• 제목/요약/키워드: speciation and solubility

검색결과 14건 처리시간 0.024초

Speciation and Solubility of Major Actinides Under the Deep Groundwater Conditions of Korea

  • Dong-Kwon Keum;Min-Hoon Baik;Pil-Soo Hahn
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
    • /
    • 제34권5호
    • /
    • pp.517-531
    • /
    • 2002
  • The speciation and solubility of Am, Np, Pu and U have been analyzed by means of the geochemical code MUGREM, under the chemical conditions of domestic deep groundwater, in order to support the preliminary safety assessment for a Korean HLW disposal concept. Under the conditions of groundwaters studied, the stable solid phase is AmOHC $O_3$(s) or Am(OH)$_3$(s), soddyite((U $O_2$)$_2$ $SiO_2$.2$H_2O$) or N $a_2$ $U_2$ $O_{7}$ (c), Np(OH)$_4$(am), and Pu(OH)$_4$(am) for Am, U, Np, and Pu, respectively. The dominating aqueous species are as follows: the complexes of Am(III), Am(OH)$_2$$^{+}$ and Am(C $O_3$)$_2$$^{[-10]}$ , the complexes of U(VI), U $O_2$(OH)$_3$$^{[-10]}$ and U $O_2$(C $O_3$)$_3$$^{4-}$, the complexes of Np(IV), Np(OH)$_4$(aq) and Np(OH)$_3$C $O_3$, and the complexes of Pu(IV), Pu(OH)$_4$(aq) and Pu(OH)$_3$C $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ . The calculated solubilities exist between 1.9E-10 and 1.3E-9 mol/L for Am, between 5.6E-6 and 1.2E-4 mol/L for U, between 3.1E-9 and 1.3E-8 mol/L for Np, and between 6.6E-10 and 2.4E-10 mol/L for Pu, depending on groundwater conditions. The present solubilities of each actinide agree well with the results of other studies obtained under similar conditions.s.

오염원에 따른 토양 입경 별 비소의 오염특성 및 생물학적 접근성 평가 (Effects of Contamination Source and Particle Size on Arsenic Speciation and Bioaccessibility in Soils)

  • 권예슬;김은정
    • 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
    • /
    • 제22권5호
    • /
    • pp.89-97
    • /
    • 2017
  • In this study, we evaluated effect of particle size on arsenic solid-state speciation and bioaccessibility in soils highly contaminated with arsenic from smelting and mining. Soils were partitioned into six particle size fractions ($2000-500{\mu}m$, $500-250{\mu}m$, $250-150{\mu}m$, $150-75{\mu}m$, $75-38{\mu}m$, <$38{\mu}m$), and arsenic solid-state speciation and bioaccessibility were characterized in each particle size fraction. Arsenic solid-state speciation was characterized via sequential extraction and XRD analysis, and arsenic bioaccessibility was evaluated by SBRC (Solubility Bioaccessibility Research Consortium) method. In smelter site soil, arsenic was mainly present as arsenic bound to amorphous iron oxides. Fine particle size fractions showed higher arsenic concentration, but lower arsenic bioaccessibility. On the other hand, arsenic in mine site soil showed highest concentration in largest particle size fraction ($2000-500{\mu}m$), while higher bioaccessibility was observed in smaller particle size fractions. Arsenic in mine site soil was mainly present as arsenolite ($As_2O_3$) phase, which seemed to affect the distribution of arsenic and arsenic bioaccessibility in different particle size fractions of the mine soil.

중금속으로 오염된 토양에서 근권부의 화학적 특성에 미치는 vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizianioides)의 영향 (Influence of Vetiver Grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) on Rhizosphere Chemistry in Long-term Contaminated Soils)

