CD8$^+$ T-cells and CD4$^+$ T-cells. However, in mice immunized using a gene gun, significantly higher (P<0.05) proportions of CD8$^+$ cells were observed compared to UB vector-injected control mice. The results indicated that cellular immunogenicity of the plasmid DNA vaccine encoding AMA-1 of the reemerging Korean P. vivax was weak when it was injected intramuscularly; however, a promising effect was observed using the gene gun injection technique.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.63-77
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• 2013

The object of this study was to observe anticancer and related immunomodulatory and anticachexic effects of Insamyangyoung-tang aqueous extracts (ISYYTe) on non-small cell lung carcinoma (squamous epithelial carcinoma), NCI-H520, xenograft Balb/c nu-nu nude mice. Changes on the tumor volume and weights, lymphatic organ(spleen and popliteal lymph node), serum interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$ levels, splenocytes and peritoneal macrophage activities (NK cell activity), splenic tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ and IL-10 contents, splenic T-lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+) and TNF-${\alpha}+$ cells were observed with tumor mass and lymphatic organ histopathology to detect anticancer and immunomodulatory effects. In addition, changes on the body weights, epididymal fat weights and serum IL-6 levels were also detected with the thicknesses of deposited cervical brown adipose tissue and their mean diameters to monitor the tumor-related anticachexic effects. The results obtained in this study suggest that over 50 mg/kg of ISYYTe showed favorable anticancer effects on the NCI-H520 cell xenograft with immunomodulatory and anticachexic effects. However, detail mechanism studies should be conducted in future with the screening of the biological active compounds in this herb.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 1987

This experiment was performed on mice to investigate the effects of an immunopotentiator, picibanil(PC), on the immune responses such as phagocytic activity of reticuloen-dothelial(RE) system, E rosette formation rate of splenic lmphocytes and morphological changes of lymph node tissue. Groups of mice were treated with a single(1KE/kg BW) or sequential(0.1, 0.25 and 0.5KE/kg BW for successive 3 days) intravenous injections of PC. PC treated and untreated control mice were sensitized with 50% sheep erythrocyte suspension(0.2ml/mouse) at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after PC treatment. Functional and morphological examinations were carried out 5 days after sensitization. The following results were obtained: The phagocytic activity of RE system and the weight of liver and spleen were increased significantly at 3rd, 5th and 7th day. The peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocyte and percent of lymphocyte and monocyte were slightly increased. The rates of E rosette formation of splenic lymphotytes, sequential PC treated groups were more increased at 3rd and 5th day in sequential PC treated groups than in single treated groups. Thereafter it returned gradually to the control level by the time of 10th day. Microscopically primary lymph follicles with indistinct germinal center (GC) were partially disrupted and the parafollicular areas were consisted of the pyroninophilic cells in control group. In PC treated group, the parafollicular areas were markedly proliferated and developments of secondary lymph follicles with enlarged and prominent GC were more pronounced in the sequential injected groups compared to single injected groups. These results indicate that PC affected not only parafollicular area of the T-cell area, but also GC of the B-cell area. It suggests that PC may potentiate both cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.8-18
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• 2018

Background: This present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory effects of Aucklandia lappa Decne (AL). Methods and Results: We measured cytotoxicity, nitric oxide (NO) content, mRNA expression (iNOS, IL-1${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and TNF-${\alpha}$), protein expression (iNOS, COX-2, and $I{\kappa}B$) and phagocytic activity in RAW264.7 cells. Male BALB/c mice were fed 100 mg/kg AL (Aucklandia lappa Decneon 70% ethanol extract) and 250 mg/kg AL for 4 weeks; thereafter, we observed B/T or $CD4^+/CD8^+$ lymphocyte subpopulation change, and expression patterns of $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ lymphocytes by immunohistochemical staining in mouse splenocytes and/or thymocytes. To determine the experimental concentration of AL, cell viability was measured by MTT assay and tested at $12.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ or less. AL inhibited the levels of NO, lymphokine production (IL-$1{\beta}$, and TNF-${\alpha}$), and mRNA (iNOS, IL-1${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and TNF-${\alpha}$) and protein (iNOS, and COX-2) expression. Additionally, the levels of $I{\kappa}B$, phagocytic activity, and splenic and thymic T lymphocytes, especially $T_H$ and $T_C$ cells were significantly increased in AL administered mice. The immuno-reactive density of $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ lymphocytes was stronger in AL groups than in the normal group. AL stimulated NO, iNOS, and COX-2, and regulated IL-1${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, and $I{\kappa}B$ in macrophages treated with LPS (lipopolysaccharide). In addition, AL increased the phagocytic activity of macrophages and the immunity of mouse T ($T_H$, and $T_C$) cells. Conclusions: These results suggested that AL might show anti-inflammatory activity via the suppression of various inflammatory markers and immuno-regulatory activity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.137-147
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• 2004

