• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.107-123
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• 2005

Traditional herbal medicine is widely used among the Korean people, and other eastern Asian countries employ similar therapies as well. In recent years, due to increasing interest in herbal medicine, many researches have been made on the toxicity and adverse drug reactions of herbal medications. Through private and public media, there have been many opinions that taking herbal medicine is very harmful, especially, to liver and kidney. We face upon evaluation of herbal medication, safe, and efficacy. Furthermore, we need to control quality of herbs. This study aims to verify the evidence that taking herbal medicine will yield equal reaction in 2 lab animal groups (A and B). One frequently prescribed herbal medication, Yugmijihwangtang, was used to test the evaluation of quality on lab animals (SD-Rat). There were no significant differences in body, visceral weight, and serum analysis test results after herbal medication for 1 month. But, AST and ALT scores were raised in 2 subjects in group A (over reference range). It seems to be an adverse drug reaction, and this finding was restricted in group A herbal medicine. These results suggest that we need to qualify herbal plants in Korea, and study which herbs would cause specific reactions in human.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2008

Nitric oxide (NO) affects the growth and development of plants and also affects plant responses to various stresses. Because NO induces root differentiation, we examined whether or not it is involved in increased ROS generation. Treatments with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor, 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO), a specific NO scavenger, and $N{\omega}-nitro-{\text\tiny{L}}-arginine$ methyl ester hydrochloride (${\text\tiny{L}}-NAME$), an NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, revealed that NO is involved in the adventitious root growth of mountain ginseng. Supply of an NO donor, SNP, activates NADPH oxidase activity, resulting in increased generation of $O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$, which subsequently induces growth of adventitious roots. Moreover, treatment with diphenyliodonium chloride (DPI), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, individually or with SNP, inhibited root growth, NADPH oxidase activity, and $O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$ anion generation. Supply of the NO donor, SNP, did not induce any notable isoforms of enzymes; it did, however, increase the activity of pre-existing bands of NADPH oxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes induced by SNP supply seems to be responsible for a low level of $H_2O_2$ in the adventitious roots of mountain ginseng. It was therefore concluded that NO-induced generation of $O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$ by NADPH oxidase seems to have a role in adventitious root growth of mountain ginseng. The possible mechanism of NO involvement in $O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$ generation through NADPH oxidase and subsequent root growth is discussed.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.423-427
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• 2012

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae strains, the causal agents of bacterial canker on kiwifruit, were isolated from Korea and Italy in 2011. Among 87 isolates, a total of six representative strains, three from Korea and three from Italy, were identified on the basis of biochemical and physiological tests. Identities were confirmed by PCR using P. syringae pv. actinidiae-specific primers PsaF1/R2, which amplified a 280-bp DNA fragment. The strains isolated from Korea in this study displayed BOX-PCR patterns similar to those isolated from Italy but different from those isolated previously in Korea or the pathotype P. syringae pv. actinidiae strain. The effector hopA1 and hopH1 genes, which are known to be present in strains isolated recently from France and Italy, were also present in P. syringae pv. actinidiae strains, SYS1, SYS2 and SYS4, isolated from Korea in this work. However, no amplicons of the expected size were obtained from strains previously isolated from Korea and Japan. In addition, the Korean strains isolated in this work belonged to haplotype I for the cts gene identical to those strains isolated from recent outbreaks in Italy. These results suggest that P. syringae pv. actinidiae strains isolated from Korea and examined in this work are a new type of strain similar to those found from recent outbreaks in Italy. This is the first report on the occurrence of cts haplotype I strains of P. syringae pv. actinidiae affecting kiwifruit plants in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.804-812
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• 2012