  • 김권래;;;김계훈
    • 한국토양비료학회지
    • /
    • 제41권1호
    • /
    • pp.55-64
    • /
    • 2008
  • 일반적으로 근권부로 알려진, 토양과 뿌리 사이의 계면(soil-root interface)에서 일어나는 주요 기작에 대한 세부적 이해는 성공적인 phytoremediation 기술을 위해 특정 식물의 적용 가능성을 평가하는데 있어 매우 중요하다. 가령 어떤 식물은 토양중 낮은 중금속 유효도라는 제한인자를 극복하기 위해 근권부에서 특정 기작을 일으키기도 한다. 본 연구는 토양 고정 (land stabilization)에 탁월한 효과를 보이고 있는 vetiver grass(Vetiveria zizanioides)를 중금속으로 오염된 3가지의 다른 토양에 재배함으로써, 식물 뿌리가 근권부 토양의 화학적 특성에 미치는 영향과 이에 따른 식물의 중금속 흡수 특성을 조사하였다. Vetiver grass 재배 후 근권부 토양의 토양수 pH는 시험에 이용된 모든 토양에서 0.3-1.1 만큼 증가하였고, 토양수 중 유기탄소의 함량도 $23mg\;L^{-1}$ 에서 $173mg\;L^{-1}$로 가장 많이 증가한 PP02 토양을 비롯해서 모든 토양에서 증가하였다. 이와 같은 근권부 토양수의 화학적 변화는 중금속 오염토양에 노출된 vetiver grass의 뿌리에서 나온 분비물(exudates)에서 비롯된 것이다. 결과적으로 근권부 토양수의 화학적 특성 변화는 중금속(카드뮴, 납, 구리, 아연) 유효도 및 화학종 변화에 영향을 미쳤다. 중금속의 최초 유효도는 시험에 이용된 토양의 종류에 따라 달랐으며 vetiver grass 재배 후 이 유효도의 변화 또한 토양 종류의 영향을 받아 증가 또는 감소하였다. 가장 높은 중금속 유효도를 보인 토양은 Ko01 토양으로 토양수 중 카드뮴과 납의 농도가 각각 $2,091{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, $318{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ 이었다. 일반적으로 vetiver grass에 의해 증가한 pH는 중금속 유효도를 감소시켰고, 반면에 증가한 유기탄소는 토양중 중금속과 복합물질을 형성하면서 토양수 중 중금속의 농도를 높였다. Donnan speciation 기술을 이용한 화학종 분리 결과 토양수 중 순이온으로 존재하는 카드뮴과 아연의 농도가 현저히 감소하였고, vetiver grass에 의하여 체내에 축적된 중금속의 함량은 토양중 중금속 총함량이 아닌 토양수 중 중금속 유효도와 깊은 관계를 보였다.

Spectroscopic Studies on Pu(III) Hydrolysis Under Reducing and Elevated Temperatures Conditions

  • Cho, Hye-Ryun;Kim, Hee Kyung;Jung, Euo Chang;Cha, Wansik
    • 한국방사성폐기물학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 한국방사성폐기물학회 2017년도 추계학술논문요약집
    • /
    • pp.137-138
    • /
    • 2017
  • The spectroscopic reference data for plutonium at different temperatures are necessary information for the chemical speciation and evaluation of thermodynamic data at elevated temperature. This work is the initial step to extend research activities for understanding the plutonium chemistry in aquatic solutions at high temperature. The hydrolysis of Pu(III) and the solubility of Pu(III) hydroxide at the elevated temperature will be discussed.

  • PDF

광산폐수 속의 중금속의 분석과 특성 (Analysis and Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Mines Waste Water)

  • 이경호
    • 동굴
    • /
    • 제92호
    • /
    • pp.9-18
    • /
    • 2009
  • A number of closed metal mines act as point sources of contamination on nearby streams, soils and plants in our country. The contamination of twelve decomposed samples had earned from nine closed metal mines had been evaluated by TEA-3000. The contents of heavy metal with ion fraction exchange and carbonate fraction forms had been showed that the speciation of heavy metals represented with easy solubility, mobility and bioavailable of plants, and in case of sulfide compounds and organic residuals forms are related with the speciation of metals which may be stable forms because of strong bindable capacity. Also heavy metals elements in mosts of mines got with relative stable within crystal lattice, but results of trace element analyser showed that, in the most of tailings from mine areas, large portions of concentration of heavy metals were explained as stable from, sulfides/ organics and residual. In tailing from Imchun mines, the concentrations extracted by water were relatively high as compared with other mine areas whose total concentrations were very high because of large quantities of exchangeable ions and carbonates and low soil pH. Danger Index (D.I.) suggested in this study was based on the cumulative concentrations of step 1 and 2 from the result of trace element analyser. When the soil pH was considered, this index became better indicator to determine the priority for the remediation of mine area.

