• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.99-100
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• 2012

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.521-532
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• 2006

An in vitro study was conducted to examine the effect of addition level of carbohydrates on fermentation characteristics, and bio-hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids by mixed rumen bacteria when incubated with soybean oil or flaxseed oil. Four levels(0%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9%, w/v) of the mixed carbohydrates(glucose, cellobiose, soluble starch, 1:1:1, in weight basis) and oil sources(soybean or flaxseed oil, 60mg in 150ml culture solution) were added to the mixed solution of strained rumen fluid with artificial saliva(1:4, v/v), and incubated anaerobically for 12 hours at 39℃. pH and ammonia-N concentration were lower by increasing the substrate levels at all incubation periods(P<0.05～P<0.001). The propionate proportion increased(P<0.001), but acetic acid and butyric acid decreased(P<0.001) with the substrate level at 6 and 12 h incubations. Oil sources did not influence the proportions of individual VFA. At the end of incubation, the proportions of C18:0(P<0.01), C18:1(P<0.001) and trans-11C-18:1(P<0.01) were reduced but those of C18:2(P<0.001) and C18:3(P<0.01) were enhanced by the addition of flaxseed oil compared to addition of soybean oil. The proportions of C18:0 and total CLA were reduced(P<0.01) but those of trans-11-C18: (P<0.05) and C18:2(P<0.01) were increased with the substrate level when incubated with soybean oil or flaxseed oil. There were interactions(P<0.05) in the proportions of C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3(P<0.01) between oil source and substrate level. The proportions of cis-9, trans-11-CLA and trans-10, cis-12-CLA tended to reduce with substrate level, although there was no significant difference between treatments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.691-700
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• 2004

This study was conducted to examine the proximate composition, alginic acid and mineral contents and the types of calcium and magnesium in the parts(frond, stipe, sporophyll) of sea mustards. Carbohydrates and the crude fat was the highest in sporophyll. The contents of alginic acid were $25.9{\sim}32.2%$. Total alginic acid(32.2%) and insoluble alginic acid in water(27.7%) was e highest in sporophyll. Calcium and magnesium was the highest in frond. Phosphorous, potassium and sulfur was the highest in sporophyll. Iron, zinc and mangane was the highest in frond. Ca/P ratio in frond and stipe was about $1.7{\sim}1.8:1$ levels. Calcium and magnesium soluble in sodium chloride was the highest in sea mustards. Calcium and magnesium soluble in water was the highest in frond. Calcium and magnesium soluble in hydrochloric acid was the highest in sporophyll.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.232-242
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• 2002

To investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus intraradices) colonization on drought-stress tolerance, leaf water potential, chlorophyll concentration, P content and carbohydrate composition were examined in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) plants exposed to drought-stressed or well-watered conditions. Drought stress significantly decreased leaf water potential, P content and leaf growth. These drought-induced damages were moderated by mycorrhizal colonization. Drought stress decreased the concentration of soluble sugars in shoots. AM plants had a higher foliar soluble sugar than non-AM plants under drought stress condition. Drought stress depressed the accumulation of starch and fructan in shoots, but stimulated in roots. Under drought-stressed condition, starch concentration in roots was higher in non-AM plants than in AM plants. Fructan was the largest pool of carbohydrates, showing the highest initial concentration and the highest net increase for 28 days of treatment. Drought stress slightly decreased fructan concentration in shoots, but remarkably increased in roots. Under drought-stressed condition, fructan concentrations in non-AM and AM shoots at day 28 were 18.7% and 13.3% lower than the corresponding values measured at well-watered plants. However, in the roots, fructan accumulation caused by drought was lessen 13.6% by mycorrhizal colonization. The results obtained suggest that mycorrhizal colonization improves drought tolerance of the host plants by maintaining higher leaf water status and P status, and by retaining more foliar soluble sugars.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 1968

The research of nutritional physiology of soybeans has been conducted based upon investigation of growth and harvest depending upon whether manuring was done eariler or later. It has been found out that manuring during the development period of the first compound leaves has resulted in a conspicuous improvement in growth and harvest, and that, though manuring during development period of the sixth compound leaves has not caused better results in comparison with the above case, comparatively good results have been arrived at. It has also been discovered that manuring after the flowering period has brought about a great difference. Particulary manuring after the period of pod adhesion has made little significance. And investigation of the accumulative process of carbohydrate has shown that both the total carbohydrates and soluble sugar have a particular variation-curve with regards to each organ, depending a manuring period. But the remarkable fact has been that later manuring has not indicated any variation-curve that is needed for normal growth. It has been indicated that, in case of earlier manuring, accumulation of photosynthesis has been remarkable, which is due to increase in nitrogen components in a body on account of absorption of nitrogen from fertilizer components. It has been suggested that the quantity of carbohydrates in case of earlier or later manuring has shown a partial significance in the effect of fertilizer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.213-217
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• 2002

