• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.40-48
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• 2006

이 연구의 목적은 초등학교 6학년 학생의 분류활동에서 나타나는 사고 유형, 과정과 특징을 분석하는 것이다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여 분류활동 수행에 적합한 2가지 도구를 개발하였다. 첫 번째는 속성이 분명하게 드러나는 인공자극카드이고, 두 번째는 속성이 잘 드러나지 않는 자연자극카드이다. 서울시 영등포구 소재 D초등학교 6학년 8명을 대상으로 질적 연구를 수행하였다. 자료는 피험자의 과제 수행과정을 녹화한 비디오테이프, 피험자의 분류 기록지, 연구자의 피험자 행동 관찰, 피험자와의 면담 등 자료 삼각측정법에 의해 획득하였다. 연구결과, 6학년 학생들은 분류활동에서 속성 관찰, 속성 평가, 예비 점검, 기준 선택, 샘플 동정의 다섯 가지 유형의 사고를 하였으며, 모든 항목을 분류할 때까지 속성 관찰 $\rightarrow$ 속성 평가 $\rightarrow$ 예비 점검 $\rightarrow$ 기준 선택 $\rightarrow$ 샘플 동정의 과정을 반복하였다. 그리고 인지 경제성을 활용하여 분류하여 분류하였다. 이상의 연구 결과는 과학 분류 학습 지도에 다음과 같은 시사점을 줄 수 있다. 첫째,교사가 학생들의 분류 사고과정을 이해한다면, 보다 효과적인 분류학습 지도가 가능할 것이다. 둘째, 분류사고 과정의 각 단계를 고려한 단계별 학습지도가 필요하다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.83-101
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• 1981

Under the full consideration of the growing need and importance of population education in the field of home economics in Korea, the study was carried out to verify and assess the following facts on the current issues of population education of home economists who are presently engaging in teaching professions as the teachers of middle and high school and professors of college and universities by setting its primary objectives of the study as followings; 1) to assess the degree of general knowledge and attitudes of home economists toward population education in the field of home economics, 2) to verify the problems encountered in implementing population education by home economists in its field, 3) to find an existing status of previous trainings received and other activities of population education of home economists aimed at utilizing these findings as a part of reference materials when the population education is conducted in the field of home economics. In order to attain these objectives described above, the questionnaire was carefully designed to house a total of 40 questions with good combination of multiple-choice and the simple answer questions. The mail questionnaire survey was conducted by establishing teachers of home economics at middle/high schools and college/universities as Senior Home Economists(SHE) who are from public, private liberal arts and vocational schools. The rate of response observed during the survey was 45.6 percent and the findings of the survey research are as follows: 1) Examining the status of the respondents by residence and religion, it was found that 45 percent of middle & high school teachers ar.d 59. 1 percent of college professors are residing in Seoul city area and that the largest percent of them are christian in their religion. Analyzing respondents by their ages, 56 percent of middle/high school teachers are in their 30s, 45 percent of college professors are in their 40s, and 37 percent of college teachers are in their 30s. In addition, 13 percent of the total respondents are found to be unmarried. The study also revealed that 71 percent of the college professors finished Master Degree course and 82 percent of middle/high school teachers are graduated from college level lasting 4 years. Looking over the status cf major fields of respondents, 68.4 percent of middle/high school teachers are specialized in home economic education and the college professors, on the other hand, show relatively even prortion by specializing in the order of food & nutrition science, clothes & textile science and home managerial science. As far as the length of teaching experience is concerned, a relatively longer period of teaching experience is observed in the college professors in comparison with that of middle/high school teachers. In other words, 33.3 percent of middle/high school teachers are experienced in teaching from 6 to 10 years on average while 43.9 percent of college professors show more than 16 years of experience. 