• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.17-31
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• 2016

Many researchers have evaluated the influence of vegetation cover on slope stability. However, due to the extensive variety of site conditions and vegetation types, different studies have often provided inconsistent results, especially when evaluating in different regions. Therefore, additional studies need to be conducted to identify the positive impacts of vegetation cover for slope stabilization. This study used the Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-based Regional Slope-stability Model (TRIGRS) to predict the occurrence of landslides in a watershed in Jinbu-Myeon, Pyeongchang-gun, Korea. The influence of vegetation cover was assessed by spatially and temporally comparing the predicted landslides corresponding to multiple trials of cohesion values (which include the role of root cohesion) and real observed landslide scars to back-calculate the contribution of vegetation cover to slope stabilization. The lower bound of cohesion was defined based on the fact that there are no unstable cells in the raster stability map at initial conditions, and the modified success rate was used to evaluate the model performance. In the next step, the most reliable value representing the contribution of vegetation cover in the study area was applied for landslide assessment. The analyzed results showed that the role of vegetation cover could be replaced by increasing the soil cohesion by 3.8 kPa. Without considering the influence of vegetation cover, a large area of the studied watershed is unconditionally unstable in the initial condition. However, when tree root cohesion is taken into account, the model produces more realistic results with about 76.7% of observed unstable cells and 78.6% of observed stable cells being well predicted.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.702-710
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• 2017

Recently, in many reptiles (14 genera of turtles in five families), common characteristics of incubation temperatures are known to determine the sexes of hatchlings in many species of turtles, including the map turtles, painted turtles and snapping turtles, emys turtle, etc. According to many researcher's reports, in general, incubation at $25^{\circ}C$ (cooler temperatures) produces all or mostly males, however, incubation at $31^{\circ}C$ (higher temperatures) or higher produces all or mostly females. Exceptionally, even cooler temperature ($20^{\circ}C$) produce females, they produced all or mostly females. Accordingly, it is well-known that incubation temperature is the sex determining agent in these turtles. However, this paper presents study of the sex ratio and nest ecology in natural spawning nest: Observations on hatching sex ratios of eggs collected from natural nests of T. sinensis are similar to a previous report of the same genus Trionyx in the soft-shelled turtles. However, this genus (or species) showed some different phenomena to other kinds of turtles such as various kinds turtles mentioned above. After collection of naturally spawned eggs (17 eggs of T. sisnensis) on the natural nests, a laboratory experiment by the constant incubation temperatures was conducted with natural fluctuating soil temperatures in the natural nest with the soft-shelled turtle, T. sinensis. And also laboratory experiments were conducted using constant incubation temperatures of $25^{\circ}C$ (cooler temp.) and $30^{\circ}C$ (higher temp.) with the turtle, T. sinensis. Exceptionally, it was confirmed that the first and second incubation temperatures can't control sex-determination in the freshwater soft-shelled turtle, T. sinensis. The sex ratio approximated 1:1 (${\chi}^2=0.06$, P>0.05 (the Ist experiment). And the sex ratio approximated 1:1 independently of incubation temperature (${\chi}^2=0.33$, P>0.05 (the 2nd experiment). Consequently, temperature has no effect on sex determination in the genus Trionyx in a soft-shelled turtle.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제96권5호
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• pp.591-601
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• 2007

Spatial information on forest biomass is an important factor to evaluate the capability of forest as a carbon sequestrator and is a core independent variable required to drive models which describe ecological processes such as carbon budget, hydrological budget, and energy flow. The objective of this study is to understand the relationship between satellite image and field data, and to quantitatively estimate and map the spatial distribution of forest biomass. Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) derived vegetation indices and field survey data were applied to estimate the biomass distribution of mountainous forest located in Gwangneung Experimental Forest (230 ha). Field survey data collected from the ground plots were used as the dependent variable, forest biomass, while satellite image reflectance data (Band 1~5 and Band 7), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), and RVI (Ratio Vegetation Index) were used as the independent variables. The mean and total biomass of Gwangneung catchment area were estimated to be about 229.5 ton/ha and $52.8{\times}10^3$ tons respectively. Regression analysis revealed significant relationships between the measured biomass and Landsat derived variables in both of deciduous forest ($R^2=0.76$, P < 0.05) and coniferous forest ($R^2=0.75$, P < 0.05). However, there still exist many uncertainties in the estimation of forest ecosystem parameters based on vegetation remote sensing. Developing remote sensing techniques with adequate filed survey data over a long period are expected to increase the estimation accuracy of spatial information of the forest ecosystem.

