• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.85-93
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• 2016

The spaces have a variety of sizes dependent upon their function and significance as well as their geometric shape. An architect Adolf Loos (1870-1933) had incorporated a correlation between the unconstrained formation of space into design. He had noticeably revealed the features of space that are unconstrained and mutually related with each other, for the space compositions among modern architects. This study is about to analyze the feature of space structure for houses of Adolf Loos through Space syntax which is the quantitative space analyzing method for the subject of his detached houses. These houses were emphasized for functional aspects of space without unnecessary decorations. Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye was analysed along with it to review a comparative point of view of his house's characteristic. Based on this, the features of the spatial structure of Loos' house were examined in conjunction with his views space as essence. A J-Graph and VGA for Adolf Loos' detached house revealed the structure's spatial characteristics in which the interior space is located deeply removed from exterior yet it is integrated as a whole. Also, it revealed that the experiments of the various spatial structures shown in Adolf Loos' detached house and European rationalist architects like Le Corbusier affected each other at the same time.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.65.2-65.2
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• 2013

We present a study of outflows on 24 embedded young stellar objects (YSOs), which are selected from the sources of the Dust, Ice, and Gas in Time (DIGIT) Herschel key program. Molecular outflow activity, which is believed to have strong dependence on accretion process, is the most powerful in the early embedded phase of star formation and declines as the central protostars evolve to the main sequence stage. In order to study the relation between the CO outflow observed in low J transitions and the properties of protostars, we mapped the CO outows of the selected targets in J = 1-0 and J = 2-1 lines with the 14-m TRAO telescope and the 6-m SRAO telescope, respectively. We estimate CO outflow momentum fluxes (Fco) and compare with bolometric luminosity, Lbol, bolometric temperature, Tbol, and the FIR molecular line luminosities of CO, $H_2O$, OH and [O I], which were detected by the Herschel-PACS observations. We found that $Fco_{1-0}$ is greater than $Fco_{2-1}$, and the mean ratio is about 2. L1455-IRS3 and IRAM04191 have high Fco in spite of low $L_{bol}$. The well known correlation between Fco and $L_{bol}$. is not very evident from all our samples. However, Fco and $L_{bol}$. show a rather strong correlation if L1455-IRS3 and IRAM04191 are excluded. Fco shows little correlation with FIR line luminosities of individual species, while the total FIR line luminosity summed over CO, $H_2O$, OH, and [OI] lines seems to have some correlation. In addition, we report 22 GHz $H_2O$, and 44 GHz CH3OH maser line detections in four sources out of the 24 YSOs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.979-984
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• 2004

The ball bearing having faults generally shows, nonlinear vibration characteristics. For the effective method of fault diagnosis on bail bearing, non-linear diagnostic methods can be used. In this paper, the correlation dimension analysis based on nonlinear timeseries was applied to diagnose the faults of ball bearing. The correlation dimension analysis shows some Intrinsic information of underlying dynamical systems, and clear the classification of the fault of ball bearing.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.3-12
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• 2017

This study has analyzed the features of attention to spacial composition seen in "Seeing ${\leftrightarrow}$ Seen" Correlation of continuous move in the space. The eye-tracking was employed for collecting the data of attention features to the space so that the correlation between visual perception and space could be estimated through the attention features to the difference between spacial composition and display. First, it was confirmed that the attention features varied according to the structure of shops and the exposure degree of selling space, which revealed that, while causing the customers' less attention to both sides of shops, the vanishing-point structure characteristically made their eyes focused on the central part. Second, their initial observation activities were found to be active at the height of their eyes. Third, 10 images were selected as objects for continuous experiment. There was a concern that the central part of each image would be paid intense attention to during the initial observation, but only two of those were found to be so. Fourth, there had been a study result of eye-tracking experiment that the attention had been concentrated on the central part of the image first seen. This study, however, revealed that such phenomenon is limited to the first image. Accordingly, it is necessary to draw up such method for ensuring reliability in order to use the data acquired from any eye-tracking experiment as exclusion of the initial attention time to the first image or of unemployment of the initial image-experiment to analysis.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.86-93
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• 2013

Illumination in church building has played an important role in making workship space more suitable for divine service. As time has changed, however, the worship space of Protestantism is no longer somber and reverent, but changing into practical and multipurpose space with bright and colorful image. This study investigates intensity of illumination of worship space during day and night respectively and figures out the change of psychological change of congregation in accordance with brightness and color temperature in worship space in order to find out preference and look into the usage and change of illumination in recent Protestantism in compliance with the needs of the time and influence. Then, result value is to be compared to Korean Standard intensity of illumination. Also, the correlation between intensity of illumination and color temperature by Kruithof's curve theory is used to identify the comfortableness of the worship space during day and nigh. And it is a common task of space designers and pastors to map out the worship space in terms of illumination suitable for its own purpose with even more modern and Korean sensibility and to create spiritual space for worshippers by collecting opinions from congregation, the main user of the space. With appropriate usage of illumination in Protestantism worship space, the atmosphere and purpose of worship can be enhanced.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.249-264
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• 2011