Mercury recovery from aqueous solutions by polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration using a sulfate derivative of chitosan

  • Carreon, Jose;Saucedo, Imelda;Navarro, Ricardo;Maldonado, Maria;Guerra, Ricardo;Guibal, Eric
    • Membrane and Water Treatment
    • /
    • 제1권4호
    • /
    • pp.231-251
    • /
    • 2010
  • The sulfatation of chitosan, by reaction with chlorosulfonic acid under controlled conditions, allowed increasing the pH range of chitosan solubility. The biopolymer was characterized using FTIR and $^{13}C$-NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and titration analysis and it was tested for mercury recovery by polymer enhanced ultrafiltration (PEUF). In slightly alkaline conditions (i.e., pH 8) mercury recovery was possible and at saturation of the polymer the molar ratio $-NH_2$/Hg(II) tended to 2.6. Polymer recycling was possible changing the pH to 2 and the polymer was reused for 3 cycles maintaining high metal recovery. The presence of chloride ions influences metal speciation and affinity for the polymer and "playing" with metal speciation allowed using the PEUF process for mercury separation from cadmium; at pH 11 the formation of hydroxo-complexes of Hg(II) limits it retention. Cake formation reveals the predominant controlling step for permeation flux.

한국 심부 지하수 환경에서의 방사성 핵종(우라늄, 플루토늄, 팔라듐)의 지화학적 거동 모델링 (Geochemical Modeling on Behaviors of Radionuclides (U, Pu, Pd) in Deep Groundwater Environments of South Korea)

  • 최재훈;박선주;서현수;안현태;이정환;박정훈;윤성택
    • 자원환경지질
    • /
    • 제56권6호
    • /
    • pp.847-870
    • /
    • 2023
  • 고준위 방사성폐기물을 심지층에 안전하게 처분하기 위해서는 방사성 핵종의 장기적 지구화학 거동에 대한 정확한 예측이 요구된다. 이와 관련하여 본 연구에서는 국내 심부 지하수를 대표하는 다섯가지 지화학 환경 조건에서 지화학 모델링을 수행하여 일부 방사성 핵종의 지화학 거동을 예측하였다. 다섯가지 국내 심부 지하수의 지화학 환경은 다음과 같다: 고 TDS 염지하수(G1), 산성 pH의 CO2가 풍부한 지하수(G2), 고 pH 알칼리성 지하수(G3), 황산염이 풍부한 지하수(G4), 묽은(담수) 지하수(G5). 3~12의 pH 범위와 ±0.2V의 산화-환원전위(Eh) 조건에서 일부 방사성 핵종(우라늄, 플루토늄, 팔라듐)의 국내 심부 지하수 내에서의 용해도와 화학종(존재형태)을 예측하였다. 모델링 결과, 용존 상태의 우라늄은 주로 U(IV)로서 중성~알칼리성의 넓은 pH 환경에서 높은 용해도를 보였으며, Eh가 -0.2V인 환원 환경에서도 알칼리 pH 조건에서 높은 용해도를 보였다. 이러한 높은 용해도는 주로 Ca-U-CO3 착물의 형성에 의한 것으로 예측되는데, 이 착물의 활동도(activity)는 국내 심부 지하수 중 주요 단층대를 따라 산출되는 G2와 화강암반에 위치하는 G3에서 높다. 한편, 플루토늄(Pu)의 용해도는 pH에 따라 달라지며, 특히 중성~알칼리성 조건에서 가장 낮은 용해도가 나타난다. 주요 화학종은 Pu(IV)와 Pu(III)이며, 이들은 주로 흡착을 통해 제거될 것으로 추정된다. 그러나 콜로이드에 의한 이동을 고려하면, 이온강도가 낮은 심부 지하수인 G3와 G5 유형에서 콜로이드 형성 및 이동 촉진에 따라 이동성이 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 팔라듐(Pd)은 환원 환경에서는 황화물 침전 반응으로 인해 낮은 용해도를 나타내며, 산화 환경에서는 주로 금속(수)산화물에의 흡착을 통해 Pd(OH)3-, PdCl3(OH)2-, PdCl42- 및 Pd(CO3)22-와 같은 음이온 착물이 제거될 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 한국의 심부 지하수 환경에서 방사성 핵종의 운명과 이동에 대한 이해를 높이고, 고준위 방사성 폐기물의 안전한 처분을 위한 전략 개발에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

COMPARISON BETWEEN EXPERIMENTALLY MEASURED AND THERMODYNAMICALLY CALCULATED SOLUBILITIES OF UO2 AND THO2 IN KURT GROUND WATER

