• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2017

Objectives : This paper serves to explore current trends of systems biology in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and examine how it may influence the Traditional Korean medicine. Methods : Literature review method was collectively used to classify Introduction to systems biology, diagnosis and syndrome classification of systems biology in TCM perspective, physiotherapy including acupuncture, herbs and formula functions, TCM systems biology, and directions of academic development. Results : The term 'Systems biology' is coined as a combination of systems science and biology. It is a field of study that tries to understand living organism by establishing a theory based on an ideal model that analyzes and predicts the desired output with understanding of interrelationships and dynamics between variables. Systems biology has an integrated and multi-dimensional nature that observes the interaction among the elements constructing the network. The current state of systems biology in TCM is categorized into 4 parts: diagnosis and syndrome, physical therapy, herbs and formulas and academic development of TCM systems biology and its technology. Diagnosis and syndrome field is focusing on developing TCM into personalized medicine by clarifying Kidney yin deficiency patterns and metabolic differences among five patterns of diabetes and analyzing plasma metabolism and biomarkers of coronary heart disease patients. In the field of physical therapy such as acupuncture and moxibustion, researchers discovered the effect of stimulating acupoint ST40 on gene expression and the effects of acupuncture on treating functional dyspepsia and acute ischemic stroke. Herbs and formulas were analyzed with TCM network pharmacology. The therapeutic mechanisms of Si Wu Tang and its series formulas are explained by identifying potential active substances, targets and mechanism of action, including metabolic pathways of amino acid and fatty acid. For the academic development of TCM systems biology and its technology, it is necessary to integrate massive database, integrate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, as well as systems biology. It is also essential to establish a platform to maximize herbal treatment through accumulation of research data and diseases-specific, or drug-specific network combined with clinical experiences, and identify functions and roles of molecules in herbs and conduct animal-based studies within TCM frame. So far, few literature reviews exist for systems biology in traditional Korean medicine and they merely re-examine known efficacies of simple substances, herbs and formulas. For the future, it is necessary to identify specific mechanisms of working agents and targets to maximize the effects of traditional medicine modalities. Conclusions : Systems biology is widely accepted and studied in TCM and already advanced into a field known as 'TCM systems biology', which calls for the study of incorporating TCM and systems biology. It is time for traditional Korean medicine to acknowledge the importance of systems biology and present scientific basis of traditional medicine and establish the principles of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases. By doing so, traditional Korean medicine would be innovated and further developed into a personalized medicine.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
• /
• v.17 no.9 s.112
• /
• pp.821-828
• /
• 2006

In this paper, we investigated SAR(Specific Absorption Rate) value variation by the position and size of the loop-type ground located in a test mobile handset. We carried out simulations on SAR value with loop-type grounds in rear case of a mobile handset, and obtained results showed that different positions and sizes of loop-type grounds had different SAR values. Among investigated positions and sizes of loop-type grounds, the small size case-C showed the best performance; i.e., it showed a decrease efficiency of 8.70 %. And in this case, it showed the highest induced electric-field distribution in the loop-type ground. In the simulation, the folding angle was set to $160^{\circ}$.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.260-268
• /
• 2008

Optical diffuse reflectance sensing has potential for rapid and reliable on-site estimation of soil properties. For good results, proper calibration to measured soil properties is required. One issue is whether it is necessary to develop calibrations using samples from the specific area or areas (e.g., field, soil series) in which the sensor will be applied, or whether a general "factory" calibration is sufficient. A further question is if specific calibration is required, how many sample points are needed. In this study, these issues were addressed using data from 42 paddy fields representing 14 distinct soil series accounting for 74% of the total Korean paddy field area. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to develop calibrations between soil properties and reflectance spectra. Model evaluation was based on coefficient of determination ($R^2$) root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), and RPD, the ratio of standard deviation to RMSEP. When sample data from a soil series were included in the calibration stage (full information calibration), RPD values of prediction models were increased by 0.03 to 3.32, compared with results from calibration models not including data from the test soil series (calibration without site-specific information). Higher $R^2$ values were also obtained in most cases. Including some samples from the test soil series (hybrid calibration) generally increased RPD rapidly up to a certain number of sample points. A large portion of the potential improvement could be obtained by adding about 8 to 22 points, depending on the soil properties to be estimated, where the numbers were 10 to 18 for pH, 18-22 for EC, and 8 to 22 for total C. These results provide guidance on sampling and calibration requirements for NIR soil property estimation.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
• /
• v.50 no.7
• /
• pp.109-114
• /
• 2013

