• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.125-135
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• 1994

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 참깨의 Plastic film(polyethylene)멀칭 재배(栽培)에 있어서 멀칭이 지온(地溫)과 근권(根圈)의 토양수분(土壤水分) 함량(含量)에 미치는 영향(影響)과 그것이 참깨의 입묘(立苗) 및 초기생육(初期生育)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 밝히고자 수행(遂行)되었다. 시험(試驗)은 사양토(砂壤土)인 시험포지(試驗圃地)에 품종(品種) 안산깨를 공시(供試)하여 실시(實施)하였는데 참깨재배에서 조우(遭遇)할 수 있는 충분(充分)한 환경변이하(環境變異下)에서의 멀칭효과(效果)를 밝히고자 파종기(播種期)를 4월(月) 25일(日), 5월(月) 10일(日), 5월(月) 25일(日) 및 6월(月) 10일(日)의 4수준(水準)으로 하고, 1991년(年)과 1992년(年)의 2개년(個年) 동일시험(同一試驗)을 반복실시(反復實施)하였다. 그 주요(主要)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 참깨재배에 있어서 polyethylene film mulching은 파종기(播種期), 년차(年次), 생육기(生育期)에 따라 다르지만 근권(根圈)의 지온(地溫)을 일평균(日平均) $1.4{\sim}2.8^{\circ}C$ 상승(上昇)시키고, 근권토양수분(根圈土壤水分)은 일평균치(日平均値)로 건기(乾期)에는 0.5~3.0% 증가(增加)시키는 반면(反面), 강우량(降雨量)이 많은 시기(時期)에는 1.0~2.0% 정도(程度) 감소(減少)시켰다. 2. 참깨의 발아(發芽) 및 입묘세(立苗勢)는 지온(地溫)의 차이(差異)에 대단히 민감(敏感)하게 반응(反應)하였는데 파종후(播種後) 7일이내(日以內)에 정상적(正常的)으로 출현(出現)하려면 종자위치(種子位置)(토심(土深) 5cm)의 지온(地溫)이 일평균(日平均) $21.0^{\circ}C$이상(以上)이어야 했다. 3. 참깨의 발아(發芽) 및 입묘(立苗)는 종자위치(種子位置)의 토양수분함량(土壤水分含量)이 14.0~21.0%(V/V) (-0.4bar~-2.0bar) 범위(範圍)이면 제한요인(制限要因)이 아니었고, 이 범위내(範圍內)에서 토양수분(土壤水分)의 영향(影響)은 미미(微微)했으나 사양토(砂壤土)에서 14.0~15.0%(V/V) (-2.0~-2.5bar)일 경우 최고수분조건(最適水分條件)이었다. 4. 멀칭에 의한 일평균(日平均) 지온상승(地溫上昇)의 효과(效果)는 토양수분(士壤水分) 함량(含量)이 높을 경우 컸으며, 멀칭에 의한 입묘세(立苗勢)의 증대효과(增大效果)는 기온(氣溫)이 낮은 경우 현저(顯著)히 컸지만 파종기(播種期)가 일평균(日平均) 기온(氣溫)이 $19^{\circ}C$보다 저온(低溫)인 시기(時期)에는 입묘후생초기(立苗後生育初期)에는 묘지상부(苗地上部)가 저온(低溫)에 의해 생육(生育)이 억제(抑制)되었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.181-193
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• 2016

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of carbonized rice hull (CRH) application on soil carbon storage and $N_2O$ emissions from upland soil. It was used at different rates of 0, 5, 10 and $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$. During the Chinese cabbage cultivation, several soil chemical characteristics such as soil moisture, temperature and soil carbon were observed. Also, $CO_2$ and $N_2O$ emissions were monitored. Soil organic matter contents slightly increased with carbonized rice hull applied in all the treatments. The soil carbon contents with application rate of 0, 5, 10 and $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$ were 0, 1.3, 1.2 and $2.6g\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. It was observed that soil carbon content was higher with increasing CRH application rate. Total nitrogen contents of soil applied with CRH relatively decreased with the course of time. However, $NO_3$-N contents in the soil with CRH application rate of 5, 10 and $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$ were 28.6, 25.7 and $21.5mg\;kg^{-1}$ at the end of experiment, respectively. $CO_2$ emission at the $5Mg\;ha^{-1}$ application of CRH was higher about 18.9% than non-treatment, whereas those of $10Mg\;ha^{-1}$ and $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$ treatment were lower 14.4% and 11.8% compared to non-treatment, respectively. Also, it was shown that $N_2O$ emission reduced by 19.9, 28.3 and 54.0% when CRH was applied at 5, 10 and $5Mg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively.

• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.655-665
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• 2020

Background and objective: This study was conducted to compare the cultivation environment, growth of cut flowers, and management performance of conventional farms and smart farms growing the standard cut chrysanthemum, 'Jinba'. Methods: Conventional and smart farms were selected, and facility information, cultivation environment, cut flower growth, and management performance were investigated. Results: The conventional and smart farms were located in Muan, Jeollanam-do, and conventional farming involved cultivating with soil culture in a plastic greenhouse, while the smart farm was cultivating with hydroponics in a plastic greenhouse. The conventional farm did not have sensors for environmental measurement such as light intensity and temperature and pH and EC sensors for fertigation, and all systems, including roof window, side window, thermal screen, and shading curtain, were operated manually. On the other hand, the smart farm was equipped with sensors for measuring the environment and nutrient solution, and was automatically controlled. The day and night mean temperatures, relative humidity, and solar radiation in the facilities of the conventional and the smart farm were managed similarly. But in the floral differentiation stage, the floral differentiation was delayed, as the night temperature of conventional farm was managed as low as 17.7℃ which was lower than smart farm. Accordingly, the harvest of cut flowers by the conventional farm was delayed to 35 days later than that of the smart farm. Also, soil moisture and EC of the conventional farm were unnecessarily kept higher than those of the smart farm in the early growth stage, and then were maintained relatively low during the period after floral differentiation, when a lot of water and nutrients were required. Therefore, growth of cut flower, cut flower length, number of leaves, flower diameter, and weight were poorer in the conventional farm than in the smart farm. In terms of management performance, yield and sales price were 10% and 38% higher for the smart farm than for the conventional farm, respectively. Also, the net income was 2,298 thousand won more for the smart farm than for the conventional farm. Conclusion: It was suggested that the improved growth of cut flowers and high management performance of the smart farm were due to precise environment management for growth by the automatic control and sensor.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.58-63
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• 1997

최근 한방(韓方)의 생약제(生藥劑) 또는 생식용(生食用)으로서 마의 소비량은 급격히 증대되고 있어 년중(年中) 출하(出荷)를 위한 안정적인 저장방법이 설정되어야 할 것이다. 본 시험은 마의 저장에 관한 정보를 제공하고자 저장온도와 충전재(充塡材)에 따른 저장 또는 상품성과 관련된 형질의 변화를 조사하였던 바 그 결과를 요약(要約)하면 다음고 같다. 1. 충전재(充塡材)에 따른 건전개체율은 상온저장과 저온저장 모두 vermiculite를 이용할 경우 가장 높았고 상온저장에서는 흙, 저온저장에서는 PE film을 이용할 경우 가장 낮았다. 한편 중량감소율은 상온과 저온저장 모두 타충진재(他充塡材)에 비하여 PE film과 vermiculite를 이용할 경우 가장 낮았다. 2. 충전재과(充塡材科)에 따른 저장 후 상품성(商品性)과 관련된 명도(明度)와 수분함량(水分含量)은 저온저장에 비하여 상온저장에서 낮았으며, 충전재(充塡材)는 저온저장에서 PE film을 이용할 경우 명도 및 색도 a값이 높고 색도 b값이 낮은 반면, vermiculite를 이용할 경우 PE film과는 상반된 결과를 보였다. 3. 충전재료별 저장 후 상품수량은 건전개체율 또는 수분함량과 정(正)의 상관(相關)을 보인 반면, 부패정도가 $30\sim60%$, 60% 이상인 것, 중량감소율 또는 색도 b값과 부(負)의 상관(相關)으로 분석되었다.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.24-31
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• 2013

This study was conducted to determine the characteristics of quality and yield in potatoes grown at paddy field before rice transplantation during the spring season. Three potato cultivars ('Jowon', 'Haryeong', and 'Goun') were grown in Gangneung (asl 5 m) and Seocheon (asl 20 m). In both locations, weather condition belonged to the fourth zone (spring cropping) in potato production location's distribution of Korea. Daily mean soil temperature in both the locations was $0.2-0.6^{\circ}C$ lower than air temperature, while soil moisture was adequate level to potato growth in spite of spring drought. TR ratio was not affected by location, but by cultivar. Specific gravity, starch content, dry matter rate, and yield were significantly influenced by location and by cultivar. There was no difference in total tuber number by location, however there was a large gap in marketable tuber yield according to locations and cultivars. There were high negative relationships between yield and main qualities such as dry matter rate and starch content, while high positive correlation was observed between main qualities. It was possible to produce potato before rice transplanting at drained paddy fields located in representative two locations of potato spring cropping and their characteristics in growth and quality were similar to those generally well known in upland cultivation. Paddy field was thought to be more favorable than upland in terms of available soil moisture supply against spring drought. Further research, however, was needed to increase soil temperature and also preliminary review on proper cultivar according to location seemed to be needed for high yield.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.500-512
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• 2009

