• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2022

This study was carried out to understand the water quality characteristics of the initial stormwater runoff and the origin of soluble pollutants according to various rainfall conditions from a non-point source reducing facility. The water sample from this study was collected among 10 collection facilities in the G-drainage area. Specifically, five of the collection points including #1, #5, #8, #9, and #10 were reported with unknown water inflow even during non-rain conditions. The leakage characteristics of non-point pollutants from the collection facilities were then able to identify accordingly. The water quality characteristics of the stormwater runoff from the collection facilities were strongly affected by the amounts of rainfalls. The average concentrations of EC, BOD, TOC, and TN during non-rain were found to be higher than their concentrations during rain; on the other hand, the average concentrations of DO were found to be lower than its concentrations during rain. In addition, the distribution of organic components existing in the effluent of collection facilities were identified based on the dissolved organic matter analysis. In summary, the stormwater runoff was highly affected by pollutants flowing from the surrounding environment, and the amounts of hard-to-decompose humic substances were greatly increased in the collection facilities due to rain.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.121-136
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• 2022

Purpose : Marine therapy is an activity that promotes public health such as constitution improvement, immunity improvement, and anti-aging by utilizing marine therapeutic resources such as seawater, mud, seaweed, salt and sea climate. In Europe developed countries, the marine therapy industry has been developing for centuries, with France, Germany, and Israel leading the way. Currently, it has achieved great industrial achievements and is of great help in improving the human health. The purpose of this study is to investigate how marine therapeutic resources benefit to human health, as well as how to study and utilize their efficacy. We analyzed previous research articles related to the effects of marine therapeutic resources. Methods : The study included a total of 830 published literatures in the last 20 years from the Republic of Korea and other contries. PubMed and Google Scholar were utilized to collect the foreign source while the local scientific publications were accessed through the Korean Education and research Information Service (KERIS) and Korean studies Information Service System (KISS). The keywords used to search foreign literature were "marine therapy", "Thalassotherapy", "seawater", "deep seawater", "saline groundwater", "sand therapy", "mud therapy", "hydrotherapy", "seaweed", "Sun light", "sea salt", "marine animal", and "marine microorganisms" were combined, and for the domestic literature, the keywords were "marine therapy", "marine therapeutic resources", "seawater", and "sand". Results : A total of 830 research papers were found as a result of searching for domestic and international papers related to marine therapeutic resources. The collected documents were classified into 175 seawater resources, 259 marine mineral resources, 41 marine environment, and 355 marine organisms. The efficacy of each marine therapeutic resources was analyzed. By resources type, there were about 213 papers on the efficacy of seaweed, followed by about 175 papers on seawater, 142 on microorganisms, 124 on mud/peat, and sand, salt, minerals and others are appeared in order (Table 1). Conclusion : Korea has the highest marine biodiversity index, excellent tidal flats, four distinct seasons, and various sea environments of the East sea, Yellow sea, South sea and Jeju sea. For this reason, Korea has a much more diverse marine therapeutic resources than other advanced countries in the marine therapy industry. prebiously, we thought that the sea was only valuable as a shipping port and fishery industry. But now, it been shown that the ocean can become a new industrial field which can contribute to human health and well-being by providing healing and therapy to people through the gift of marine resources.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.136-143
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• 2022

Background: In northern Thailand, the longan flower is the principal nectar source for honey production. Microorganisms play a critical function in the agricultural ecology. The morphological characteristics of fungal species found in longan pollen were studied. Aspergillus spp. were found to be invertase-producing strains and were employed in the longan syrup production process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of invertase-added longan syrup on the adult honey bee population numbers that were fed by this syrup for 16 weeks. Results: Different fungal species were found in longan pollen samples. Aspergillus was the main genus, with three predominant sections: Nigri, Flavi, and Terrei. Other isolated species were Trichoderma spp., Rhizopus spp., Neurospora spp., Chaetomium spp., Fusarium spp. and Penicillium spp. However, Aspergillus spp. is the only fungal species that produces the enzyme invertase. The invertase-producing strains belonging to the Aspergillus section Nigri were found to be A. niger LP5 with an optimum activity at pH 6.0 and 60℃. When A. niger LP5 invertase was used for longan syrup processing, the highest levels of glucose (3.45%) and fructose (2.08%) were found in invertase added longan syrup (C), while fresh (A) and boiled longan syrup (B) had lower contents of both sugars. The sucrose content was detected in (A) at 4.25%, while (B) and (C) were at 4.02% and 3.08%, respectively. An appropriate amount of sugar to feed and maintain the honey bee population was considered. The data showed no statistically significant differences between the two selected forms of longan syrup compared to the sugar syrup examined by the adult honey bee population. Conclusions: The main species of isolated fungi from longan pollen were Aspergillus spp. The discovery of an invertase-producing strain of A. niger LP5 has enabled its application for enzyme utilization in the invert sugar preparation process. The adult worker bee populations fed by longan syrup from both boiled and invertase-added sources showed an increasing trend. Artificial syrup made from longan fruit to feed honey bees when natural food sources are limited can be applied.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2023

