• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.50-50
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• 2022

Recently, the use of mulching film has increased in soybean cultivation. Polyethylene (PE) films and biodegradable films (BF) have the advantages of improving soil moisture retention, geothermal maintenance, and CO2 maintenance as well providing weed control. Furthermore, BFs are a material that can compensate for the shortcomings of PE because it has the ability to decompose naturally by soil microorganisms, sunlight, and geothermal heat. Many researches have been carrying out studies regarding the development of BFs for these very reasons. This study was conducted better understand which films are optimal for soybean cultivation after evaluations of soybean growth and film characteristics of various BFs. BFs Farmsbio (Farm Hannong), Heulgro Film (Sejin Bio), Vonto Film (Eco-Hansung), two unnamed biodegradable films (Seojin Bio and Taesung), and a PE film were used in this study. For the control plots, no mulching was used. Experimental fields were fertilized according to conventional cultivation methods, tilled, and then covered with either BFs or PE films. After 1 week, soybean (cv. Daechan) seeds were seeded. Germination rate and plant height were measured at weekly intervals after seeding. In addition, pH, EC, and decomposition and light transmittance levels of films were measured during the experimental period. Daily average temperatures and relative humidity in soils was measured during the experimental period. There was no significant difference in germination rates and plant height in both crops grown with BFs and PE films, but crops grown in the control plot had significantly lower germination rates and growth. Soil pH was not significantly different regardless of treatments (BF, PE, and non-mulching) at 14, 28, and 42 days after seeding. In general, the EC contents in the control plots was lower than in crops grown using BFs and PE films. With the exception of some BFs, light transmittance and decomposition levels of films did not, in general, increase up to 70 days after soybean seeding. Since this study is ongoing, we are continually investigating these parameters. The average daily moisture in soil was higher in crops grown with BFs and PE films than in the control plot. However, the daily average soil temperature was not consistent regardless of treatments. Therefore, the BFs used in this study can be used without negative impacts on soybean growth.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.199-206
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• 1982

신개간지토양(新開墾地土壤)에 볏짚과 퇴비시용시(堆肥施用時) 토양(土壤)의 화학적(化學的), 수분함량(水分含量), 미생물(微生物) 및 대두생육(大豆生育)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 검토(檢討)하기 위해 미사질식양토(微砂質埴壤土)인 야산(野山)을 개간(開墾)하여 볏짚과 퇴비(堆肥)를 각각(各各) 3수준(水準)씩 처리하고 이때 공급(供給)되어지는 질소(窒素), 인산(燐酸) 및 가리량(加里量)의 차이(差異)는 화학비료로서 조절(調節)하여 포장시험(圃場試驗)을 실시한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 퇴비시용(堆肥施用)은 대두수량(大豆收量)을 증가시켰고, 볏짚시용(施用)은 대두(大豆)의 생육(生育)은 왕성(旺盛)했으나 수량(收量)에는 영향(影響)을 주지 못했다. 2. 퇴비시용(堆肥施用)은 유합기(幼陜期)(8월(月) 14일(日)) 대두(大豆) 경엽중 인산(燐酸), 가리(加里) 및 칼슘함량(含量) 증가로 대두(大豆)의 입경율이 증가됐으나 볏짚구는 경향(傾向)이 없었다. 3. 토양중(土壤中) 수분함량(水分含量)은 유기물시용구들은 무시용구보다 대체로 높았으나 수분함량(水分含量)이 위조점이하(萎凋点以下)일때는 유기물시용(有機物施用)이 무시용(無施用)보다, 퇴비시용(堆肥施用)이 볏짚시용구보다 더 낮았다. 4. 토양(土壤) pH가 더 높았던 퇴비시용구가 볏짚시용보다 대두(大豆)의 근류착생량(根瘤着生量)이 더 많았고 세균(細菌) 및 사상균수는 더 적었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.38-49
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• 1986