유기물원을 항온 배양했을 때 온도가 토양미생물체량과 효소활성 및 PLFA함량에 미치는 영향을 토양 특성별로 평가하고자 입상과 분상 혼합유기질비료, 돈분퇴비, 음식물퇴비를 화산회토양과 비화산회토양 30g에 2g을 잘 혼합 후 10, 20, $30^{\circ}C$에서 항온배양을 하면서 pH, 토양질소, 유기물 함량, Microbial biomass C와 N, 토양효소활성, 인지질지방산 함량을 분석하였다. 돈분과 음식물퇴비는 토양종류와 온도에 상관없이 토양 pH의 변화가 크지 않았으나 입상유기질비료는 온도가 높을수록 낮아졌으며, 비화산회토양에서 변화폭이 컸다. 미생물체량 C는 화산회토양의 경우 배양 온도가 높고 유기질비료를 처리할 때 높아지는 경향이었지만 토양종류에 상관없이 점차 감소하였다. 미생물체량 N은 비화산회토양에서 유기질비료, 화산회토양에서는 돈분과 음식물퇴비를 처리할 때 높게 나타났다. 인지질 지방산함량은 항온배양 75일후 비화 산회토양이 화산회토양보다 높았고, 270일후 화산회토양에서 높게 나타났으나 점차 낮아지는 경향이었다. Urease활성은 150일에 비화산회토양의 입상유기질비료처리에서 $10^{\circ}C$(75.0)>$20^{\circ}C$(16.3)>$30^{\circ}C$($4.6ug\;NH{_4-}N\;g^{-1}\;2h^{-1}$)순으로 $10^{\circ}C$에서 가장 높게 나타났으며 온도가 높고, 시간이 경과할수록 낮아졌으며 화산회토양의 Urease활성은 $10^{\circ}C$에서 높게 나타났다. ${\beta}-glucosidase$ 활성은 비화산회토양이 화산회토양보다 높았고 시간이 경과할수록 낮아졌다. 토양미생물체량 C와 미생물활성지표간의 상관계수는 비화산회토양에서 PLFA ($r^2=0.91$), 화산회토양에서 ${\beta}-glucosidase$ ($r^2=0.83$)가 높았으며, 미생물활성지표는 토양종류와 온도에 따라 상대적으로 민감도가 다르게 나타났다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.73-84
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• 1981

Effect of environmental factors and host on the growth and outbreak of various ginseng diseases was reviewed Environmental lectors included hydrogen ion concentration, moisture content, temperature, nutrition, and microbiol populations. Age of the ginseng plants in relation to several ginseng disease occurrence was also included in order to formulate the effective control measure for ginseng diseases. Damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia, Pythium, and Phytophthora, greymold by Botrytis, sclerotinia by Scleretinia, and phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora were usually prevalent during the early growing season of ginseng when temperature is below 20$^{\circ}C$, while anthrac se caused by Colletotrichum, alternaria blight by Alternaria, and bacterial soft rot by Erwinia were so during the latter growing season when temperature is above 25$^{\circ}C$. However, the root rot incited by Fnarium and Cylindrocarpon caused severe damages throughout the growing season. Growth range of the temperature for a pathogen was highly related to the corresponding disease outbreak. Hydrogen ion concentration was highly related to the outbreak of sclerotinia, root rot, and red rot. Most severe outbreak of those diseases where the soil acidity was pH 4.7, pH 6.5- 7.5, and pH6.0-6.5, respectively. Nitrogen content in the soil was also related to outbreak of root rot and red rot. More red rot occurred where NH,-nitrogen is above 30 ppm and more root rot obtained when excessive nitrogen fertilizer applied. Yellow necrosis apparently was related to magnesium especially its ratio with potassium or calcium content in a soil. Fusarium Population showed significant .relations to missing rate of ginseng Plants in a Implanting ginseng field, while that of total bacteria showed similar relations in all ginseng field, However, in six year old ginseng fields, the more the Streptomyces population was, the less the Fusarium obtained. Consequently, less missing rate observed in a field where Streptomyces population was high. Damping-off, root rot, Rhytophthor a blight were mose severe on the nursery and on 2-3 years old ginseng plants, whereas sclerotinia, and grey cod, alteraria blight, anthracnose were severe on 4-6 years old ginseng plants. Root rot caused by Fusarium and Erwinia, however, was also severe regardless of the age of the plants when the roots were injured. Therefore, for the effective control of ginseng root rot most careful control of the disease during the early year should be rendered.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.296-313
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• 1982