Power MOSFET (metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor) are widely used in power electronics applications, such as BLDC (Brushless Direct Current) motor and power module, etc. For the conventional power MOSFET device structure, there exists a tradeoff relationship between specific on-state resistance and breakdown voltage. In order to overcome the tradeoff relationship, a non-uniform super-junction (SJ) trench MOSFET (TMOSFET) structure for an optimal design is proposed in this paper. It is required that the specific on-resistance of non-uniform SJ TMOSFET is less than that of uniform SJ TMOSFET under the same breakdown voltage. The idea with a linearly graded doping profile is proposed to achieve a much better electric field distribution in the drift region. The structure modelling of a unit cell, the characteristic analyses for doping density, and potential distribution are simulated by using of the SILVACO TCAD 2D device simulator, Atlas. As a result, the non-uniform SJ TMOSFET shows the better performance than the uniform SJ TMOSFET in the specific on-resistance at the class of 100V.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2011.02a
• /
• pp.431-431
• /
• 2011

Graphene, two dimensional sheet of sp2-hybridized carbon, has attracted an enormous amount of interest due to excellent electrical, chemical and mechanical properties for the application of transparent conducting films, clean energy devices, field-effect transistors, optoelectronic devices and chemical sensors. Especially, graphene is promising candidate to detect the gas molecules and biomolecules due to the large specific surface area and signal-to-noise ratios. Despite of importance to the disease diagnosis, there are a few reports to demonstrate the graphene- and rGO-FET for biological sensors and the sensing mechanism are not fully understood. Here we describe scalable and facile fabrication of rGO-FET with the capability of label-free, ultrasensitive electrical detection of a cancer biomarker, prostate specific antigen/${\alpha}1$-antichymotrypsin (PSA-ACT) complex, in which the ultrathin rGO sensing channel was simply formed by a uniform self-assembly of two-dimensional rGO nanosheets on aminated pattern generated by inkjet printing. Sensing characteristics of rGO-FET immunosensor showed the highly precise, reliable, and linear shift in the Dirac point with the analyte concentration of PSA-ACT complex and extremely low detection limit as low as 1 fg/ml. We further analyzed the charge doping mechanism, which is the change in the charge carrier in the rGO channel varying by the concentration of biomolecules. Amenability of solution-based scalable fabrication and extremely high performance may enable rGO-FET device as a versatile multiplexed diagnostic biosensor for disease biomarkers.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.116-122
• /
• 2024

Background: Due to the importance of evidence-based research in plastic surgery, the authors of this study aimed to assess the accuracy of ChatGPT in generating novel systematic review ideas within the field of craniofacial surgery. Methods: ChatGPT was prompted to generate 20 novel systematic review ideas for 10 different subcategories within the field of craniofacial surgery. For each topic, the chatbot was told to give 10 "general" and 10 "specific" ideas that were related to the concept. In order to determine the accuracy of ChatGPT, a literature review was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Cochrane. Results: In total, 200 total systematic review research ideas were generated by ChatGPT. We found that the algorithm had an overall 57.5% accuracy at identifying novel systematic review ideas. ChatGPT was found to be 39% accurate for general topics and 76% accurate for specific topics. Conclusion: Craniofacial surgeons should use ChatGPT as a tool. We found that ChatGPT provided more precise answers with specific research questions than with general questions and helped narrow down the search scope, leading to a more relevant and accurate response. Beyond research purposes, ChatGPT can augment patient consultations, improve healthcare equity, and assist in clinical decision-making. With rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), it is important for plastic surgeons to consider using AI in their clinical practice to improve patient-centered outcomes.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.131-146
• /
• 2020