우리나라 대두작부형별(大豆作付型別)로 토착근류균(土着根瘤菌)의 분포상태(分布狀態)와 토양(土壤)의 이화학적특성(理化學的特性) 및 공존미생물(共存微生物)과의 상호관계(相互關係)에 관(關)하여 조사(調査) 비교(比較)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 전국(全國) 60개(個) 밭 토양(土壤)의 토착근류균(土着根瘤菌)의 분포(分布)는 $2{\sim}197{\times}10^4cells/g$ 범위(範圍)였으며, 대두작부간(大豆作付間) 평균(平均) 토착근류균수(土着根瘤菌數)는 대두무재배지(大豆無栽培地)는 $20.5{\times}10^4cells/g$, 대두재배지(大豆栽培地)에서는 $35.6{\times}10^4cells/g$로서 대두무재배지(大豆無栽培地)보다 높은 균수밀도(菌數密度)를 보였다. 이들 토착근류균수(土着根瘤菌數)를 토성별(土性別)로 보면 양토(壤土)>사토(砂土)>사양토(砂壤土)>식양토(埴壤土)>식토(埴土) 순위(順位)로 많았으며, 9개(個) 농업기후대권간(農業氣候帶圈間)에는 경기만권(京畿彎圈)이 $10{\sim}15{\times}10^4cells/g$로 제일 적었고, 남부권(南部圈)이 $71{\sim}145{\times}10^4cells/g$로서 높은 분포밀도(分布密度)를 보였다. 2. 토착근류균수(土着根瘤菌數)는 일반토양미생물(一般土壤微生物)인 호기성총세균(好氣性總細菌) 및 총사상균수(總絲狀菌數)와는 정(正)의 상관관계(相關關係)를 보였으나 총방선균수(總放線菌數)와는 부(負)의 상관관계(相關關係)를 나타내었다. 3. 토착근류균수(土着根瘤菌數)와 토양화학성(土壤化學性)과의 상호관계(相互關係)에서 산도(酸度), 유효인산(有效燐酸), 치환성(置換性) 석회(石灰), 고토(苦土), 동(銅) 및 붕소함량(硼素含量)과는 유의(有意)한 정(正)의 상관관계(相關關係)를 보였으나, 치환성(置換性) 나트리움, 알루미늄, 활성철(活性鐵) 및 황산(黃酸)과는 부(負)의 상관관계(相關關係)를 보였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.157-165
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• 1986

전보(前報)에 이어 우리나라 전국(全國) 60개(個) 밭 토양(土壤)에서 분리(分離)한 토착근류균(土着根瘤菌)을 대두작부형별(大豆作付型別)로 구분(區分)하여 질소고정력(窒素固定力) 및 몇가지 생리적(生理的) 특성(特性)을 비교(比較) 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 토착근류균(土着根瘤菌)을 대두재배지(大豆栽培地)로 부터 133개균주(個菌株), 무재배지(無栽培地)에서 125개균주(個菌株)를 분리(分離)하여 free-living 상태(狀態)에서 아세칠렌 환원력(還元力)을 측정(測定)한 결과(結果), 전자(前者)에서 12.8%, 후자(後者)에서는 6.4%로 평균(平均) 9.7%가 4n mole $C_2H_4$/tube/hr 이상(以上)의 아세칠렌 환원력(還元力)을 보였다. 2. 토착근류균(土着根瘤菌)의 분리(分離) 326개(個) 균주(菌株)를 litmus milk 검정(檢定)으로 산(酸) 및 알카리 생성반응(生成反應)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果), 산(酸) 생성균(生成菌)은 대두재배지(大豆栽培地)에서 분리(分離)한 균(菌)은 34%, 무재배지(無栽培地)의 분리균(分離菌)은 20%였으나, 알카리 생성균(生成菌)이 산(酸) 생성균(生成菌) 보다 두 토양(土壤) 모두 많았다. 또한 토착근류균(土着根瘤菌)중 serum zone 양성균주(陽性菌株)는 대두무재배지(大豆無栽培地)의 분리균(分離菌)에서 68%, 대두재배지(大豆栽培地)의 분리균(分離菌)이 47%로서 대두무재배지(大豆無栽培地)의 분리균(分離菌)에서 많은 serum zone 양성반응(陽性反應)을 보였다. 3. 토양심층별(土壤深層別) 토착근류균수(土着根瘤菌數)는 하층토 보다 표토층에서 현저(顯著)히 많았으나, 작부형간(作付型間)에는 큰 차이(差異)가 없었다. 그러나 이들 균수(菌數)중 대두(大豆)에 감염(感染)할 수 있는 토착대두근류균(土着大豆根瘤菌)은 대두재배지(大豆栽培地)에서 2.3~23.0 cells/g soil, 대두무재배지(大豆無栽培地)에서 0.9~9.2 cells/g soil로서 표토층에서 하층토로 갈수록 현저(顯著)히 감소(減小)하였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.332-338
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• 2012

