• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2020

In this study, the effect of seed pre-treatments and pellet coating materials to enhance the efficiency of large-scale propagation of Aster koraiensis seeds were investigated. Seeds were immersed in water for one day, and only those that sank were used for pre-treatment to use filled seeds. Pre-treatments were divided into hormone treatments, with gibberellic acid (GA₃; 200 and 500 ppm) and 24-epibrassinolide (10^-6, 10^-7, and 10^-8M), and priming with potassium nitrate (100 mM of KNO₃). To produce pellet-coated seeds, pellet materials (DTCS or DTK) were applied to control (unprimed) and primed seeds with binders (PVA or CMC). The maximum germination percent (GP) of seeds before pellet coating was 65% (with the priming treatment), and there was no difference in the GP of seeds among hormone treatments. For seeds sown in a growth chamber on filter paper, GP was 41% for control (unprimed/uncoated) seeds, 65% for uncoated primed seeds, 71% for DTCS/PVA-pellet-coated seeds, and 42% for DTK/CMC-pellet-coated seeds. Seeds that were primed first and then pellet-coated showed greatly improved GP, mean germination time (MGT), and germination rate than seeds that were only pellet-coated. For seeds sown in commercial soil in a greenhouse, control seeds had a GP of 27%, whereas primed seeds had the highest GP (58%), and their MGT and GT were 9.4 days and 7.0%·day, respectively. In addition, DTK/PVA-pellet-coated seeds (40%) also had a GP higher than the control (27%), and their MGT was 15-27 days. For seeds sown in sandy-loam soil in a greenhouse, unprimed-pellet-coated seeds and primed-pellet-coated seeds both had GPs ranged of 39%, which were lower than that of control seeds. In general, the seeds that were pellet-coated with DTK had a higher GP than those pellet-coated with DTCS. Furthermore, the MGT of unprimed-pellet-coated seeds was 15.0-19.8 days, which was longer than the MGT of primed-pellet-coated seeds. These results suggest that priming enhances seedling emergence of Aster koraiensis seeds. Moreover, when priming is combined with pellet coating, DTK is a more suitable pellet material than DTCS, and PVA and CMC are equally suitable adhesives.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2005

This study was conducted to effect a complex fertilizer treatment on a recovery of damaged turfgrass caused by competing with tree at area under trees, and to seek for effective management system on damaged areas under trees in golf courses. Available phosphorous and potassium were enough to grow up turfgrass in plots of East valley and Ji San Golf Club. But these plots were acid soil ranged from pH 5.3 to pH 5.5, so that lime fertilizer was required for improving the chemical of soil. The effect on complex fertilizer showed significant f3r the recovery of damaged turfgrass. Turfgrass recovery ratio by complex fertilizer was better in low-density(LD) section of fertilizer than in high-density(HD) section of control. As the result of surveying turfgrass characters according to dates, dry matters in HD sections of control plots were higher than these in LD sections of fertilizer plots in 6 Aug. before sprinkling a complex fertilizer. But dry matters in LD section of fertilizer were, on the contrary, higher than in 6 Sep. after sprinkling complex fertilizer. In view of the result so far conducted, a turfgrass recovery to LD sections of complex fertilizer was batter than that of HD sections of control. Sprinkling complex fertilizer on turfgrass damaged by competing with trees will maintain the turfgrass growth, even though happen to compete between trees and turfgrass.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.3-21
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• 1997

The remediation of contamiated sites using currently available remediation technologies requires long term treatment and huge costs, and it is uncertain to achieve the remediation goal to drop contamination level to either back-ground or health-based standards by using such technologies. Intrinsic remediation technology is the remediation technology that relies on the mechanisms of natural attenuation for the containment and elimination of contaminants in subsurface environments. Initial costs for the intrinsic remediation may be higher than conventional treatment technologies because the most comprehensive site assessment for intrinsic remediation is required. Total remediation cost, however may be the lowest among the presently employed technologies. The applicability of intrinsic remediation in the contaminated sites should be theroughly investigated to achieve the remedial goal of the technology. This paper provides the frame of the extended site assessment procedure based on knowledge of biodegradability to evaluate the applicability of intrinsic remediation. This site assessment procedure is composed of 5 steps such as preliminary site screening, assessment of the current knowledge of biodegradability, selecting the appropriate approach, analyzing the contaminant fate and transport and planning the monitoring schedule. In the step 1, followings are to be decided 1) whether to go on the the detailed assessment or not based on the rules of thumb concerning the biodegradability of organic compounds, 2) which protocol document is selected to follow for detailed site assessment according to the site characteristics, contaminants and the relative distance between the contamination and potential receptors. In the step 2, the database for biodegradability are searched and evaluated. In the step 3, the appropriate biodegradability pathways for the contaminated site is selected. In the step 4, the fate and transport of the contaminants at the site are analyzed through modeling. In the step 5, the monitoring schedule is planned according to the result of the modeling. Through this procedure, users may able to have the rational and systematic informations for the application of intrinsic remediation. Also the collected data and informations can be used as the basic to re-select the other remediation technology if it reaches a conclusion not to applicate intrinsic remediation technology at the site from the site assessment procedure.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 1995