The Nakdong river is both a natural resource crucial to underwater ecosystems and a water source for its basin's residents. Industrial wastewater and domestic sewage must meet the relevant standards for discharged water before they can flow into the river. The correlation between old and new measures of organic matter was examined using water quality data from 50 monitoring locations in the main stream of the Nakdong river. The coefficient of determination (R²) for total organic carbon (TOC), the new measure of organic matter, and chemical oxygen demand (COD), the old measure of organic matter, in the main stream of the Nakdong river was 0.6134, indicating high correlation. Water quality at each location assessed using TOC and COD showed disparities that cannot be ignored: quality appeared higher when evaluating the main stream of the Nakdong river using TOC instead of COD. Therefore, there remains a need to review water quality ratings based on TOC; continuous monitoring of COD is also required. In addition, the cause of the difference should be clearly identified to help assess artificial sources of pollution and natural factors affecting organic matter. Water management of the Nakdong river will then be possible using the water quality rating.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.108-117
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• 2023

Background: When particles are absorbed into the human body, they penetrate deep into the lungs and interact with the tissues of the body. Heavy metals in PM_2.5 can cause various diseases. The main source of PM_2.5 emissions in South Korea's atmosphere has been surveyed to be places of business. Objectives: The concentration of heavy metals in PM_2.5 near the Ulsan Industrial Complex was measured and a health risk assessment was performed for residents near the industrial complex for exposure to heavy metals in PM_2.5. Methods: Concentrations of heavy metals in PM_2.5 were measured at four measurement sites (Ulsan, Mipo, Onsan, Maegok) near the industrial complexes. Heavy metals were analyzed according to the Air Pollution Monitoring Network Installation and Operation Guidelines presented by the National Institute of Environmental Research. Among them, only five substances (Mn, Ni, As, Cd, Cr⁶⁺) were targeted. The risk assessment was conducted on inhalation exposure for five age groups, and the excess cancer risk and hazard quotient were calculated. Results: In the risk assessment of exposure to heavy metals in PM_2.5, As, Cd, and Cr⁶⁺ exceeded the risk tolerance standard of 10^-6 for carcinogenic hazards. The highest hazard levels were observed in Onsan and Mipo industrial complexes. In the case of non-carcinogenic hazards, Mn was identified as exceeding the hazard tolerance of 1, and it showed the highest hazard in the Ulsan Industrial Complex. Conclusions: This study presented a detailed health risk from exposure to heavy metals in PM_2.5 by industrial complexes located in Ulsan among five age groups. It is expected to be utilized as the basis for preparing damage control and industrial emission reduction measures against PM_2.5 exposure at the Ulsan Industrial Complex.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.413-426
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• 2023

This study presents the geochemical characteristics of cave water to evaluate its origin and flow path. From June 2022 to may 2023, river water was collected at two sites (WE1 and WE2) in the Donggang River around Baengnyongdonggul Cave, and cave water was collected at four sites (WE3 to WE6) inside Baengnyongdonggul Cave. Water samples were analyzed for major dissolved components. Both river and cave waters were classified as Ca-HCO₃ type. All cave water samples were supersaturated in carbonate minerals, suggesting that carbonate minerals would precipitate within the cave. Due to differences in the source of cave water and the degree of water-rock interaction, the geochemical characteristics of water from sites where the flow of cave water is observed (WE3 and WE6) and rimstone pools (WE4 and WE5) could be clearly distinguished. The cave water at WE6 flows in from the Donggang River, then passes through WE3 and flows back out into the Donggang River. The cave water at WE4 and WE5 is supplied from precipitation, but the flow path of cave water at WE4 and WE5 is different.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.289-296
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• 2009

All over the world more and more attention is being paid to green management which enables environment-friendly sustainable development. To keep up with these global trends and in response to the government's "low carbon green growth" policy, many efforts are being made in the port and logistics in order to drastically reduce carbon emissions and save operating expenses. To this end, the engine power source of the cranes in the container terminal is being replaced with electricity from fossil fuel. Among those cranes, especially e-RTGC has been proved to be practical and excellent in its performance through many previous studies. However, no empirical study has yet been made on its introduction effects when e-RTGC has been introduced to the container terminal. In the meantime, however, many domestic container terminals have introduced e-RTGC, and so some data have been accumulated for further research. Under these circumstances, this study has tried to make an empirical study through the case study of D container terminal, checking the restriction factors to be considered at the time of eURTGC introduction, and analyzing its introduction effects and problems. We have high expectations that this study will provide key consideration factors and empirical analysis data to the decision makers who plan to introduce an e-RTGC system, and also will be used as a reference to the development direction of e-RTGC.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2022.06a
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• pp.1243-1244
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• 2022