본 연구는 논토양 경반층의 강도가 콩의 뿌리신장에 미치는 영향을 구명코자 미사질식양토 (Silty clay loam), 미사질양토 (Silt loam), 양토 (Loam) 등 3가지 토성을 대상으로 경반층 강도에 따른 콩 뿌리 및 작물 생육반응을 분석하여 논 콩 재배지 논토양의 생산성 향상을 위한 합리적인 토양경반층 관리 방법을 제시코자 수행한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 토양 경도경도 변화에 따른 콩의 생육은 토양경도가 증가 할수록 경장, 경직경, 주당협수, 100립중, 콩 수량은 감소되는 것으로 나타났으며 토양경도 변화와 밀접한 부의 선형관계를 보였다. 토성에 따른 토양 경반층 강도별 콩 뿌리의 신장 깊이는 세립질인 미사질식양토에 비해 조립질 토양일수록 깊게 신장하였으며 미사질식양토의 경우 1.00 MPa에서 35 cm 까지 신장하는 반면 2.00 MPa에서는 25 cm로 경반층의 강도가 높아질수록 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 토양 깊이별 뿌리분포는 미사질식양토의 경우 1.00 MPa에서 57%인 반면, 2.00 MPa로 토양경도 값이 높아지며 따라 각각 60%로 대부분의 뿌리가 표토에 분포하였다. 토양 경반층이 형성된 논토양 (평택통)을 대상으로 인위적으로 토양경도를 1.00, 1.25. 1.50, 1.75, 2.00 MPa의 경반층로 조성한 후 콩의 생육반응을 조사한 결과 토양경도 높아질수록 경장, 경직경, 주장협수는 낮아지는 경향을 보였으며, 콩 수량은 2.00 MPa 처리구가 2,236 kg $ha^{-1}$인 반면 1.00 MPa처리구에서 3,056 kg $ha^{-1}$으로 약 25% 증수되는 것으로 나타났다. 토양의 경반층의 투수력은 1.0 MPa에서 9.56 cm인 반면 1.5 MPa 이상에서 급격하게 감소되는 경향을 보였으며, 토양경도가 높아질수록 용적밀도, 고상은 증가하고, 공극률, 함수율, 액상, 기상 등은 반대로 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 논 콩 재배지 토양의 토성별 토양경도에 대한 콩 뿌리신장 최소제한 저항값은 토양 깊이별 뿌리의 분포밀도를 기준으로 미사질식양토 1.14 MPa, 미사질양토은 1.3MPa, 양토 1.6 MPa로 나타났다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.375-381
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• 2000

Quantifying the changes of soil microbial biomass and activity of enzymes are important to understand the dynamics of active soil C and N pools. The dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and N and the activity of enzymes over entire growth period of soybean-(Glycine max (L) Merr.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sequence on a Typic Haplustert as influenced by organic manure and inorganic fertilizer N were investigated in a field experiment. The application of farmyard manure at 4 to 16 $Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}\;y^{-1}r^{-1}$ along with fertilizer nitrogen at 50 or 180 $kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ increased the mean soil microbial biomass from 1.12 to 2.05 fold over unmanured soils under soybean-wheat system. Irrespective of organic and chemical fertilizer N application, the soil microbial biomass was maximum during the first two months at active growing stage of the crops and subsequently declined with crop maturity. The mean annual microbial activity was significantly increased when manure and chemical fertilizer at 8 $Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ and 50/180 N $kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, respectively were applied. The C turnover rate decreased by 47 to 72 % when the level of farmyard manure was increased from 4 to 8 and 16 $Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$. There were significant correlations between biomass C, available N, dehydrogenase, phosphatase and yield of the crops.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.175-188
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• 2004

The objectives of this study were to estimate leaf area index (LAI) as a function of image-derived vegetation indices, and to compare measured and estimated LAI to the results of crop model simulation. Soil moisture, crop phenology, and LAI data were obtained several times during the 2001 growing season at monitoring sites established in two central Missouri experimental fields, one planted to com (Zea mays L.) and the other planted to soybean (Glycine max L.). Hyper- and multi-spectral images at varying spatial. and spectral resolutions were acquired from both airborne and satellite platforms, and data were extracted to calculate standard vegetative indices (normalized difference vegetative index, NDVI; ratio vegetative index, RVI; and soil-adjusted vegetative index, SAVI). When comparing these three indices, regressions for measured LAI were of similar quality $(r^2$ =0.59 to 0.61 for com; $r^2$ =0.66 to 0.68 for soybean) in this single-year dataset. CERES(Crop Environment Resource Synthesis)-Maize and CROPGRO-Soybean models were calibrated to measured soil moisture and yield data and used to simulate LAI over the growing season. The CERES-Maize model over-predicted LAI at all corn monitoring sites. Simulated LAI from CROPGRO-Soybean was similar to observed and image-estimated LA! for most soybean monitoring sites. These results suggest crop growth model predictions might be improved by incorporating image-estimated LAI. Greater improvements might be expected with com than with soybean.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.344-344
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• 2017