• 지질공학
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.23-32
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• 2016

ASTER 위성영상을 이용하여 팽창성 점토광물인 일라이트 인자 추출 및 SVM 통계분석을 통해 산사태 취약성을 평가하였다. 연구지역의 산사태 발생지역은 항공사진 판독 및 현장 조사를 통해 분석하였다. GIS 기반 공간데이터베이스로는 지형도, 토양도, 임상도, ASTER 위성사진을 이용하였다. 수치지형도에서는 경사 및 경사방향, 곡률도, 계곡과의 거리, 도로와의 거리, 토양도에서는 유효토심, 토질, 토양지형, 토양 배수정도 및 토양 모재, 임상도에서는 경급, 영급 및 밀도를 위성사진에서는 일라이트 인자를 추출하였다. 산사태 발생요인 데이터베이스와 SVM 통계분석 및 가중치 계산을 통해 각 요소간의 상관관계 취약성도를 구하였다. AUC 검증 결과 일라이트 인자 적용결과는 76.46%의 예측 정확도를 보였으며 일라이트 인자 미적용 모델은 74.09%의 예측 정확도를 나타내었다. 이는 일라이트 인자가 산사태 취약성도 작성에 있어 중요한 자료로 사용될 수 있음을 나타낸다.

• 대한지하수환경학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.113-120
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• 1994

대수층을 취급하는데 있어서 어려운 문제중에 하나는 수문학적인 변수의 공간적인 분포를 추정하는 것이다. 이안지구 대수층의 경우 면밀한 분석을 위한 관정시험 자료가 많지 않다. 이안지구 대수층의 투수량계수의 분포를 결정하기 위하여, 수위관측지점을 투수량계수 자료로 전환하기 위해서는 이 지점을 pilot point로 정하여 수문학적인 변수의 공간분포를 추정하는 3단계의 절차를 검토하였다. 구성된 절차는 기지점의 값을 기초로 하여 변수분포의 지질통계적인 평가, 수치모델에 의하여 산정된 값과 비교, 최소화 알고리즘에 의하여 pilot point값을 보정하는 것으로 이루어 진다. 이안대수층의 변수분포를 평가 하는데 총 258개의 소구역으로 분할하고 각 소구역의 대표 투수량계수를 대상으로 Variogram을 구해본 결과 w=0.623, a=2.743을 얻었다. 이 계수를 이용하여 Kriging을 수행하고 보간된 투수량계수 분포를 가지고 수치해를 얻고 이를 관측치와 비교하여 보정하는 절차를 통해 투수량계수의 등고선을 나타냈다.

• 물과 미래
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.30-40
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• 1975

Hydrogeological survey and geophysical prospecting have been carried out in Saudi Arabia for the purpose of finding groundwater in the soil and rock at the request of General trading company in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The surveyed area is located on $38^{\circ}-39^{\circ}$ 30' in longitude and $26^{\circ}-26^{\circ}$ 30' in latitude. The topography of this area is dominated by northwest southeast mountain range composed mostly of precambrian rocks and basalt of tertiary period. Geology is mainly composed of greenstone, granite, andesite, diorite rhyolite of pre-cambrian era and sandstone of cambrian period which are underlained by basalt and andesite of tertiary period and alluvium of quaternary unconformably. The instruments used in this investigation are TR-18B2 radioactivity unit which isjapanese patented and A.C. Terrameter, a resistivity meter manufactured by ABEM of Stockholm, Sweden. Radioactivity method has been conducted along the Alula-Khaybar road, totally 164Km by the car-borne. As a result of the above survey 16 places have been selected and these anomalies show 1.2N-1.6N compared to background of each area in intensity with width of 10-50m. Resistivity vertical profiling which made use of Schlumberger configuration method has been made over selected areas by radioactivity method to provide hydrogeological information for a water resources survey. The result of resistivity shows that good aquifers are located in the western part of surveyed area where sedimentary rock is distributed. The strata showing 10-50, ${\Omega}-m$ in resistivity are thought to be waterbearing layer. The variations in aquifer resistivity found, are thought to be due to verying clay content, which could be related to aquifer yield. It has proved impossible to detect small salinity variation in the buried aquifer by geophysics. As a result of resistivity prospecting 10 places are recommended to be drilled at the anomalies as shown attached map. yields from the proposed holes have been estimated approximately from $20m^3$ to $200m^3$ per day. Prior to drilling for groundwater, test boring using ${\c}4"$ should be drilled in order to obtain more reliable hydrogeological information for the construction of perfect wells.ells.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.611-619
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• 2013