The effect of seeding depth on the growth, mesocotyl elongation and herbicidal response of rice(Oryza sativa L., Japonica type, cv. "Tongjin") and barnyardgrass(Echinochloa crus-galli Beauv. var orizicola Ohwi.) were studied in greenhouse experiments. Barnyardgrass growth as affected by different water depths was briefly tested. Rice and barnyardgrass were broadcast in soil into Oem, 1cm, 2cm and 3cm in seeding depth under dry direct-seeded condition. Butachlor(N-(buthoxymethyl)-2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl) acetamide) at dose rate of 1800g ai/ha and thiobencarb(S-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl] diethyl carbamothioate) at dose rate of 2100g and 4200g ai/ha were soil applied to them at 5 days after seeding. At 10 days after seeding, plants harvested to examine their growth as affected by seeding depth. Root length and shoot fresh weight of rice untreated was greatest in 1cm- and 3cm-seeding depth, respectively, however, mesocotyl did not elongate. While plant height of barnyardgrass grew regardless of seeding depth and water depth, but root length was greatest in 1cm-seeding depth of dry condition and reduced with increased water depth. And mesocotyl was elongated in only dry condition and its length increased with increased seeding depth. At 10 days after application thiobencarb applied pre-emergence inhibited plant height, and shoot fresh weight of rice in only 0cm-seeding depth under dry condition whereas was unaffected in above 1cm-seeding depth, similar to untreated control, and ever increased root length and root fresh weight of rice. On the other hand, shoot, root and leaf growth of barnyardgrass was, severely inhibited regardless of application rates and seeding depths. Reduction of shoot growth by treatment of herbicide was significantly greater than that of root growth. Consequently, reduction of barnyardgrass growth by treatment of thiobencarb did not be associated with seeding depth and mesocotyl elongation as affected by different seeding depth.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.58-65
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• 1977

A laboratory experiment was carried out with loamy paddy soily under Hooded condition to study the effects of some pesticides on the decomposition rate of urea and the transformation of nitrogen. The pesticides used in this study are ten kinds, which are usually applicable for rice cropping. The soil was treated with 200ppm of fertilizer urea-N and different levels of pesticides and then incubated at $28{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for two weeks. The kinds of pesticides used in this study were three kinds of herbicides (2,4-D, Machete and TOK), three kinds of fungicides (Rabcide, Neo-asozine and Phenazine) at the levels of 20,100 and 200ppm and four kinds of insecticides (Birlane, Diazinon, Sumithion and Bux) at the levels of 50,250 and 500ppm. respectively. The results obtained may be summarized as follows. 1. The treatments of herbicides and fungicides show little effect on the decomposition rate of urea at the levels of 20 and 100ppm, but by the treatment of 200ppm it was retarded markedly after one day incubation aside from Rabcide and Neo-asozine. The decomposing rate of urea was inhibited weakly by the treatment with 250ppm of Sumithion and Bux, however, 500ppm of all kinds of insecticides treated in this study brought about strong inhibitory effect (over 50%) after only one day incubation. The applied urea was disappeared nearly completely in three days in all cases with and without pesticides. 2. The production of ammonium-N was increased with the increase of pesticide concentrations gradually through two weeks and otherwise in the control sample a loss of inorganic-N resulted in about 20% extent. 3. The inhibitory effect of the all applied pesticides on_the_ nitrification under flooded condition was observed markedly and may be ordered as insecticides, herbicides and fungicides according to its inhibiting action.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2002

