• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1991

This report describes our 10-year experience with intracardiac repair in 42 patients older than 16 year with tetralogy of Fallot. The mean age was 22.0$\pm$5.18 years[range 16~41]. The preoperative clinical manifestations were cyanosis & clubbing[93%], frequent URI [55%], anoxic spell[40%], pulmonary tuberculosis[21%], tuberculous empyema[7%], chronic renal failure[7%], congestive heart failure[7%] and subacute bacterial endocarditis [2%], etc. The previous shunt procedure for palliation had been performed in 7 patients. The type of VSD were typical perimembranous type[67%], total canal defect[28%] and combined type[5%]. The right ventricular outflow tract obstruction were combined type[69%], infundibular type[21%] and valvular type[10%]. Transannular patch was used in 50% of patients. Associated cardiovascular anomalies were ASD[33%], PFO[31%], Rt. aortic arch[10%], Lt. SVC[10%], single Rt. pulmonary artery, single Lt. coronary artery, ASI, proximal stenosis of Rt. pulmonary artery and anomalous systemic venous return, etc. Hospital mortality was 7.1%[3 cases]in overall. The causes of hospital deaths were revealed low cardiac output & acute renal failure[2 cases], postoperative bleeding[1 case]. There were 2 late deaths 3 & 68 months after surgery. Residual intracardiac shunt was detected in 2 patients. one patient was successfully reoperated and another patient had Qp /Qs ratio less than 1.5.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.213-228
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• 2013

Tall buildings have been traditionally designed to be symmetric rectangular, triangular or circular in plan, in order to avoid excessive seismic-induced torsional vibrations due to eccentricity, especially in seismic-prone regions like Japan. However, recent tall building design has been released from the spell of compulsory symmetric shape design, and free-style design is increasing. This is mainly due to architects' and structural designers' challenging demands for novel and unconventional expressions. Another important aspect is that rather complicated sectional shapes are basically good with regard to aerodynamic properties for crosswind excitations, which are a key issue in tall-building wind-resistant design. A series of wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulation have been carried out to determine aerodynamic forces and wind pressures acting on tall building models with various configurations: corner cut, setbacks, helical and so on. Dynamic wind-induced response analyses of these models have also been conducted. The results of these experiments have led to comprehensive understanding of the aerodynamic characteristics of tall buildings with various configurations.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.746-754
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• 2001

In order to analyze the health problems of school-aged children. daily health records from a convenient sample of two primary schools were analyzed. Diseases were classified into 21 categories according to the KCD (Korea Standard Classification of Diseases). The mean number of visits to health care rooms during school per student was 1.98 during 212 school days from Mar. 2000 to Feb. in 2001 and the mean number of daily visits was 11.66. Male students and 3rd graders visited health care rooms more frequently than female students and other graders. The total spell base incidence rate was 1976.8 per 1.000 students in a year: the incidence rate from injuries was 960.0: 542.4 were for digestive diseases: and 415.2. for respiratory diseases, 97% of all diseases were injuries, digestive diseases and respiratory diseases. The most frequent diseases for male students resulted from trauma, and those for female students. from digestive and respiratory symptoms. The services that nursing teachers implemented were wound treatment (48.8%), medication (44.6%), and so on. Therefore, the findings of this research can serve as the basis for developing school health service program and health education program.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.64 no.10
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• pp.497-503
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• 2021

Reading disability (dyslexia) refers to an unexpected difficulty with reading for an individual who has the intelligence to be a much better reader. Dyslexia is most commonly caused by a difficulty in phonological processing (the appreciation of the individual sounds of spoken language), which affects the ability of an individual to speak, read, and spell. In this paper, I describe reading disabilities by focusing on their underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Neurobiological studies using functional brain imaging have uncovered the reading pathways, brain regions involved in reading, and neurobiological abnormalities of dyslexia. The reading pathway is in the order of visual analysis, letter recognition, word recognition, meaning (semantics), phonological processing, and speech production. According to functional neuroimaging studies, the important areas of the brain related to reading include the inferior frontal cortex (Broca's area), the midtemporal lobe region, the inferior parieto-temporal area, and the left occipitotemporal region (visual word form area). Interventions for dyslexia can affect reading ability by causing changes in brain function and structure. An accurate diagnosis and timely specialized intervention are important in children with dyslexia. In cases in which national infant development screening tests have been conducted, as in Korea, if language developmental delay and early predictors of dyslexia are detected, careful observation of the progression to dyslexia and early intervention should be made.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.17 no.5 s.78
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• pp.537-547
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• 2005

MABB(Editor's note: Please spell out "MABB" upon first mention)is a new structural type of arch that connects arch ribs and stiffened girders with two internal arches. In this study, the static and dynamic behavior of MABB were analyzed in comparison with those of conventional arches for the investigation of the structural effect of MABB on moving loads. For the purpose of surveying the effect of internal arches on the dynamic behavior of structure, natural frequency and natural vibration mode were investigated and the static and dynamic behavior were analyzed by the method of idealizing train loads as traveling loads consisting of a group of concentrated loads. From the results, the following conclusions were known. First, it is concluded that with MABB, decreasing the section of stiffened girders is possible as compared with conventional arches because the increase of stiffness by internal arches is larger than that of the mass of internal arches. Second, MABB has the advantage of assurance of stability of dynamic behavior because the dynamic behavior of MABB on moving loads is usually investigated in a more stable way than that of conventional arches.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.285-289
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• 2004