2) Examining the status of existing number of children cf the respondents, one boy and one daughter pattern is predominant, showing 28.5 percent in middle/high school teachers and 21.1 percent in college professors. As for the desired number of children of unmarried respondents, it is observed that 43.8 percent of middle/high school teachers desire to have one boy and one girl, and 31.3 percent of college professors want to have one child regardless of the sex. By assessing the degree of awareness of the population education through their students, it is observed that 53 percent of middle/high school teachers and 50 percent of college professors are aware of population education in some extent and that a majority of respondents took the positive attitudes toward an inclusion of family planning components into the formal school education. Another noteworthy to observe is that a total of 84.8 percent out of middle/high school teachers pointed that the population education currently conducted at schools as a part of home economics are less sufficient than it should be. 3) Analyzing the tendency as to whether the respondents were experienced in receiving population education during the time when they were students, 75 percent of college professors and 59 percent of middle/high school teachers responded negative answers in the survey. In the mean time, a total of 50 percent of the respondents replied that they began to acknowledge the importance of population education mainly through the participation of some sort of population-education orientend seminars, experienced by 40 percent of college professors and 80 percent of middle/high school teachers. 4) What it calls attention in this study was to find that 96.5 percent of middle/high school teachers and 72 percent of college professors conduct population education to some extent during their lecture hours and that more than 80 percent of them are never experienced in teaching population and family planning contents in their regular classes. It is, on the other hand, found that no more than once was the response of those who believe themselves that they are experienced in teaching these relevant components to their students. Analyzing the contents of the subjects being taught in the class, a large percent of them are found to be consisted of population and family planning contents. According to this study, the current population education through the formal school is quite inactive. Analyzing the facts, 44.9 percent of the college professors responded that the population and family planning components are quite apart from their specialization which eventually generates lack of interest in the field. 5) It is also noticed through the study that the degree of frequency of commenting on population and family planning contents during the classes was depending significantly on their specializations which means that the degree of frequency varies from a major to another. Those who majored in home managerial science was the first one, as compared to others who majored in different specializations. Glancing over the status of correlations between ages of the respondents and numbers of seminar paticipation, it is quite clear that the aged group participated more than the younger group did, and that the most highest number of participations made by college professors were those who are in 50s. In addition, it is also found that those who are aged 20s and 60s of the respondents were the group who comments least on the contents of population and family planning at their classes. The suggestions and recommendation made through this survey research are as follows. 1) No one denies that the rapid increase of population, as compared to the limited size of land and resources, will certainly affect adversly to an enhancement of individual life quality which will, eventually, bring forth the poverty of the nation. This is the reasson why we are insisting that the world population be controlled up to an optimum level with a matter of global concerns. It is our understading that the primary aim for reducing number of population is believed to be attained only by conducting the systematic and comprehensive population education through the formal schools. Therefore, the role of home economists in the field of population/family planning education is considered very importment due to the fact that an ultimate goal of population education is placed in elevating the quality of family life by having optimum number of children through family planning program. 