A multi-Gaussian kriging approach extended to space-time domain is presented for uncertainty modeling as well as time-series mapping of environmental variables. Within a multi-Gaussian framework, normal score transformed environmental variables are first decomposed into deterministic trend and stochastic residual components. After local temporal trend models are constructed, the parameters of the models are estimated and interpolated in space. Space-time correlation structures of stationary residual components are quantified using a product-sum space-time variogram model. The ccdf is modeled at all grid locations using this space-time variogram model and space-time kriging. Finally, e-type estimates and conditional variances are computed from the ccdf models for spatial mapping and uncertainty analysis, respectively. The proposed approach is illustrated through a case of time-series Particulate Matter 10 ($PM_{10}$) concentration mapping in Incheon Metropolitan city using monthly $PM_{10}$ concentrations at 13 stations for 3 years. It is shown that the proposed approach would generate reliable time-series $PM_{10}$ concentration maps with less mean bias and better prediction capability, compared to conventional spatial-only ordinary kriging. It is also demonstrated that the conditional variances and the probability exceeding a certain thresholding value would be useful information sources for interpretation.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.104-115
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• 2003

It is well known that Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems offer the promise of achieving very high spectrum efficiencies (many tens of bit/s/Hz) in a mobile environment. The gains in MIMO capacity are sensitive to the presence of spatial and temporal correlation introduced by the radio environment. In this paper, we examine how MIMO capacity is influenced by a number of factors e.g., a) temporal correlation b) various combinations of low/high spatial correlations at either end, c) combined spatial and temporal correlations. In all cases, we compare the channel capacity that would be achievable under independent fading. We investigate the behaviour of "capacity fades," examine how often the capacity experiences the fades, develop a method to determine level crossing rates and average fade durations and relate these to antenna numbers. We also evaluate the influence of channel correlation on the capacity autocorrelation and assess the fit of a Gaussian random process to the temporal capacity sequence. Finally we note that the particular spatial correlation structure of the MIMO channel is influenced by a large number of factors. For simplicity, it is desirable to use a single overall correlation measure which parameterizes the effect of correlation on capacity. We verify this single parameter concept by simulating a large number of different spatially correlated channels.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.35-47
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• 2023

The transport system and its infrastructure are not only the fundamental means of sustaining the operation of contemporary cities, but also important drivers for the evolution of urban form. Rail transit, critical to improving the operational efficiency and optimizing the spatial layout in cities, is one of the critical conditions for high-density areas with limited land and concentrated resources to be compact to take on complex challenges. As a node element of infrastructure, rail transit entrances are the most important points connecting the rail transit system with urban space. Although influenced by urban form, their quantity and location also influence and shape the evolution of urban space form. Based on the development gap of high-density areas in various contexts, focusing on various rail transit stations in Asia, this research analyzes the correlation between rail transit entrances and peripheral high-density urban form in a delicate, dynamic and granular way. The research considers both horizontal and vertical perspectives, in combination with the urban evolution process in time series, to explore the development trend of high-density urban form in Asia from the aspect of correlation, and building a new foundation for research on urban form, suitable for different types of cities.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.147-153
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• 2018

Jamming countermeasures are used to decrease or prevent the impact of intentional jamming applied to degrade the quality of information provided by a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver. The maximum performance of jamming countermeasure can be obtained only when a proper technique is applied according to the type of jammer. This paper suggests a jamming identification technique for providing information regarding the type of jamming. The center frequency and bandwidth of jammer signal are inconsistent and may change according to time, and thus a spectral correlation function and wavelet coherence were considered in order to analyze the signal in the time and frequency space. Because the two characteristics derive different analysis results, two different identification techniques were suggested and the performances thereof were analyzed. Numerical results show that the two identification techniques have relative advantages and disadvantages as to time consumed and performance. The suggested methods can sufficiently identify the jammer before the GNSS receiver becomes inoperable because of jamming.

• Bulletin of the Korean Space Science Society
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.39.3-39.3
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• 2010

Solar-terrestrial links in short-time scales(daily ~monthly) are extensively explored in recent years: such as a response of low cloud amounts to the Forbush decrease, a response of Northern Atlantic oscillation index to sudden increase in electric field intensity of solar wind and so on (e.g., Svensmark et al., 2009; Boberg & Lundstedt, 2002). In this study, we perform the superposed epoch analysis to see any possible response of the sea-level pressure over Korean peninsula to the fast solar wind stream. Data sets are daily values, and zero days are determined to be days when the solar wind velocity exceeds 800km/s. Average profile of superposed sea-level pressure shows a gradual increase during the first 2 days and a decrease afterward below the normal level with a low pressure condition maintained for a few days. This result indicates that the sea-level pressure may respond to the fast solar wind stream. In other words, the average profile of sea-level pressure mimics the average velocity profiles. The correlation coefficient between two average profiles is 0.80, with 2 day lag.