This study contemplated domestic and other country's effluent limitation standards and suggested a methodology to establish technology-base limitation value. Current effluent limitation regulates industrial point sources discriminated by discharge flow rate and by regional distinction in Korea. Discharged $BOD_5$ load from large-scale plants(flow rate above $2,000\;m^3/day)$ exceeds 50% of overall industrial wastewater, which present rationale for discrimination based on plant size. However, regional distinction and pollutant- specific regulation might be insufficient to meet practical effectiveness of wastewater management policy, due to the nearly same limitation. Water quality data and treatment methods were investigated in hospital industry. And their distribution of effluent $BOD_5$ concentrations was statistically analyzed to suggest limitation value. Effluent $BOD_5$ concentrations showed lognormal distribution and $95^{th}$ percentile was corresponded to 87.9 mg/L, which could be suggested as tentative effluent limitation in hospital industry. The $95^{th}$ percentile of log-transformed distribution showed similar value of 86.5 mg/L. This study demonstrated reasonable methodology for establishing effluent limitation reflecting wastewater characteristic and treatment technology in separately categorized industry.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.89-96
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• 2015

Smart water grid is a water network with communication to save water and energy using various water resources. In smart water grid, water product from the various sources can be blended to be supplied to end-users. The product water blending was reported by literatures while feed water blending has been rarely reported so far. In this work, a commercial reverse osmosis (RO) system design software provided by a membrane manufacturer was used to elucidate the effect of feed water blending on the performance of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant. Fresh water from exisiting water resource was assumed to be blended to seawater to decrease salt concentration of the RO feed water. The feed water blending can simplify the RO system from double to single pass and decrease seawater intake amount, the unit prices of the RO system components including high pressure pump, and operation risk. Due to the increase in RO plant capacity with the feed water blending, however, the RO membrane area and total power consumption increase at higher water blending rates. Therefore, a specific benefit-cost analysis should be carried out to apply the feed water blending to SWRO plants.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 2009

Thirty five methanol extracts from 19 natural local plants, which have been used as traditional anti-cancer medicine, were prepared. They were analyzed the cytotoxic effects on primary fibroblast cells and carcinoma cells. The root extract of Solanum nigrum were highly toxic in both cell lines with $IC_{50}$ values of less than $0.01{\mu}g/{\mu}l$, and 26 of 35 extracts were toxic in all cells with $IC_{50}$ values of $0.1{\sim}2{\mu}g/{\mu}l$. Three extracts including the fruit extracts of Solanum nigrum and Morus alba had no cytotoxic activity in both cell lines. Five of 35 extracts were highly toxic in cancer cells than in primary cells. Because primary cells were more resistant on these extracts, the five extracts were selected for anti-cancer agent candidates. Apoptosis or programmed cell death has an essential role in chemotherapy-induced tumor cell killing. Recently, inducers of apoptosis have been used in cancer therapy. When two of 5 cancer cell-specific cytotoxic extracts (Ulmus parvifolia and Zelkova serrata) were treated in concentration of $0.02{\sim}0.1{\mu}g/{\mu}l$, apoptosis were increased at 3-5 times in cancer cell lines. Finally, the apoptotic effects of these extracts were confirmed by cleavages of both poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase and caspase-3 as apoptotic markers. In this report, we suggested that two of 35 medicinal herb extracts can be useful anti-cancer drug candidates inducing apoptosis in several carcinoma cell lines.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.76-86
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• 2020

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is damaging to the growth and quality of lettuce crops in Lanzhou, China. Recently, however, for the first time an isolate of lettuce necrotic yellows virus (LNYV) has been detected in lettuce crops in China, and there is concern that this virus may also pose a threat to lettuce production in China. Consequently, there is a need to develop a rapid and efficient detection method to accurately identify LNYV and CMV infections and help limit their spread. Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assays were developed to detect the nucleoprotein (N) and coat protein (CP) genes of LNYV and CMV, respectively. RT-LAMP amplification products were visually assessed in reaction tubes separately using green fluorescence and gel electrophoresis. The assays successfully detected both viruses in infected plants without cross reactivity recorded from either CMV or LNYV or four other related plant viruses. Optimum LAMP reactions were conducted in betaine-free media with 6 mM Mg²⁺ at 65℃ for LNYV and 60℃ for 60 min for CMV, respectively. The detection limit was 3.5 pg/ml and 20 fg/ml using RT-LAMP for LNYV and CMV plasmids, respectively. Detection sensitivity for both RT-LAMP assays was greater by a factor of 100 compared to the conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. This rapid, specific, and sensitive technique should be more widely applied due to its low cost and minimal equipment requirements.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.560-567
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• 2009