2) It is quite clear that home economists as teachers of formal school in all level are invited to pay their attention on redefining the ultimate goal of education and that of population education. We also understant that the primary objective of population education is to change the norm and value of the clients by replenishing the students with pertinent knowledge and attitudes on population and its related problems through a sort of education in order to attain the ultimate goal for enhancing the quality of life. There is no exception in the theory of home economics. An altimate goal of home economics is to elevate the general quality of life through an establishment of value existed in daily life. Considering the relations between population education and home economics, it is quite indespensable to bandle population components as an integral part in the field of home economics. We believe, therefore, that the senior home economists positive participation in the effort population control is more needed than it has been. 3) It is also strongly urged that population education should be a part of instructor training course for home economics. In other words, the teacher of home economics should be well aware of population and its problems by teaching interrelationship between population education and home economics, needs, contents and methods of population education during the instructor training courese for home economics. In addition, the senior home economists should be encouraged through positive participation on the short term training by types of domestic and international seminar, workshop, etc. 4) We certainly believe that the population education can not sustain itself without any backing-up of information and findings' of various and comprehensive researches of natural and social sciences. Accordingly, every senior home economist is invited to exert their maximum effort to conduct systematic study with an aim to utilize these findings and information at best in population education in the field of home economics. Therefore, we consider that the development of training material is imminent in order to provide effective and efficient population education through the for training of home economies. It should be noted that these training materials must be carefully designed, tailored and developed to meet the different classes of trainees under the considerations as to whether it is easily adaptable and infusable into the curricula of every field of home economics, and it is acceptable in the degree of difficulty and quality in its contents. 5) It is true that there are many domestic and international research rapers, reports and findings in the field of population education and family planning. However, there is a tendency that the most of research papers are heavily relying on the authors intension and preferences in its expression and publication. Under these circumstances, it is urged that the home economists should aware of the growing need of the technical training in order to keep these available information and research findings reprocessed and redesigned to insure the practical application into the population education in the field of home economics in Korea.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.56-64
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• 1998

목적 : 본 연구는 서울대학교병원의 말기암환자와 가족을 위한 집단상담 프로그램을 소개하고, 현황 및 문제점을 파악하고자 하였다. 방법 : 1996년 한 해동안 상담에 참석한 말기암환자 및 가족들의 상담기록지를 중심으로 연구자들이 상담한 내용을 분석하였다. 결과 : 참석자 312명은 가족(84%)이 환자(16%)의 4배 이상 참석했고, 대부분 1회만 참석하고 있음을 보여주었다. 참석한 환자 또는 가족이 돌보는 환자의 현황은 나이별로 60대, 50대, 40대가 많았고, 암의 종류는 폐암, 위암, 간암 순으로 많았다. 가족의 특성은 261명으로 배우자, 자녀, 며느리, 형제자매, 부모순으로 많았다. 프로그램에 오게된 경로는 의사의 권유(69%), 병원 포스터(26%), 기타 순이었다. 이것은 의사가 환자와 가족을 집단에 참여시키는데 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있음을 보여준다. 질문은 우선적으로 의료적인 정보에 대한 욕구가 많았다. 이것은 환자나 가족이 의료진으로부터 정보를 제대로 전달받지 못하고 있음을 보여준다. 또한 가족은 환자를 돌보는데 있어서 정보의 제공만으로 해결될 수 없는 여러가지 실제적인 어려움을 주고 있었다. 그 결과 계속적인 24시간 전화상담 서비스 호스피스 시설 가정간호 서비스의 확대, 3차 의료기관과 1,2차 의료기관과의 의뢰 체계 등을 필요로하고 있었다. 따라서 병원에서 제공될 수 있는 프로그램과 지역사회에서 제공될 수 있는 자원, 호스피스 시설과의 연계가 필요하며 이를 관리해줄 수 있는 환자 관리 전담 인력이 필요하다. 결론 : 본 프로그램은 1회(single-session)적인 성격이 강하지만 환자와 가족이 궁금해하는 점들을 만족시켜주므로서 암에 대한 인식이 증가하고 대처능력이 향상되고 있음을 볼 수 있다. 이것은 이 프로그램이 위기에 처한 말기암환자와 가족을 지지하는 프로그램으로서 활용가치가 높다고 볼 수 있다. 추후 연구는 프로그램의 효용성에 대한 평가가 검토되어야 할 것이며, 다른 병원에서도 각 병원의 특성과 참석자들의 특성을 고려하여 보다 발전된 프로그램이 나오기를 바란다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.211-234
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• 2009