At a time when world population and food supply are in a delicate balance, it is essential that we look at factors to improve this balance. We can alter the environment to better fit the plant's needs, or we can alter the plant to better fit the environment. Improved technology has allowed us to increase the yield level. For moderately detrimental weather events technology has generally decreased the yield variation, yet for major weather disasters the variation has increased. We have raised the upper level, but zero is still the bottom level. As we concentrate the production of particular crops into limited areas where the environment is closest to optimum, we may be increasing the risk of a major weather related disaster. We need to evaluate the degree of variability of different crops, and how weather and technology can interact to affect it. The natural limits of crop production are imposed by important ecological factors. Production is a function of the climate, the soil, and the crop and all activities related to them. In looking at the environment of a crop we must recognize these are individuals, populations and ecosystems. Under intensive agriculture we try to limit the competition to one desired species. The environment is made up of a complex of factors; radiation, moisture, temperature and wind, among others. Plant response to the environment is due to the interaction of all of these factors, yet in attempting to understand them we often examine each factor individually. Variation in crop yields is primarily a function of limiting environmental parameters. Various weather parameters will be discussed, with emphasis placed on how they impact on crop production. Although solar radiation is a driving force in crop production, it often shows little relationship to yield variation. Water may enter into crop production as both a limiting and excessive factor. The effects of moisture deficiency have received much more attention than moisture excess. In many areas of the world, a very significant portion of yield variation is due to variation in the moisture factor. Temperature imposes limits on where crops can be grown, and the type of crop that can be grown in an area. High temperature effects are often combined with deficient moisture effects. Cool temperatures determine the limits in which crops can be grown. Growing degree units, or heat accumulations, have often been used as a means of explaining many temperature effects. Methods for explaining chilling effects are more limited.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2022

In this paper, lysimeter was installed to analyze the moisture fluctuations on the surface of a forest. The weight of the soil was measured, and the moisture fluctuations were calculated through the difference in weight over time. The amount of dew condensation on the surface of the ground was about 2-7 mm. January experienced the most dew condensation (7.2 mm). It was found that about 43 mm of dew condensation was generated over one year. To analyze the characteristics of evapotranspiration in the forest, the evapotranspiration on the surface was measured by the lysimeter method and the evapotranspiration on the upper part of the canopy was measured by the eddy covariance method. These results were compared and analyzed. Until mid-October, the evapotranspiration of the forest was active, and the amount of evapotranspiration on the top of the canopy was higher than the amount on the surface. Thereafter, the amount of evapotranspiration on the top of the canopy decreased due to the lowering of temperature and net-radiation. The amount of evapotranspiration on the surface and above the canopy showed the same tendency.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.25-34
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• 1979

'77/'78맥작기간 영남지방(嶺南地方)에서 발생(發生)한 맥류불임현상의 원인(原因)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 이것과 관련(關聯)되는 몇가지 환경요인(環境要因)을 조사(調査)해 본 결과(結果). 1. 기상상태(氣象狀態)는 특(特)히 보리의 주요생육시기(主要生育時期)에 해당(該當)되는 감수분열기(減數分裂期) 및 출수기경(出穗期頃)에 심(甚)한 조발(早魃)과 저온(低溫)이 내습(來襲)하였다. 2. 토양수분함량(土壤水分含量)은 전작(田作)보다 답리작(畓裏作)에서, 표토(表土)보다 심토(深土)에서 많았으며, 사토(砂土)보다는 식토(埴土)가 많았고, 남향(南向)보다 북향(北向)으로 된 경사지(傾斜地)에서 많은 경향(傾向)이었다. 3. 입지조건(立地條件)에 따른 보리이삭의 불임율(不稔率)은 답리(畓裏)이 전작(田作)보다 낮았고, 비상지(扉狀地) 및 평탄지(平坦地)는 구릉지(丘陵地), 산록경사지(山麓傾斜地)보다 낮았고, 남향(南向)보다 북향(北向)으로 된 경사지(傾斜地)가 낮은 편(便)이었다. 4. 경지(耕地)의 토성별(土性別) 불임율(不稔率)은 사토(砂土)에서 높았고, 식토(埴土)에서 낮았으며 작토호(作土戶) 및 유효토심이 얕을수록 높은 경향(傾向)이었다. 5. 답리작(畓裏作), 전작(田作) 다같이 표토(表土) 및 심토(深土)의 토양수분함량(土壤水分含量)과 보리이삭의 불임율(不稔率)과는 부(負)의 상관관계(相關關係)가 인정(認定)되었다. 6. 따라서 맥수 생식생장기간(生殖生長期間)의 주요시기(主要時期)에 수분부족(水分不足)은 수(穗)의 불임발생(不稔發生)의 주요원인(主要原因)으로 인정(認定)되었고, 이와함께 극심(極甚)한 저온(低溫)은 불임발생(不稔發生)을 더욱 조장(助長)하는 것으로 생각된다.