The glycoprotein known as glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) is abundantly produced on the hyphae and spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soil and roots. GRSP play a decisive role in the soil aggregation, but GRSP was also sensitive to agricultural managements. Thus, our objectives were to assess the effect of different cover crop incorporation on the GRSP content in soil and growth of subsequent soybean and maize. Pot experiments with the incorporation of four cover crops were set up. The same amount (666g) of aboveground plant parts of wheat (AMF host), hairy vetch (AMF host), mustard (non-host) and rapeseed (non-host) was separately incorporated into soils. The aboveground plant parts and roots of soybean and maize were grown in each incorporated pots and sampled at 6 and 9 weeks after sowing. Our results showed that the different cover crops incorporation affected soil biological and chemical properties such as EC, $NO_3-N$ content, ${\beta}-glucosidase$ activity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and GRSP content. The soil EC and $NO_3-N$ content in the hairy vetch, mustard and rapeseed was higher compared to the wheat. The ${\beta}-glucosidase$ activity in the wheat and hairy vetch was significantly higher than that in the mustard and rapeseed, and the ALP activity in the wheat was significantly higher than that in the hairy vetch, mustard, and rapeseed. The GRSP content in the mustard and rapeseed was significantly lower than that of the hairy vetch and wheat. Moreover, The top dry weight and leaf area of soybean and maize in the hairy vetch at 6 weeks were significantly higher compared to the other treatments. Our results indicated that the incorporation of mustard and rapeseed may cause indirectly the decrease of GRSP content and soil enzyme activity in soil. One possible explanation for the decrease of GRSP in non-AMF host crop treatments may be the decrease of AMF density in the soil. AMF are not able to form a symbiotic relationship with Brassicaceae roots due to the release of anti-fungal compounds. This means the AMF may not be able to produce GRSP in the soil. However, the differences in the benefit of cover crop incorporation were shown only by a pot experiment. Comparative investigations of crop residue managements would be applied to both pot experiment and field study to clarify a better selection of cover crops in rotation to encourage GRSP production.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.204-207
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• 1990

Fly ash중의 가리성분(加里成分)의 비효(肥效)를 검토(檢討)하고저 무연탄회(無煙炭灰)를 작토중(作土重)의 20% 해당량을 토양(土壤)에 시용(旅用)하고 콩을 공시(供試)하여 1년차(年次) 비효(肥效) 및 2년차(年次) 잔효시험(殘效試驗)으로 수행(遂行)하였다. Fly ash시용(施用)으로 콩의 생육(生育)이 양호(良好)하였고 증수(增收)되었다. 이와같이 양호(良好)한 생육(生育)과 증수효과(增收效果)는 회중(灰中)의 다량(多量) 및 미량원소(微量元素) 공급(供給)에 기인(基因)된 것으로 특히 다량원소(多量元素)인 가리성분(加里成分)이 크게 기여한 것으로 이는 식물체 및 토양중(土壤中) 가리함량(加理含量)이 현저하게 높은 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.228-233
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• 1980

The infection rate of soybean black root rot disease caused by Calonectria crotalariae was about $14\%$. The isolated fungi from the infected soybean roots and stems were Calonectria crotalariae, Fusarium solani, F. roseum, Phomopsis sojae, Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina sp. Among them, C. crotalariae was the most virulent pathogen under the laboratory conditions. Mycelial growth and microsclerotial formation were good on PSA containing 1000cc of water, 100g of potato and 20g of sugar. Mycelial growth, sporulation and microsclerotial formation were good on sterilized root. Perithecial formation was better in the dark condition than in the light. Survival of macroconidia was not available between $0\~25\%$ soil water content. Microsclerotia and mycelium in infected plant debris were survived for 4 months at to $8\%\;50\%$ soil water content. The plant height, when inoculated with $1.2\%$ inoculum density, reached approximately half of uninoculated plants. Disease severity was much higher at nonsterilized soil than completely sterilized soil. It was determined that the host range of this pathogen includes soybean, peanut, green bean and red bean.