북한은 우주의 평화적 이용 및 개발에 관한 주권적 권리를 주장하면서 발사체 실험을 수 차례 시행하였다. 발사는 인공위성을 우주 궤도에 진입시키기 위한 것이라고 주장되었고, 이에 대해서 국제사회는 인공위성의 우주궤도 진입이 확인되지 않은 사실이라는 점과 해당 발사체 기술은 대륙간 탄도탄의 제작에 직접 사용되는 기술이라는 점을 강조하였다. 이에 국제연합 안전보장이사회는 북한의 발사체 실험을 사실상 미사일 발사 실험으로 간주하는 결의를 채택하였고, 북한은 발사체 실험의 중지를 일방적 선언한 바 있다. 1967년 우주조약 제1조의 해석 문제에 따라서 북한의 발사체가 우주개발을 위한 것으로서 우주비행의 자유를 향유하는 지위를 가진 것인가에 대한 논란이 있어 왔으나, 안보리 결의는 이에 대한 구속력있는 결의를 통해서 이를 금지하고 있다. 안보리 결의는 북한의 미사일발사 중지를 요청(demand)한 것에 그치기에 법적인 구속력을 가진 것은 아니라고 해석되어야 할 것이고, 따라서 북한의 미사일발사를 위법이라고 규정한 것으로 해석되지도 않는다. 그렇다면 그러한 내용의 안보리 결의는 우주조약에 따른 우주공간의 자유로운 탐사 및 이용에 관한 권리와 상충되지는 않는다. 그러나 북한의 발사체가 대량파괴 무기확산에 따라서 국제평화와 안전에 위협을 주는 대상에 포함된다는 안보리 결의는 구속력있는 결정에 속하는 사항이라고 보아야 한다. 안보리 결의는 북한이 미사일을 발사하지 않을 것에 대해서는 요구라는 표현을 택하고 있지만, 제1718호의 제5항에서 북한은 탄도미사일 프로그램에 관련된 일체의 행위를 중지하고 미사일 발사에 관한 기존의 유예조치를 재이행할것에 대해서는 결정이라는 표현을 택하고 있다. 그렇다면 북한의 그러한 발사체에 관련된 행동은 구속력있는 안보리 결의에 의해 제한되는 것이다. 즉 발사체를 발사할 권리는 부인되지 않지만, 대량파괴무기 확산에 관련된 프로그램은 금지된다. 북한의 발사체 발사는 북한이 이미 선언했던 유예조치에 포함되는 것으로서 대량파괴무기 확산금지에 따른 제한에 같이 포함되는 것으로서 북한의 발사체는 미사일로서 그에 관련된 일체의 행위는 그 유예조치에 의해서 제한된다. 이것이 안보리 결의에 담긴 결정 사항이고 구속력을 갖고 있는 결정이다. 북한은 광명성 2호를 운반하려는 은하 2호는 우주개발을 위한 목적이라고 주장하였다. 그러나 대량파괴무기확산 금지의 목적하에 구속력있는 안보리 결의와 그에 따르는 1967년 우주조약에 따라서 그러한 발사행위는 금지 대상에 속한다. 북한의 우주개발을 위한 행위 자체가 위법한 것으로 간주되지는 않는다. 즉, 우주조약 제1조에 따른 권리와 지위에는 영향은 없다고 보여진다. 다만, 북한이 발사체 실험을 유예한다고 선언한 사실 및 그로 인한 법적 효과, 발사체 기술이 갖는 정치적 특성 등에 따라서, 북한의 발사체 실험은 미사일 실험이고 미사일 실험은 금지된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.329-343
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• 2004

We conducted to investigate citizen's attitude to the treatment of food waste in Yongin city. The respondent of $41.81\%$ throws the food waste eliminate from home and store less than 1l in Yongin. When they dump the food waste, they speak out the inconvenience of damaged envelope by animals in case of home and store. This caused troubles for reason of sanitary. So a local autonomous entity must carefully consider of expand use specially designed container as like apartment house. They give an answer that the collecting time of food waste is suitable form dawn till morning. This answer shows the satisfaction of the period time to collect the food waste. They prefer to be appointed the exclusive place to collect food waste. The service interval of collect is suitable 1 time a day. They want to increase the number of washing of the collecting container. This is good method for sanitary condition, but the care of the period time to collect the food waste is more efficient than the care of the number of washing the collecting container. The care of the period time minimizes to incur the enmity of the people and to pollute in environment. The major of respondent handled the food waste after keeping the basket or a kit. This fact shows to us almost citizen doesn't feel the seriousness to remove the moisture of the food waste. Recently, many solutions which can be disposal efficiently are getting magnified and improved owing to increase utilities channel to loss in quantities and dry the food waste. We expect the reduction of food waste is solved getting easily step by step. The results of the awareness about the facility of food waste show citizen prefer recycling facility to the other facilities. If recycle facility and incineration facility are constructed, they were worried about bed smell. When some facility of the food waste is constructed, they have to maintain and to handle not to incur the enmity of the people. The spread rate of specially designed container already increased, the citizen set a high value on the use of specially designed container more than amount-rate vinyl envelope that people have used for several years. In the cost treatment about food waste, the major respondent answered the use cost of specially designed container is suitable price. So we can know the use charge is proper level. The majority of citizen more prefer autonomous plan which voluntary atmosphere creation and public information by mass media than levy system and rising treatment cost which forced plan. The citizens have pretty positive thinking of incineration, so the government needs more efforts for a public notice, which includes the incineration is no more than abandoned thing. Each of local self government has to sort the food waste and make kind of resource system related to collecting and carrying, constructing a suitable facility, proper disposal of the food waste and producing harmless in our surrounding in order to solve the invisible problems. To do above mentioned things, we have to analyze referred several problems till now. Also, to minimize the side effect, the government will have to improve through enforce the system.