In order to evaluate the antitumor activity and immunomodulatory effects of Seoleosojong-tang(SST), studies were done. We measured the cytotoxic activity for various kinds of cancer cells, inhibitory effect on activity of DNA topoisomerase I, cell adhesion to complex extracellular matrix, survival time in ICR bearing S-180, pulmonary colonization and histological changes of lung in C57BL/6 injected i.v. with B16-F10, CAM assay, expression of CD4/sup +/, CD8/sup +/, B220/sup +/, cytokine gene in spleen cell. The results were obtained as follows: 1. In cytotoxicity against A549, HT1080, 816-F10, NCL-H661 was showed cytotoxicity as compared with control. 2. The inhibitory effect on adhesion of A549, 816-F10 to complex extracellular matrix was over 40% at 100 ㎍/㎖ of SST. 3. In DNA topoisomerase I assay, SST has inhibitory effect. 4. The T/C% was 120.8 in SST treated group in S-180 bearing ICR mice. 5. In pulmonary colonization assay, a number of colonies were decreased significantly and histological changes were showed that infiltration area of cancer cells were inhibited effectively in SST treated group. 6. In CAM Assay, SST has antiangiogenic effect. 7. On the expression of positive cell to CD4/sup +/, CD8/sup +/ and 8220/sup +/ in spleen cells, CD4/sup +/ cells were increased significantly in SST treated group. 8. Effect of SST on IL-1β gene expression in splenic cell was significantly increased as function of whole concentration. 9. The gene expression of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α were increased in SST treated group. From above results SST could be usefully applied for antitumor activity and immunomodulatory effects, but further research of SST should be required.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.160-169
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• 2009

Poly-$\gamma$-glutamic acid ($\gamma$-PGA) was mixed natural flora of Bacillus subtilis, contaminated from cooked soybeans. Also, it was performed to find out the antiallergic activity by using NC/Nga mice, in vitro. The $\gamma$-PGA (PGA-HM : PGA-high molecular weight), Molecular weight 300 kDa, was decomposed and made PGA-LM (PGA-low molecular weight) which has molecular weight below 30 kDa by sonication. Therefore, it was same result between PGA-HM and PGA-LM, and reported PGA-LM as basic result. We found that PGA-LM contains antiallergic efficacy that inhibit B cells and Th2 cells activation from isolated CD4+T cells in NC/Nga atopic dermatitis model mice, and not show a cytotoxicity in the hFCs. To investigate the effects of these PGA-LM in vitro, isolation of splenic B cell and CD4+ T cells in atopic dermatitis mice were used. To elucidate the role of PGA-LM in anti-CD40+ interleukin-4 (IL-4)-mediated B-cell activation, showed that the capacity of B cells to expression IL-$1\beta$, IL-6, and TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA down-regulated, and IL-10 mRNA up-regulation by PGA-LM treatment, but it had no effect on TGF-$\beta$ expression. In addition to CD4+IFN-$\gamma$+ and CD4+CD25+foxp3+, the functions of PGA-LM in the development of the CD4+CD25+foxp3+ and CD4+IFN-$\gamma$+cells, the phenotype and functions of PGA-LM induced CD4+CD25+foxp3+, and CD4+IFN-$\gamma$+cells in CD4+T cells. These results suggested that PGA-LM could change cytokine production and generate CD4+CD25+foxp3+ Tregs in NC/Nga mice, and may be effective for immunotherapy in patients with AD.