Evaluation of earthquake impacts in settlements with a high risk of earthquake occurrence is important for the determination of site-specific dynamic soil parameters and earthquake-resistant structural planning. In this study, dynamic soil properties of Karliova (Bingol) city center, located near to the intersection point of the North Anatolian Fault Zone and the East Anatolian Fault Zone and therefore having a high earthquake risk, were investigated by one-dimensional equivalent linear site response analysis. From ground response analyses, peak ground acceleration, predominant site period, 0.2-sec and 1-sec spectral accelerations and soil amplification maps of the study area were obtained for both near-field and far-field earthquake effects. The average acceleration spectrum obtained from analysis, for a near-field earthquake scenario, was found to exceed the design spectra of the Turkish Earthquake Code and Eurocode 8. Yet, the average acceleration spectrum was found to remain below the respective design spectra of the two codes for the far-field earthquake scenario. According to both near- and far-field earthquake scenarios in the study area, the low-rise buildings with low modal vibration durations are expected to be exposed to high spectral acceleration values and high-rise buildings with high modal vibration durations will be exposed to lower spectral accelerations. While high amplification ratios are observed in the north of the study area for the near-distance earthquake scenario, high amplification ratios are observed in the south of the study area for the long-distance earthquake scenario.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.281-288
• /
• 2004

The change in relationships between methane production and sulfate reduction was investigated in reclaimed rice field soils at different time points after reclamation of tidal flat in Korea. Sulfate concentrations of soils in the ca. 60-year-old and 26-year-old reclaimed rice fields were much lower than that in a natural tidal flat. During 60 d of anaerobic incubation, total methane production and sulfate consumption of the soil slurries were 7.0 ${\mu}$mol $CH_4$/g and 8.2 ${\mu}$mol $SO_4^{2-}$/g in the 60-year-old rice field, 5.6 ${\mu}$mol $CH_4$/g and 12.7 mmol $SO_4^{2-}$/g in the 26-year-old rice field, and ca. 0 mmol $CH_4$/g and 22.4 ${\mu}$mol $SO_4^{2-}$/g in a natural tidal flat. Relative percent electron flow through sulfate reduction in the 60-year-old rice field was much lower (50.8%) compared with the 26-year-old rice field (69.3%) and the tidal flat (99.9%). The addition of an inhibitor of methanogenesis (2-bromoethanesulfonate) had no effect on sulfate reduction in the soil slurries of the reclaimed rice fields. However, instant stimulation of methane production was achieved with addition of an inhibitor of sulfate reduction (molybdate) in the soil slurries from the 26-year-old reclaimed rice field. The specific inhibitor experiments suggest that the relationship of methanogenesis and sulfate reduction might become mutually exclusive or syntrophic depending on sulfate content in the soil after reclamation. Sulfate, thus sulfate reduction activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria, would be an important environmental factor that inhibits methane production and determines the major pathway of electron and carbon flow in anaerobic carbon mineralization of reclaimed rice field soils.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
• /
• v.5 no.9
• /
• pp.223-228
• /
• 2016

Nowadays users of Virtual Environment are want to play with thousands of players in an evolving virtual world at the same time over the internet. So, the load of this kind of Virtual Environments is heavier than that of any other precedents. One of load balancing methods is map-partition to divide the load of entire system which is vulnerable to delay message between clients and servers. In this paper, we propose a Migration Agent application server architecture using to help migration of player character between field servers and to reduce response time between clients and field servers. Migration Agent is reduce Player Character's responds time as Cache Server, if Player Character move to another Field Server, Player Character need the synchronization process in the DBMS approach, to minimize response time by reducing the period for cross - Player Character Field Server to perform the role. Field Server by placing them in form of a stack existing form of grid, for load concentrated on a specific server.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.38C no.10
• /
• pp.928-936
• /
• 2013

3D crosstalk is one of the disturbing things to recognize 3D images. This is caused by the phenomenon that input image for left eye is transferred at the right eye and right eye is transferred at the left eye because of the imperfect isolation by the device characteristics. In this paper, we review the 3D PDP (Plasma Display Panel) operation using active shutter glasses and crosstalk measurement method and investigate the major cause of 3D crosstalk and extend conventional 3D crosstalk using full white and full black image input to Gray-to-Gray (GtoG) 3D crosstalk. We suggest a specific method to reduce Gray-to-Gray 3D crosstalk by using Look up Table (LUT) and sub-field mapping in PDP. And then, we verify the method by measuring GtoG 3D crosstalk rate through specific test images and numerical results.