• 한국기록관리학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.118-162
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• 2004

기록물 보존기관에서의 정리와 기술은 기록물 관리와 열람제공에 중요한 역할을 한다. 국가기록원(NRAS; National Records & Archinves Service)에서도 역시 정리와 기술에 대해 노력을 기울이고 있다. 하지만, 기록보존 선진국과 비교하면 이론 및 실제 처리과정에서 많은 차이와 문제점을 가지고 있다. 이론에 있어서 큰 차이는, 기록물의 기능분류와 원질서의 유지나 다계층기술이 정리 기술의 실제 업무처리에 반영되고 있지 않다. 즉, 기록물이 도서의 정리방식과 같이 낱권 단위로 등록순서에 따라 정리된 후 서가에 배열되고 있다. 이 외에도, 기록물 생산기관의 변천내력이나 색인어의 관리 등의 문제점을 가지고 있다. 이런 이유로 기록물의 이용이 매우 불편하다. 이들 문제점을 개선하기 위해서, 본 연구에서는 정리와 기술의 의의와 중요성, 국가기록원의 정리와 기술의 현황과 문제점, 그리고 외국의 국립기록보존소 기술지침을 소개하였다. 다음은 ISAD(G)를 적용한 사례를 소개하였다. 논문은 총 8장으로 구성하였는데, 제1장 서론, 제2장 정리 기술의 의의와 중요성 및 제8장 결론을 제외한 제3장부터 제7장의 내용은 다음과 같다. 제3장에서는 국가기록원의 정리 기술 현황으로, 현재 사용하고 있는 기록물관리 시스템(Govt) 운영현황과 사용하는 기술항목을 설명하였다. 제4장에서는 미국, 영국 및 호주의 국립기록보존소 기술지침 소개로 첫째, 미국의 국립기록관리청(NARA)의 기록물 생명주기 데이터 준수사항 지침(Lifecycle Data Requirements Guide)을 소개하였으며, 기술 항목중 타이틀요소 1개에 대한 기술요령을 소개하였다. 둘째, 영국국립기록보존소(Public Records Office)의 기술지침을 소개하였다. 기술지침의 명칭은 영국국립기록보존소 편목지침(National Archives Cataloguing Guidelines Introduction)이다. 이 지침에서 사용하는 "PROCAT"라는 전산목록시스템을 소개하였다. 이 시스템에서 사용하는 7단계 기술에 대해 설명하였다. 셋째, 호주 국립기록보존소(NAA; National Archives of Australia)의 기록물 시스템은 CRS(Commonwealth Record Series)이다. 이 시스템을 위한 기록물 등록과 기술절차(Registration &description procedures for CRS system)에 대해 연구하였다. 제5장에서는 ISAD(G)를 적용한 사례로, 국가기록원이 과거 총무처 소청심사위원회에서 생산한 기록물의 기술서를 소개하였다. 제6장, 7장에서는, ISAD(G)의 사용결과 문제점, 각 기관 처리과에서 문서제목 부여, 기술항목 부족, 기록물 종류나 유형분류, 관리번호, 상세한 기술규칙의 부재, 기능분류나 계층기술, 입력포맷, 서가배열, 전거통제 등의 문제점을 지적하였다. 개선 방안으로는 계층분류 체계의 마련, 관리번호 및 배열순서의 개선, 전거제어시스템 개발, 기술 입력항목의 증가, 기술규칙 제정 및 입력포맷개선 마련 등이다. 현재 국가기록원의 정리 기술 개선의 가장 좋은 방법은 기록물관리 선진국 국립기록보존소의 표준, 지침, 매뉴얼의 상세한 검토이다. 따라서 학계에서 이 분야의 많은 연구가 있어야 한다는 것을 제안하였다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2017

딥러닝 프레임워크의 대표적인 기능으로는 '자동미분'과 'GPU의 활용' 등을 들 수 있다. 본 논문은 파이썬의 라이브러리 형태로 사용 가능한 프레임워크 중에서 구글의 텐서플로와 마이크로소프트의 CNTK, 그리고 텐서플로의 원조라고 할 수 있는 티아노를 비교하였다. 본문에서는 자동미분의 개념과 GPU의 활용형태를 간단히 설명하고, 그 다음에 logistic regression을 실행하는 예를 통하여 각 프레임워크의 문법을 알아본 뒤에, 마지막으로 대표적인 딥러닝 응용인 CNN의 예제를 실행시켜보고 코딩의 편의성과 실행속도 등을 확인해 보았다. 그 결과, 편의성의 관점에서 보면 티아노가 가장 코딩 하기가 어렵고, CNTK와 텐서플로는 많은 부분이 비슷하게 추상화 되어 있어서 코딩이 비슷하지만 가중치와 편향을 직접 정의하느냐의 여부에서 차이를 보였다. 그리고 각 프레임워크의 실행속도에 대한 평가는 '큰 차이는 없다'는 것이다. 텐서플로는 티아노에 비하여 속도가 느리다는 평가가 있어왔는데, 본 연구의 실험에 의하면, 비록 CNN 모형에 국한되었지만, 텐서플로가 아주 조금이지만 빠른 것으로 나타났다. CNTK의 경우에도, 비록 실험환경이 달랐지만, 실험환경의 차이에 의한 속도의 차이의 편차범위 이내에 있는 것으로 판단이 되었다. 본 연구에서는 세 종류의 딥러닝 프레임워크만을 살펴보았는데, 위키피디아에 따르면 딥러닝 프레임워크의 종류는 12가지가 있으며, 각 프레임워크의 특징을 15가지 속성으로 구분하여 차이를 특정하고 있다. 그 많은 속성 중에서 사용자의 입장에서 볼 때 중요한 속성은 어떤 언어(파이썬, C++, Java, 등)로 사용가능한지, 어떤 딥러닝 모형에 대한 라이브러리가 잘 구현되어 있는지 등일 것이다. 그리고 사용자가 대규모의 딥러닝 모형을 구축한다면, 다중 GPU 혹은 다중 서버를 지원하는지의 여부도 중요할 것이다. 또한 딥러닝 모형을 처음 학습하는 경우에는 사용설명서가 많은지 예제 프로그램이 많은지 여부도 중요한 기준이 될 것이다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.41-55
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• 1980