This study determined the influence of moisture, ensiling time and their interactions on the losses of hemicellulose and cellulose during ensiling of orchardgrass. Orchardgrass containing 80 (HM), 70 (MM) and 55% (LM) moisture was ensiled in 3 laboratory silos of 500 ml capacity for 3, 7, 21 and 91 days. The dry matter (DM), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), hemicellulose and cellulose contents of the ensiled orchardgrass was lowered than that of the untreated grass regardless of moisture content. Ensiling orchardgrass for 91 days (d) decreased (p<0.01) hemicellulose contents from 19 to 15%, 20 to 15% and 18 to 12% and cellulose from 31 to 29%, 29 to 26% and 27 to 26% for LM, MM and HM silage, respectively. Results from fermentation of LM and MM silages were within acceptable guidelines except for butyric acid and ammonia after 3 weeks of ensiling of MM which appeared to be lower than ideal. The results of the fermentation of HM silages were poor showing higher concentration of acetic, propionic and butyric acids and traces of isovaleric, valeric and caproic acids with ammonia at all stage of time. While the DM losses from LM and MM silages over the ensiling period were acceptable, that for HM silage increased to 13% after 91 d ensiling, confirming a poor fermentation process occurred. The greatest WSC losses occurred within 7 d of ensiling and the lowest losses occurred after 3 weeks of ensiling. Except in HM silage, the hemicellulose and cellulose losses were highest (p<0.01) in the first 3 weeks of ensiling. Hemicellulose losses were between 19 and 22% and 4.2 and 5.9% up to 3 weeks and after 3 weeks of ensiling LM and MM silages, respectively. Cellulose losses were small. In contrast, hemicellulose losses after 3 weeks of ensiling of HM silage was about 50% higher than over the first 3 weeks possibly due to clostridial type fermentation. The results showed that increasing ensiling time of high moisture orchardgrass would result in the excessive losses of DM, WSC, hemicellulose and cellulose in the silage.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 1983

The study was carried out to examine factors affecting metabolic plus endogenous one.9y (FEm＋UEe) losses by adult roosters. Experiment one was performed to examine the effect of excreta collecting period and Experiment two, of feeding soluble carbohydrates (corn starch and glucose) to birds on FEm＋UEe losses. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The excreta voided, energy and energy losses by the roosters during collecting period II (24-48hr) were generally higher than those of period I, at though there was no significant difference (P＞.05). 2. There was not found correlationship between body weight (X) and excreta voided, energy and nitrogen losses IY) (P＞.05). The fact supported that body weight of birds did noy affect the losses of FEm＋UEe by adult rooster. 3. The feeding of glucose and mixture (corn starch＋glucose) decresed excreta voided, energy and nitrogen losses significantly (P＜.05) comparing with those of unfed birds. 4. The excreta voided, and nitrogen loss of birdsfed corn starch were much lower thu those of unfed birds. Fact that FEm＋UEe losses was not significantly different (P＞.05) between birds fed corn starch and unfed birds was indicative that apparent digestibility of corn starch was much lower than that of glucose ana mixture. 5. Nitrogen loss of fed birds was greatly reduced comparing with that of fed birds. The finding was indicative that the carbohydrates input was ultilized to supplemented energy loss through the catabolism of body tissue during fasting.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.918-923
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• 2011

This study was aimed to investigate the nutritional components such as proximate content, minerals, vitamins, and dietary fiber of Euonymus sieboldiana leaves. The leaf sample used was fresh material produced in April in the Republic of Korea. As a result, the fresh leaf sample contained 10.30% crude carbohydrates, 7.42% crude proteins, 0.69% crude fat, and 1.46% crude ash, including a high amount of potassium (0.73%). The total dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber, and soluble dietary fiber content was 8.77%, 7.60%, and 1.17%, respectively. Vitamin C was found to be 44.53 mg% using colorimetric analysis. We regarded E. sieboldiana as a potential health food material because of its abundant nutritional components like potassium, dietary fiber, and vitamin C.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1374-1380
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• 2012

The changes in yields and nutritive composition of whole crop wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during maturation and effects of maturity stage and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability were investigated under laboratory conditions. Whole crop wheat harvested at three maturation stages: flowering stage, milk stage and dough stage. Two strains of LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum: LAB1, Lactobacillus parafarraqinis: LAB2) were inoculated for wheat ensiling at $1.0{\times}10^5$ colony forming units per gram of fresh forage. The results indicated that wheat had higher dry matter yields at the milk and dough stages. The highest water-soluble carbohydrates content, crude protein yields and relative feed value of wheat were obtained at the milk stage, while contents of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were the lowest, compared to the flowering and dough stages. Lactic acid contents of wheat silage significantly decreased with maturity. Inoculating homofermentative LAB1 markedly reduced pH values and ammonia-nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) content (p<0.05) of silages at three maturity stages compared with their corresponding controls. Inoculating heterofermentative LAB2 did not significantly influence pH values, whereas it notably lowered lactic acid and $NH_3$-N content (p<0.05) and effectively improved the aerobic stability of silages. In conclusion, considering both yields and nutritive value, whole crop wheat as forage should be harvested at the milk stage. Inoculating LAB1 improved the fermentation quality, while inoculating LAB2 enhanced the aerobic stability of wheat silages at different maturity stages.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.195-201
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• 1994

In order to study the effects of polyamine inhibitors and polyamines on adventitious root formation, the correlation between adventitious root formation and carbohydrate metabolism was investigated in inoculated soybean (Glycine max L.) cotyledons at the concentration of $10^{-3}\;M$ methylglyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone)[MGBG], and $10^{-3}\;M$ MGBG plus $10^{-5}\;M$ polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine), respectively, for the adventitious root formation medium. The contents of starch, maltose and sucrose were lower in control and were higher in the treatments containing $10^{-3}\;M$ MGBG, and $10^{-3}\;M$ MGBG plus $10^{-5}\;M$ polyamines during culture. It was shown that the soluble sugar levels, except glucose, were higher than that of control in most of the treatments and the change in glucose contents tended to be similar to that control. The amylase activity increased in control and MGBG treatment, the maltase activity was higher in control and the invertase activity showed less substantial changes during culture.ulture.