Treated or untreated wastewater may be a major source of refractory organic matters (R-OM) in drinking water sources. For this study, spectroscopic characteristics of wastewater OM were investigated using the samples from 20 wastewater treatment plants, which are located at the upstream of the lake Paldang, to suggest a estimate index for R-OM in wastewater. R-OM was quantified by measuring total organic carbon (TOC) concentration of the wastewater samples remaining after 28-day dark incubation. Among the traditional OM indices such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and initial TOC, CODMn showed the lowest correlation coefficients with R-TOC of the samples. The ratios of carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD) to $COD_{Cr}$ had a better correlation with the percent distribution of R-OM than $BOD/COD_{Cr}$ ratios. terrestrial humic-like fluorescence (THLF) exhibited the highest correlation coefficient with R-TOC among the indices obtained from the synchronous fluorescence spectra of the samples. Milori index, one of the humification indices, showed a good correlation with the percent distribution of wastewater. This study demonstrated that fluorescence properties might be a better indices to estimate the concentrations and the distributions of wastewater OM compared to the specific UV absorbance (SUVA) values. Some useful formulas based on OM spectroscopic characteristics were finally suggested to predict R-OM in wastewater.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2003

Recently, the concern about safety and functional substances of foods are increased therefore antioxidant substances and plants which had pharmacological effect have been studied actively. It has been known that the mulberry leaf is effective in curing many diseases. Nowaday, the pharmachological effects of mulberry leaves on diabetes mellitus and their usage for many aspects were confirmed. Mulberry leaves are known for effective in prevention of diabetes mellitus, because of specific amino acids and fibers. In this study, methanol, hexane, chlorform, ethyl acetate, and butanol extracts obtained from mulberry leaves were added to soybean oil and they were stored for 30 days at $60{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ and peroxide value(POV) and conjugated diene value(CDV) were measured periodically. Results of this study were obtained as follows; 1. The POV of soybean oil after the addition of each mulberry leaves powder(MLP) extracts generally enhanced as the storage time was prolonged, so the POV of all samples was reached higher than 100meq./kg.oil after 10 days storage without the addition of butanol, methanol, ethylacetate, hexane extracts at 0.1% level. Especially, the POV of soybean oils including butanol extract was 87.35meq/kg.oil after 10 days storage and antioxidant activity of butanol extract was shown to be superior to that of BHT. The pattern of the changes of the CDV of soybean oil after the addition of MLP extracts at 0.02%, 0.05% and 0.1%, respectively, were almost constant during 10 days of storage and then rapidly increased during the rest of experimental periods. During 10 days of storage in case of 0.1% adding level, the antioxidant activities of the butanol extract was superior to that of the each MLP extracts.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.94-98
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• 1982

To understand the growth pattern of ginseng plant under shading, the vertical distribution of leaf area, leaf area index (LAI) and specific leaf weight (SLW) and changes in light intensity as affected by planting position were investigated in 3 to 5 years old ginseng plant populations. Light intensity was vertically lowest at about 10cm above the ground and became low at the rear planting position in 3-year-old population. When culturing bed (96cm in width) were divided into three parts at intervals of 32cm from front to rear, the leaf area in 3-year-old population was largest in middle 1/3 part of planting bed. Light intensity affected the SLW positively, but LAI showed no distinct difference among planting positions. The light environment of 4-year-old population was worse than that of 3-year-old population and leaf area and LAI differed greatly among planting positions. In 5-year-old population, leaf dry weight and leaf area of furrow part (that is, the amount of leaves protruded from the plants which were planted in 1st, 2nd or 3rd lines into the furrow) increased. The dry weights of leaves and stem increased considerably as plant became aged, and were distributed mainly in upper layer.