The medical care insurance system, being put into practice nearly for three years, seem to have brought about some considerable problems as serious for the government as to consider a revision of that system. As one of the most serious problems of present system, the treatment cost of insurance patients is so remarkably low in comparison with than of non-insurance cases that normal operation of hospitals is threatened and care services of low quality are induced. The researcher carried out this survey to analyze and bring to light several aspects of treatment cost of non-insurance patients as a material for a re-assessment of the cost of insurance cases which shows a a considerable difference in amount at the standpoint of hospitals with than of non-insurance cases and further, hoping the significant blind spot of present insurance system(that is, the absence of regulations' for cost assessment by patterns or types of health care treatment) will be mended in near future. The survey was carried out with the treatment invoice sheets of total 902 in-hospital Patients of a general hospital in Seoul during the period of the 2 nd quarter of the year(1979). Among total 902 patients, 694 cases were used for analysis, because those disease or syndromes shared by less than 10% of the patients were put aside before procession. The data were analyzed by kinds or types of diseases, demographic characteristics of patients, hospitalization patterns, types of nursing treatment, etc. The result of analysis was as follows 1. Among all the non-insurance cases, those who received one or more kinds of nursing treatment mounted up to 96. 7 ％. The invoice issue frequency per person was 7.2 times, while that frequency per day for a person was 0.8, : the treatment cosr per person was ￦22,650 while its daily average was ￦2,430, due to the average 9.3 in-hospital days per person. 2. As to the nursing treatment types by the demographic characteristics of patients and hospitalization patterns. a. The unit cost female patients was generally more expensive them that of males, and independent nursing service was more given than other types of treatment. As to age, higher age groups received independent nursing service most, while the youngest group received instrumental and integrated nursing services. b. As to room grade, the unit cost of I.C.U. cases was the highest : and the cast of private room patients was higher than that of public room patients. By in-hospital days, the curve of function showed L. type : that is, the longer stay, the lower function. 3. State of treatment types by kinds of disease were ; a. Dependent nursing service showed comparatively high availability in surgical and neurologic disease and independent nursing service was most received by medical, obstetrical and urological patients, while instrumental and integrated services were most available for respiratory disease and obstetrical and neurologic diseases next. b. The invoice issue frequency per day for a patient was highest in obstetrical disease 3.8 times, and the unit cost(per one invoice sheet) was also highest in obstertrical disease(￦10,880) and next in neurologic cases(￦ 4,690 ). 4. As to the pertained departments. a. Cost amount per person was highest in department of Psychiatries daily cost was highest in obstetrical cases : while the invoice issue frequency was highest in obstetrics and next in pediatrics. b. In departments in need of surgical operation, dependent nursing care was highly availabl : while in internal medicine and obstetrics, independent service was higher. Psychiatrics showed the highest the of integrate nursing while pediatrics and obstetrics higher of instrumental services. The variation co-efficien of treatment cost came out to be relatively in high in special surgery, opthalmology and internal medicine. 