• 한국경제지리학회지
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.406-420
• /
• 2009

유럽연합의 경제적 통합과 지리적 확대는 역내 회원국간 교역흐름과 교역구조에 많은 변화를 가져왔다. 첫째, 유럽연합의 역내 교역량은 경제통합과 단일시장 확대로 지속적으로 증가해 왔다. 이러한 교역량 확대는 시장통합에 따른 회원국간 무역창출 및 무역전환효과에 의한 것이기도 하지만, 신규 회원국의 가입에 따른 시장확대에 의해 이루어졌으며 신규 회원국의 가입이 교역량 증대에 미치는 효과는 점차 약화되고 있다. 둘째, 경제통합과 단일시장 확대에 따른 무역확대로 서부유럽은 물론 남부유럽과 중 동부유럽의 역내시장에 대한 수출 입 의존도는 증대되었다. 특히 남부유럽 및 중 동부 유럽의 역내 수출 입 의존도가 상대적으로 더 높게 증가하였다. 셋째, 유럽연합의 역내 회원국간 교역구조는 상품의 자유로운 이동과 단일시장 확대로 규모경제가 가능해짐으로써 상품의 차별화에 의한 산업내 교역이 증가하였다. 산업내 교역에서도 수평적 산업내 교역은 감소하고 수직적 산업내 교역은 증가하였다. 그리고 산업내 교역은 서부유럽의 교역에서 높았으며 산업간 교역은 남부유럽 및 중 동부유럽의 교역에서 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 그러나 남부유럽 및 일부 중 동부유럽국가의 교역구조도 산업간 교역에서 산업내 교역으로 변화되고 있다.

• Mycobiology
• /
• 제36권4호
• /
• pp.199-202
• /
• 2008

Inonotus obliquus is a fungus that causes white heart rot on several broad-leaved species. This fungus forms typical charcoal-black, sterile conks (chaga) or cinder conks on infected stems of the birche (Betula spp). The dark brown pulp of the sterile conk is formed by a pure mycelial mass of fungus. Chaga are a folk remedy in Russia, reflecting the circumboreal distribution of I. obliquus in boreal forest ecosystems on Betula spp. and in meridional mountain forests on beech (Fagus spp.) in Russia, Scandinavia, Central Europe, and Eastern Europe. Distribution at lower latitudes in Western and Southern Europe, Northern America, Asia, Japan, and Korea is rare. Infected trees grow for many years without several symptoms of decline. The infection can penetrate through stem injuries with exterior sterile conks developing later. In the Czech Republic, cinder conk is found on birches inhabiting peat bogs and in mountain areas with a colder and more humid climate, although it is widespread in other broad leaved species over the Czech Republic. The most common hosts are B. pendula, B. pubescens, B. carpatica, and F. sylvatica. Less frequent hosts include Acer campestre, Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus glutinosa, Alnus incana, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus cerris, Q. petraea, Q. robur, Q. delachampii, and Ulmus sp.

• 기술사
• /
• 제46권1호
• /
• pp.45-48
• /
• 2013

Arctic shipping via the Northern Sea Route could save about 40% of the sailing distance and shorten more than 10 days of the sailing time from Asia to Europe comparing to the existing Southern route through the Suez Canal. Since commercial voyage along the Northern Sea Route and resource development in the Arctic sea will be realized in the near future, Korea needs to challenge Arctic shipping and resource development in the strategic point of view.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
• /
• 제13호
• /
• pp.150-160
• /
• 1997