This study was carried out to optimize the fertigation method using fermented swine liquid manure for the growth of two western vegetables, broccoli and celery. Plants were grown in a rain-shelter house and fertilized with a range of dilutions(efflux 5 dilution=Ef. 5, efflux 10 dilution=Ef. 10, efflux 25 dilution=Ef. 25, and efflux 50 dilution=Ef. 50) of the liquid manure or with conventional application of N : P$_2$O$\_$5/ : K$_2$O = 200 : 70 : 500kg/ha for broccoli, 250 : 210 : 240 kg/ha for celery as controls. After harvest, soil pH and K content decreased after using a high concentration of the liquid manure, Ef. 5, than after treatment with weaker concentrations at Ef. 25 and Ef. 50. On the other hand, soil electrical conductivity, content of P$_2$O$\_$5/, organic matter, total nitrogen, and NO$_3$-N at Ef. 5 increased as concentration of swine liquid manure increased. After harvest, available P$_2$O$\_$5/ in plant tissue did not differ significantly between any of the treatments. In broccoli, the lower concentration (Ef. 50) of swine liquid manure increased flowering over the other treatments, perhaps because the level of absorption into the plants is higher with lower concentration. The amounts of K and Ca in plant tissue were greatest after Ef. 25 and Ef. 50 treatments. Plant growth was best at Ef. 50 in broccoli, head height, head width, and head weight were the best with Ef. 25 and Ef. 50 treatments after harvest. In celery, leaf length was greater after Ef. 25 and Ef. 50 treatments than any other treatments. Total yield of celery of Ef. 25 and Ef. 50 treatments was twice that of conventional cultivation. On the other hand, yield severely decreased after application of high-concentration treatment at Ef. 5. In conclusion, fertigation of swine liquid manure, diluted in the range of Ef. 25 to Ef. 50, could improve yield and quality in broccoli and celery.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 1978

The diurnal pattern of leaf water potential in cuttings by Dye Method was as follows: 1. Diurnal pattern of leaf water potential (${\psi}_l$) in Viburnum Awabuki K. Koch and Daphne odora Thunb. was shown the pattern of the curves without mutual relation with soil classes when soil water potential (${\psi}_s$) was 0 bar. When ${\psi}_s$ was above -0.01 bar, the cuttings in the loamy sand (L.S.) was shown by the maximum values than that in sandy clay (S.C.) by about -1 bar gap (Fig. 1). 2. The diurnal changes of ${\psi}_l$ was shown the most high from two to eight O'clock in the morning, the maximum value was -3 bars when ${\psi}_s$ was above -0.01 to -0.02 bar, and was -4 bars below -0.03 bar. The diurnal the lowest values of ${\psi}_l$ showed -20 to -22 bars from one to two O'clock in the afternoon. In the fifteenth day after cutting V.A., the staying time in the diurnal maximum values of ${\psi}_l$ is about half in comparison with it in the fifth day. The curves of recovery of water stress (Fig. 1), the former reached to the diurnal maximum values -1 to -2 bars lately every hours comparing with it of the latter. The general diurnal pattern of ${\psi}_l$ was most clearly related to change with air temperature and the relative humitidy. 3. Comparing the treatment block by IAA 50 ppm with controlled block in fifteenth day after V.A. cuttings, in case of treatment reached to maximum values -2 to -3 bars lately as shown Fig. 2., and also staying times was only half in comparison with controlled block. 4. The cuttings 4 leafs was much rootings than 2 leafs in V.A. (Table. 1), and the former reached maximum value -2 to -3 bars lately every hours comparing with the latter. 5. In case of Buxus microphylla var. Koreana as shown Fig. 3., comparing the pattern curves of in the cuttings 8 leafs with 4 leafs, the former reached to maximum values -2 to -3 bars lately in comparison with the latter, but reffering to the amount of rooting (Table. 2), the former is less than the latter.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.3
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• pp.259-268
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• 1988