5. State of treatment cost by types of nursing behavior was. a. The average frequency of invoice issue was 3.5 (times). Among the type four types of treatment, instrumetal service (4.3) and independent nursing behavior(3.9) showed higher frequency than average respectively. But as to unit cost (per invoice). dependent (￦5,200) and integrated (￦5,340) nursing care services were higher than average and considerably higher than the other two types. b. In repect patient distribution. independent nursing behavior(80.3% ) was the highest and depend ent nursing (31.7% ) the lowest. The variation co-efficient of treatment cost appeared highest in dependent nursing be havior as a whole, and among that, doctor's diagnosis showed the highest coefficient value (100.7). In conclusion, the variaty of treatment cost(treatment itself ) by various characteristics and treatment types pro- that treatment various sort of patients and treatment cost of various types of nursing behavior cannot be uniform. Therefore, to attain the equalization of health care service and its cost both for insurant and non-insurant patients, a more specific provision for assessment of cost should be added to the present medical care insurance system and, in addition, the cost of nursing treatment is desired to be inserted into the treatment invoice.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.105-116
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• 1986

For any thought and knowledge, its growth and development has close relation with the society where it is developed and grow. As Feuerbach says, the birth of spirit needs an existence of two human beings, i. e. the social background, as well as the birth of body does. But, at the educational viewpoint, the spread and the growth of such a thought or knowledge that influence favorably the development of a society must be also considered. We would discuss the goal and the function of mathematics education in relation with the prosperity of a technological civilization. But, the goal and the function are not unrelated with the spiritual culture which is basis of the technological civilization. Most societies of today can be called open democratic societies or societies which are at least standing such. The concept of rationality in such societies is a methodological principle which completes the democratic society. At the same time, it is asserted as an educational value concept which explains comprehensively the standpoint and the attitude of one who is educated in such a society. Especially, we can considered the cultivation of a mathematical thinking or a logical thinking in the goal of mathematics education as a concept which is included in such an educational value concept. The use of the concept of rationality depends on various viewpoints and criterions. We can analyze the concept of rationality at two aspects, one is the aspect of human behavior and the other is that of human belief or knowledge. Generally speaking, the rationality in human behavior means a problem solving power or a reasoning power as an instrument, i. e. the human economical cast of mind. But, the conceptual condition like this cannot include value