In recent years, the growing interest in off-site construction has led to factories scaling up their manufacturing and production processes in the construction sector. Consequently, continuous large-scale site monitoring in low-variability environments, such as prefabricated components production plants (precast concrete production), has gained increasing importance. Although many studies on computer vision-based site monitoring have been conducted, challenges for deploying this technology for large-scale field applications still remain. One of the issues is collecting and transmitting vast amounts of video data. Continuous site monitoring systems are based on real-time video data collection and analysis, which requires excessive computational resources and network traffic. In addition, it is difficult to integrate various object information with different sizes and scales into a single scene. Various sizes and types of objects (e.g., workers, heavy equipment, and materials) exist in a plant production environment, and these objects should be detected simultaneously for effective site monitoring. However, with the existing object detection algorithms, it is difficult to simultaneously detect objects with significant differences in size because collecting and training massive amounts of object image data with various scales is necessary. This study thus developed a large-scale site monitoring system using edge computing and a small-object detection system to solve these problems. Edge computing is a distributed information technology architecture wherein the image or video data is processed near the originating source, not on a centralized server or cloud. By inferring information from the AI computing module equipped with CCTVs and communicating only the processed information with the server, it is possible to reduce excessive network traffic. Small-object detection is an innovative method to detect different-sized objects by cropping the raw image and setting the appropriate number of rows and columns for image splitting based on the target object size. This enables the detection of small objects from cropped and magnified images. The detected small objects can then be expressed in the original image. In the inference process, this study used the YOLO-v5 algorithm, known for its fast processing speed and widely used for real-time object detection. This method could effectively detect large and even small objects that were difficult to detect with the existing object detection algorithms. When the large-scale site monitoring system was tested, it performed well in detecting small objects, such as workers in a large-scale view of construction sites, which were inaccurately detected by the existing algorithms. Our next goal is to incorporate various safety monitoring and risk analysis algorithms into this system, such as collision risk estimation, based on the time-to-collision concept, enabling the optimization of safety routes by accumulating workers' paths and inferring the risky areas based on workers' trajectory patterns. Through such developments, this continuous large-scale site monitoring system can guide a construction plant's safety management system more effectively.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.909-930
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• 2022

Although the electricity tariff for each customer class in Korea has an institutional basis which can be linked to cost fluctuations caused by the increase in fuel cost, there is a situation in which it cannot be raised in a timely manner, considering the national economic burden such as inflation. There can be some disagreements about unconditionally raising electricity rates when cost increases occur. It is, however, well known that Korean domestic electricity rates are very low around the world and are in an environment in which rates are not easily adjusted. Moreover, as Korean electricity rates cannot be easily raised due to various factors, domestic electricity rates for each customer class itself have not delivered a desirable price signal for power consumption. Based on historical data such as fuel costs and power production by power source from 2017 to 2020, this study estimated how much power consumption would change if electricity rates were adjusted in 2030 and price signal distortion was resolved. As a result of the estimation, power consumption will be reduced by 9,000 GWh if the current electricity bill is adjusted to a level which can be 100% recovered even with the supply cost alone. This led to a reduction of about 3.82 million CO₂tons of greenhouse gas emissions in the Korean power sector.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.267-280
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• 2023

With development of computing and communications technologies, IoT environments based on high-speed networks have been extending rapidly. Especially, from home to an office or a factory, applications of IoT devices with sensing environment and performing computations are increasing. Unfortunately, IoT devices which have limited hardware resources can be vulnerable to cyber attacks. Hence, there is a concern that an IoT botnet can give rise to information leakage as a national cyber security crisis arising from abuse as a malicious waypoint or propagation through connected networks. In order to response in advance from unknown cyber threats in IoT networks, in this paper, We firstly define four types of We firstly define four types of characteristics by analyzing darknet traffic accessed from an IoT botnet. Using the characteristic, a suspicious IP address is filtered quickly. Secondly, the filtered address is identified by Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) or Open Source INTelligence (OSINT) in terms of an unknown suspicious host. The identified IP address is finally fingerprinted to determine whether the IP is a malicious host or not. To verify a validation of the proposed method, we apply to a Darknet on real-world SOC. As a result, about 1,000 hosts who are detected and blocked preemptively by the proposed method are confirmed as real IoT botnets.