For the purpose of examining the effects of simulated acid rain on nutrient contents of plant tissues in Pintos densiflora seedlings and Forsythia koreana rooted cuttings, the experimental design of randomized block arrangement with three replications was implemented in the experimental field of Yesan National Agricultural Junior College. One-year-old Pinus densiflora seedlings and Forsythia koreana cuttings were planted in the pots filled the mixed soils(nursery soil : forest soil of siliceous sandy loam=1 : 1 v/v) in the early spring of 1986. The regime of artificial acid rain, in terms of spray frequency per month and spray amount at single treatment per plot, was simulated on the basis of climatological data averaged from 30 years records. Simulated acid rain(pH 2.0, pH 4.0, and pH 5.5 as control) containing sulfuric and nutric acid in the ratio of 3 : 2(chemical equivalant basis) diluted with ground water were treated on the experimental plants under condition of cutting off the natural precipitation with vinyl tunnel, during the growing season(May 1 to August 31) in 1986. The results obtained in this study were as follow : (1) As for the nitrogen contents in plant tissues, P. densiflora increased significantly in one-year-old stembranch and root tissues, and F. koreana increased significantly in leaf and root tissues, as the pH levels of acid rain decreased. (2) The available phosphate contents in root tissues of P. densiflora, and in leaf and root tissues of F. koreana were significantly decreased, as the pH levels of acid rain decreased. (3) $K_2O$, CaO and MgO contents in plant tissues were significantly decreased in the both species as the pH levels decreased. And the effects of acid rain on F. koreana were higher than those of P. densiflora. (4) Sulfur contents of plant tissues in the both species were increased at pH 2.0 treatment. There were significant differences among three acid rain treatments in leaf and root tissues of P. densiflora, and in all parts of F. koreana. (5) In the effects of simulated acid rain on the both species and the tested soils, in general, F. koreana revealed higher sensitiveness than P. densiflora, and the lower pH levels of simulated acid rain were treated, the more sharp reaction was showed.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 1997

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of nitrate concentration in culture solution on the growth and the uptake of inorganic elements in Tomato plant in the greenhouse. Tomato plants(cv. TVR-2) were grown with nitrate concentrations 8, 16, 24, 32cmol/l, based on Japan ENSI standard solution. Dry weights of lamina and petiole increased with the nitrate concentration. However, the dry weight of fruit was the highest in the treatment of nitrate concentration of 16cmol/l. The proportion of dry weights of vegitative organ to reproductive organ was the lowest in the treatments of nitrate concentrations of 16cmol/l and it increased with the nitrate concentration. The fruit yield was the highest at the treatment of nitrate concentration of 16cmol/l. With the increase of nitrate level the concentrations of N, $NO_3-N$, Ca and Na increased in lamina and petioles. The concentrations of K, P, S and Cl tended to decline in the nitrate concentration of 16 and 32cmol/l. These results indicate that optimum nitrate concentrations in a tomato grown by hydroponics change with growth stage, and the optimum concentrations for vegitative and reproductive stage were 8 and 16cmol/l, respectively. It also was proved that the nitrate concentrations in the culture solution affected antagonistically the uptake of inorganic anion in tomato : In low nitrate level $Cl^-$ uptake was affected much, while $SO_4{^{2-}}$ and $H_2PO_4{^-}$ uptake were affected in high nitrate level.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1245-1251
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• 2011

As a result of the growing livestock industry, varieties of organic solid and waste biomass are be generated in swine breeding and slaughtering stages. Anaerobic digestion is a promising alternative for the treatment of livestock waste biomass, as well as for the material recovery and energy production. Objectives of this study were to analyze the biochemical methane potential of swine waste biomasses that were generated from swine pen and slaughterhouse and to investigate the material recovery and methane yield per head. As pig waste biomass, swine slurry, blood, intestine residue, and digestive tract content were collected for investigation from pig farmhouse and slaughterhouse. The $B_{th}$ (Theoretical methane potential) and $B_0$ (Biochemical methane potential) of swine slurry generating in swine breeding stage were 0.525 and $0.360Nm^3\;kg^{-1}-VS_{added}$, the ratio of degradation ($B_0/B_{th}$) was 68.6%. $B_{th}$ of blood, intestine residue, and digestive tract content were 0.539, 0.664, and $0.517Nm^3\;kg^{-1}-VS_{added}$, and $B_0$ were 0.405, 0.213, and $0.240Nm^3\;kg^{-1}-VS_{added}$, respectively. And the ratio of degradation showed 75.1, 32.1, and 46.4% in blood, intestine residue, and digestive tract content. Material yield of swine waste biomass was calculated as TS 73.79, VS 46.75, TN 5.58, $P_2O_5$ 1.94, and $K_2O$ $2.91kg\;head^{-1}$. And methane yield was $16.58Nm^3\;head^{-1}$. In the aspect that slaughterhouse is a large point source of waste biomass, while swine farmhouse is non-point source, the feasibility of an anaerobic digestion using the slaughtering waste biomass need to be assessed in the economical aspect between the waste treatment cost and the profitable effect by methane production.