concept. On the other hand, the rationality in human knowledge is related with the problem of rationality in human belief. For any statement which represents a certain sort of knowledge, its universal validity cannot be assured. The statements of value judgment which represent the philosophical knowledge cannot but relate to the argument on the rationality in human belief, because their finality do not easily turn out to be true or false. The positive statements in science also relate to the argument on the rationality in human belief, because there are no necessary relations between the proposition which states the all-pervasive rule and the proposition which is induced from the results of observation. Especially, the logical statement in logic or mathematics resolves itself into a question of the rationality in human belief after all, because all the logical proposition have their logical propriety in a certain deductive system which must start from some axioms, and the selection and construction of an axiomatic system cannot but depend on the belief of a man himself. Thus, we can conclude that a question of the rationality in knowledge or belief is a question of the rationality both in the content of belief or knowledge and in the process where one holds his own belief. And the rationality of both the content and the process is namely an deal form of a human ability and attitude in one's rational behavior. Considering the advancement of mathematical knowledge, we can say that mathematics is a good example which reflects such a human rationality, i. e. the human ability and attitude. By this property of mathematics itself, mathematics is deeply rooted as a good. subject which as needed in moulding the ability and attitude of a rational person who contributes to the development of the open democratic society he belongs to. But, it is needed to analyze the practicing and pursuing the rationality especially in mathematics education. Mathematics teacher must aim the rationality of process where the mathematical belief is maintained. In fact, there is no problem in the rationality of content as long the mathematics teacher does not draw mathematical conclusions without bases. But, in the mathematical activities he presents in his class, mathematics teacher must be able to show hem together with what even his own belief on the efficiency and propriety of mathematical activites can be altered and advanced by a new thinking or new experiences.

• 한국언론정보학보
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• 제67권
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• pp.177-208
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• 2014

이 연구는 1920~1930년대 식민지 시기 신문의 사회면-사회적 보도가 정치적으로 부호화되고 해독되는 양식화의 메커니즘을 분석하고 있다. 민족국가와 정치부재, 그리고 주밀한 검열체제 하에서 신문은 비정치적 장르를 정치화하는 담론전략을 시도하며 사회면은 이 식민지적 맥락 안에서 정치적 언설로 구성되고 해독되었다. 이를 규명하기 위해 첫째 민간지의 사회면의 위상 및 편집방향, 둘째 사회면의 사회적 사실을 생산하기 위한 취재, 조직, 기자, 기사작법, 셋째 사회면을 둘러싼 신문과 기자의 부호화 전략 및 이에 공조하는 독자의 해독 규약을 분석했다. 사회면 또는 사회적 사실의 정치적 양식화는 객관적 사실보다 이면의 심리적 사실을 중시하고, 식민지 현실의 부정적 현상(現狀)에 주목하면서 운명공동체로서 민족적 비참을 형상화하며 뉴스를 극적 구조의 감정적 현실 서사(實事敍辭)로 구성하였다. 사회면은 민족공동체적 감각을 공유하고 유지하는 데 의미를 부여하며 이를 위해 민족적 감정을 동요하는 취재보도와 기사의 양식화를 이룬 것이다. 식민지에서는 모든 사회적 사실들이 정치적 문제로 환원된다는 점을 전제하면 사회면에 배치되는 사회적 사실들에 정치적 함의를 덧씌우기 위한 식민지 지식인/기자들의 전략과 전술, 의도는 식민지 저널리즘의 한 특수한 양상을 드러낸다.