The tendency of the Minimalism in the contemporary a architecture is based on Mies van der Rohe s saying ‘나SS IS m more" as the principle of the Minimal art and its formative c composition. It can be divided into technical Minimalism p prevailed in Northern Europe and the zone of German l language, and the regional one in Southern Europe and S Southern America. The former is interested in the experiences of the techniques and materials, and the latter in that of the s space and the place through the simple forms. The minialistic approach to the architecture is nat only m methodological one. It accepts the concept and the construction of architecture as 2 axes for making it keeps the tradition and c communication with the master builder, the materials, and i염 m means to compound. The expressive characteristics of works in M Minimalism are 1) as the formal issue, it is simple, self-referring. without any symbol or any allusion, and compounds the r repetitive forms as the comceptual aspec않 of architecture, 2) it h has the characteristies such as the approach directly to the m means by which architecture made, the critical interests to the m material attributes, and the capacity to the contemporary t technology as the issue of technique and materials, 3) regarding t the space and the place, it shows the good sense to the site in t the sphere intervention of architecture 1e Maininlalism architecture has i않 impotance in the point t that it seeks to the qualities immanent in architecture by s showing the marvelous status through discovering the i immanent properties of the site, program materials, and the s structure, and also it begins new way of interpreting a architecture with new viewpoint to the its essence as well as a architecture itself.self.

• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제13권12호
• /
• pp.95-103
• /
• 2015

Purpose - The Visegrád Group cooperation of the past 14 years and that of V4 for the past 20 years has very important significance in the 21st century that must be maintained. This cooperation is valuable because of the trade routes that connect northern Poland to the Balkans in southern Croatia, which forman important basis for the resuscitation of Central European development. Currently, because of the European manufacturing base and industrial development, an energy supply and stable energy distribution networks have been introduced to secure cooperation and not competition within the Visegrád Group. This paper's research emphasizes the supply chain hub in neighboring countries. Although Central and Eastern European countries are small, they can provide a competitive response to Western Europe if they collaborate with the V4 group and other countries. Research design, data, and methodology - The subjects of this study in the Visegrád Group area are related to the development of Marketing and Distribution Sciences in the integrated European Union. In relation to the existing energy infrastructure, construction companies and financial institutions benefit from large-scale construction projects. Existing or new infrastructure facilities among the V4 must comply with the preconditions of regional energy markets. The network of emerging markets is changing into a European-logistics hub of new markets. This hub is closely associated with the economic development of European self-sustainment given that energy for distribution and consumption is imported from Russia. Therefore, this paper indirectly provides data on the regional distribution of energy as alternative bases in Europe for market expansion to Asia. Results - As a result, it appeared unlikely that V4 failed to implement homogeneity following the standards of Western Europe, as proposed by the EU. Throughout European history, individuals have gathered in Central Europe as an innovation hub. Currently, the region is being established independently for energy industrial development and not for tourism development, and is expected to play a central role in innovation and distribution consumption. Therefore, similar to Western and Northern Europe, V4 only appears to engage in distribution consumption on the basis of the identity that it formed for itself. This area is expected to either create a regional platform or a voice over a single economic policy. Conclusions - To this end, regarding the distribution of consumer groups within and outside the region, the V4 group is expected to be established for various policy areas and as a Eurasian outpost of trade and distribution logistics. In addition, given its purpose of engaging in the distribution of energy cooperation and trade clusters, the Visegrád Group will be in charge of the center axis of the bridge for distribution logistics trading partners from the Western Balkans to Caucasus and Eastern Europe. Thus, the Visegrád Group is entering this region as a platform for market share by enabling all or any investor can gain greater industrial benefits.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국자원식물학회 2019년도 추계학술대회
• /
• pp.104-104
• /
• 2019

Licorice species (Glycyrhiza species) are perennial plants belonging to the Leguminosae family. Licorice is world-widely distributed in Asia, Europe, and the Americas. The licorice species, such as Glycyrhiza uralensis (G. uralensis) and G. glabra, have been widely used in traditional oriental medicine. G. uralensis is found in Central Asia to the northeastern part of China and G. glabra is distributed from southern Europe to the northwestern part of China. These licorice species are characterized by having various pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune improvement, and anti-tumor effects. In this study, we investigated the comparative anti-inflammatory effects of four licorice varieties (G. glabra L., G. uralensis FISCH., Shinwongam, and Wongam) on LPS-induced inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. We evaluated the cytotoxicity of licorices at various concentrations. In addition, the nitric oxide (NO) production was elucidated by the treatment of licorice.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.31-41
• /
• 1975