  • Kim, Seung-Soo;Baik, Min-Hoon;Kang, Kwang-Cheol;Choi, Jong-Won
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
    • /
    • 제41권6호
    • /
    • pp.867-874
    • /
    • 2009
  • Solubility of a radionuclide is important for defining the release source term of a radioactive waste in the safety and performance assessments of a radioactive waste repository. When the pH and redox potential of the KURT groundwater were changed by an electrical method, the concentrations of uranium and thorium released from $UO_2$(cr) and $ThO_2$(cr) at alkali pH(8.1 ${\sim}$ 11.4) and reducing potential (Eh < -0.2 V) conditions were less than $10^{-7}mole/L$. Unexpectedly, the concentration of tetravalent thorium is slightly higher than that of uranium at pH = 8.1 and Eh= -0.2 V conditions, and this difference may be due to the formation of hydroxide-carbonate complex ions. When $UO_2$(s) and $UO_2$(am, hyd.), and $ThO_2$(s) and $Th(OH)_4(am)$ were assumed as solubility limiting solid phases, the concentrations of uranium and thorium in the KURT groundwater calculated by the PHREEQC code were comparable to the experimental results. The dominating aqueous species of uranium and thorium were presumed as $UO_2(CO_3)_3^{4-}$ and $Th(OH)_3CO_3^-$ at pH = 8.1 ${\sim}$ 9.8, and $UO_2(OH)_3^-$ and $Th(OH)_4(aq)$ at pH = 11.4.

레이저유도파열검출 기술을 이용한 우라늄(VI) 가수분해물의 용해도 측정 (Study on the Solubility of U(VI) Hydrolysis Products by Using a Laser-Induced Breakdown Detection Technique)

  • 조혜륜;박경균;정의창;지광용
    • 방사성폐기물학회지
    • /
    • 제5권3호
    • /
    • pp.189-197
    • /
    • 2007
  • 레이저유도파열검출 기술을 이용하여 우라늄(VI) 가수분해물의 용해도를 측정하였다. 측정 용액의 우라늄 농도 범위는 $2{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}4{\times}10^{-6}\;M$, pH 범위는 $3.8{\times}7.0$, 그리고 이온 강도는 0.1 M $NaClO_4$이며, 온도는 $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$로 유지하였다. 문헌에 제시된 가수분해 상수와 specific ion interaction theory(SIT)를 이용하여 이온 강도 I=0 일 때의 용해도 곱 (solubility product) 상수 ${\log}K^{\circ}_{sp}=-22.85{\pm}0.23$를 구하였다. 동일한 시료에 대해 흡수 및 형광 스펙트럼을 측정하여 가수분해 화학종의 존재를 확인하였다. $2{\times}10^{-4}\;M$ 우라늄 농도에서 용액 중에 존재하는 주요 가수분해 화학종은 $(UO_2)_2(OH)_2^{2+}$$(UO_2)_3(OH)_5^+$임을 보였다.

  • PDF

SIGNIFICANCE OF ACTINIDE CHEMISTRY FOR THE LONG-TERM SAFETY OF WASTE DISPOSAL

  • Kim, Jae-Il
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
    • /
    • 제38권6호
    • /
    • pp.459-482
    • /
    • 2006
  • A geochemical approach to the long-term safety of waste disposal is discussed in connection with the significance of actinides, which shall deliver the major radioactivity inventory subsequent to the relatively short-term decay of fission products. Every power reactor generates transuranic (TRU) elements: plutonium and minor actinides (Np, Am, Cm), which consist chiefly of long-lived nuclides emitting alpha radiation. The amount of TRU actinides generated in a fuel life period is found to be relatively small (about 1 wt% or less in spent fuel) but their radioactivity persists many hundred thousands years. Geological confinement of waste containing TRU actinides demands, as a result, fundamental knowledge on the geochemical behavior of actinides in the repository environment for a long period of time. Appraisal of the scientific progress in this subject area is the main objective of the present paper. Following the introductory discussion on natural radioactivities, the nuclear fuel cycle is briefly brought up with reference to actinide generation and waste disposal. As the long-term disposal safety concerns inevitably with actinides, the significance of the aquatic actinide chemistry is summarized in two parts: the fundamental properties relevant to their aquatic behavior and the geochemical reactions in nanoscopic scale. The constrained space of writing allows discussion on some examples only, for which topics of the primary concern are selected, e.g. apparent solubility and colloid generation, colloid-facilitated migration, notable speciation of such processes, etc. Discussion is summed up to end with how to make a geochemical approach available for the long-term disposal safety of nuclear waste or for the performance assessment (PA) as known generally.