Oceanographic observation and qualitative analysis for deep ocean water in the East Sea were carried out from January 2003 to January 2004, in order to understand the characteristics of deep sea water in the East Sea. Temporal and spatial variation of water masses were discussed from survey of the study area including the coastal sea of Kwangwon province in where the polar front mixing cold and warm water masses were formed. On the basis of the vertical profiles of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, water masses in the study area were divided into 5 major groups; (1) Low Saline Surface Water (LSSW) (2) Tsushima Surface water (TSW) (3) Tsushima Middle Water (TMW) (4) North Korea Cold Water (NKCW) and (5) East Sea Proper Water (ESPW). In winter, surface water in coastal sea of Kwangwaan Kosung region were dominated by North Korean Cold Water (NKCW). As Tsushima warm current were enforced in summer, various water masses were vertically emerged in study area, in order of TSW, TMW, NKCW and ESPW. It is highly possible that the LSSW which occurred at surface water of september is originated from influx of fresh water due to the seasonal rainy spell. Nevertheless water masses existed within surface water were seasonally varied, water quality characteristics of East Sea Proper Water (ESPW) under 300 m did not changed all the seasons of the year.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.109-127
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• 2010

This work aims at introducing structural sensitivity analysis capabilities into existing commercial finite element software codes for the purpose of mapping retrofit strategies for a broad group of structures including heritage-type buildings. More specifically, the first stage sensitivity analysis is implemented for the standard deterministic environment, followed by stochastic structural sensitivity analysis defined for the probabilistic environment in a subsequent, second phase. It is believed that this new generation of software that will be released by the industrial partner will address the needs of a rapidly developing specialty within the engineering design profession, namely commercial retrofit and rehabilitation activities. In congested urban areas, these activities are carried out in reference to a certain percentage of the contemporary building stock that can no longer be demolished to give room for new construction because of economical, historical or cultural reasons. Furthermore, such analysis tools are becoming essential in reference to a new generation of national codes that spell out in detail how retrofit strategies ought to be implemented. More specifically, our work focuses on identifying the minimum-cost intervention on a given structure undergoing retrofit. Finally, an additional factor that arises in earthquake-prone regions across the world is the random nature of seismic activity that further complicates the task of determining the dynamic overstress that is being induced in the building stock and the additional demands placed on the supporting structural system.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.50 no.7
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• pp.109-116
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to develop a scale for evaluation of Parent's Literacy Interaction Rating Scale (PLIRS) for preschool children and to examine its validity and reliability. The participants of this study were 342 Korean mothers with children of 3 to 5 year olds. The methods for data analysis included item analysis, factor analysis for construct validity, Pearson correlations between PLIRS and two sub tests of EC-HOME for concurrent validity, and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ for reliability. The item discrimination was determined by comparing the highest and lowest groups using Chi-square (${\chi}^2$), and Cramer's V. The 25 items of the scale were found to be satisfactory in item discrimination. The concurrent validity was also identified by correlation between PLIRS and two sub tests of EC-HOME. Factor analysis revealed that the structure of the PLIRS consisted of three factors: 'open interaction', 'directive interaction', and 'picture-book reading interaction'. 'Open interaction' is based on 'Whole Language Approach', such as 'I have my child write as he/she likes even if they spell wrongly.' 'Directive interaction' is based on 'Code Emphasis Approach', such as 'I have my child take dictation.' 'Picture-book reading interaction' is how parents read picture-book with her/his children, such as 'When I read a picture book to my child, I ask various questions about a book story.' The Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ for internal consistency reliability range was .78 to .87 for three subscales. It was concluded that PLIRS was valid and reliable to examine the literacy interaction between parents and children in home.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.153-159
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• 1982

A statistical study on medical students who entered certain college of medicine during 10 years ('73 to '82) was performed in order to evaluate medical educational wastage. The obtained results summerized were as follows; 1. The normal promotion rate of 10 cohorts(CI-CX) was 83.4% and 5 cohorts(CI to CV) whose members had already graduated(including dropouts) was 77.5%. 2. The mean repetition rate in 1st grade was 15.5%, in 2nd grade 5.4%, in 3rd grade 1.4% arid in 4th grade 0.6%. 3. The predicted number of repetion(spell base) which are attendance at the college in 1st grade was 31.6, in 2nd grade 28.9, in 3rd grade 18.6 and in 4th grade 22.7; 4. The total wastage of 10 cohorts was 224.8 SY, which corresponded to educational resources of 56.2 out-puts for normal demand. 5. The mean unit cost of 10 cohorts was 4.62 and the mean Input/Output ratio was 1.06.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1081-1089
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• 2014

Context-sensitive spelling-error correction methods are largely classified into rule-based methods and statistical data-based methods, the latter of which is often preferred in research. Statistical error correction methods consider context-sensitive spelling error problems as word-sense disambiguation problems. The method divides a vocabulary pair, for correction, which consists of a correction target vocabulary and a replacement candidate vocabulary, according to the context. The present paper proposes a method that integrates a word-phrase n-gram model into a conventional model in order to improve the performance of the probability model by using a correction vocabulary pair, which was a result of a previous study performed by this research team. The integrated model suggested in this paper includes a method used to interpolate the probability of a sentence calculated through each model and a method used to apply the models, when both methods are sequentially applied. Both aforementioned types of integrated models exhibit relatively high accuracy and reproducibility when compared to conventional models or to a model that uses only an n-gram.