우리나라 남부지방(南部地方)에서 자라는 외래수종(外來樹種)은 62 과(科) 135 속(屬)에 속(屬)하는 203 종(種) 40 변종(變種) 17 form로서 모두 263 종류(種類)이다. 원산지(原産地)는 일본(日本)이 99 종(種) 구주(歐洲) 17, 호주 13, 인도 8, 중앙아세아 5, 태국 1, 멕시코 1, 카나리아군도 1의 순(順)이었고 침엽수(針葉樹)가 42종(種), 쌍자엽(雙子葉) 식물(植物)이 183, 종(種) 및 단자엽(單子葉)이 38 종(種)이 었다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
• /
• 제55권4호
• /
• pp.523-528
• /
• 2016

풀무치(Locusta migratoria)는 벼과 작물(벼, 옥수수 등)에 큰 피해를 주는 세계적으로 유명한 메뚜기목 해충의 하나로서 밀도요인에 따라 형태와 행동적으로 구별되는 단독형(solitaria)과 군집형(gregaria)을 나타낸다. 풀무치는 전세계적으로 다양한 형태적인 변이가 알려져 있으나 최근의 분자생물학적 연구에 따르면 2가지 계통, 즉 남방계통(아프리카, 남유럽, 동남아시아, 호주)과 북방계통(동아시아, 유라시아)으로 나뉜다. 2014년 8월 전남 해남군 산이면에서 군집형 약충들이 대발생하여 주변 잡초 및 작물(벼, 기장)에 큰 피해를 주었다. 우리나라에서 군집형 풀무치의 발생에 대한 명확한 학술적 보고는 이번이 처음이다. 해남지역의 풀무치 대발생 지점에서 채집한 풀무치 12개체의 COI 염기서열을 분석한 결과, 0.0%-0.9%의 유전적 변이를 보였으며, 모두 북방계통에 속했다.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.1.1-1.12
• /
• 2021

Background: Goslings in several Taiwanese farms experienced gosling feather loss disease (GFL) at 21-35 days and goose broke feather disease (GBF) at 42-60 days. The prevalence ranges from a few birds to 500 cases per field. It is estimated that about 12,000 geese have been infected, the morbidity is 70-80% and the mortality is 20-30%. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the pathogens that cause GFL and GBF. Focus on the study of the correlation between goose circovirus (GoCV) and goose parvovirus (GPV) with the goose feather loss in southern Taiwan. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree was established to align the differences between southern and northern Taiwan and compare with virus strains from China and Europe. Methods: Samples were collected from animal hospitals. Molecular and microscopy diagnostics were used to examine 92 geese. Specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) assays are performed to evaluate GPV and GoCV viral loads and simultaneously evaluated the feather loss conditions in geese with the scoring method. Results: High prevalence of GoCV and GPV infection in geese showing signs of GFL and GBF. Inclusion body was detected in the feather follicles and Lieberkuhn crypt epithelial cells. The Q-PCR showed the high correlation between feather loss and viruses during 3rd-5th week. However, the infection was not detected using the same test in 60 healthy geese. Conclusions: Thus, GFL and GBF appear to be significantly closely related to GoCV and GPV. The geese feathers showed increasing recovery after being quarantined and disinfected.

• 수산경영론집
• /
• 제50권2호
• /
• pp.57-74
• /
• 2019

This study is aimed to evaluate the technology levels of shellfish farming in southern coast of Korea and status analysis on research of shellfish aquaculture. With achieving these objectives, it will be possible to present the direction of shellfish farming research and related project. Five major breed of shellfish aquaculture that would be adaptive and sustainable were proposed through consultation and agreement with professional group with more than 15 years of working experience. Moreover also evaluated that levels of technology, industry and market are also evaluated. The evaluation result of the expert group showed that the shellfish farming level occupied the third place in comparison with the US, Japan, Europe, and China. It is estimated that about 13~14 years will reach the level of the highest on average. In addition, most countries are expected to grow by about 10% on average over the next five years. Based on the result of the analysis of 670 research projects (2008~2017), there was little research on climate change and shellfish aquaculture. Besides some of shellfish have not been studied since 2008 and 2013, so it can be mentioned as a future task to be overcome.