Although the need of crop production has increased in Mongolia, crop cultivation is very limited because of the harsh climatic and topographic conditions. Crop lands are sparsely distributed with relatively small sizes and, therefore, it is difficult to survey the exact area of crop lands. The study aimed to find an easy and effective way of accurate classification to map crop lands in Mongolia using satellite images. To classify the crop lands over the study area in northern Mongolia, four classifications were carried out by using 1) Thematic Mapper (TM) image August 23, 2) TM image of July 6, 3) combined 12 bands of TM images of July and August, and 4) both TM images of July and August by layered classification. Wheat and potato are the major crop types and they show relatively high variation in crop conditions between July and August. On the other hands, other land cover types (forest, riparian vegetation, grassland, water and bare soil) do not show such difference between July and August. The results of four classifications clearly show that the use of multi-temporal images is essential to accurately classify the crop lands. The layered classification method, in which each class is separated by a subset of TM images, shows the highest classification accuracy (93.7%) of the crop lands. The classification accuracies are lower when we use only a single TM image of either July or August. Because of the different planting practice of potato and the growth condition of wheat, the spectral characteristics of potato and wheat cannot be fully separated from other cover types with TM image of either July or August. Further refinements on the spatial characteristics of existing crop lands may enhance the crop mapping method in Mongolia.

• 대한지하수환경학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.58-63
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• 1995

난지도 매립장의 기저침출수위 분포와 그 주변지역의 지하수위 분포를 추정하기 위해 복합크리깅을 이용하였다. 지하수위 분포는 지형의 변화와 밀접한 관련을 갖고 있어서 지형의 변화가 큰 지역에서 지하수위 분포를 추정할 때에는 지형의 표고 자료도 함께 사용하는 것이 더 좋은 결과를 만들어 낸다. 본 연구에서는 87개의 지하수위 자료와 144개의 표고자료에 대한 반베리오그램을 구하고, 그것의 적합한 모델을 교차타당성 조사에 의해 선정한 후 복합크리깅과 정규크리깅을 이용하여 지하수위 분포도 만들었다. 2개의 지하수위 등고선도를 비교해보면 지하수위 자료가 많이 확보된 매립장내에서는 큰 차이가 없으나, 지하수위 표본자료가 부족하고 지형의 변화가 큰 지역(등고선도의 좌상단 구역)과 지하수위 표본자료가 부족한 한강 인접지역에서 끈 차이를 보인다. 이 구역들에서 지형의 표고를 고려해볼 때,복합크리깅에 의한 지하수위 등고선도가 정규크리깅에 의한 지하수위 등고선보다 더 실제에 가까운 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국해안해양공학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.32-40
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• 2005

방파제 구조물에 대한 기존의 내진설계 및 내진성능검토에서는 주로 설계지진에 대하여 구조물의 변위 및 응력을 검토함으로써 지진 안전성을 평가한다. 그러나 이러한 검토가 주로 결정론적 접근방법에 의한 것으로 지진의 가장 큰 특성이라 할 수 있는 불확실성을 제대로 반영하기 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 지진발생과 지반계수의 화률론적 분포 특성을 고려한 확률론적 지진위험도 평가에 대해 연구하였다. 우선 항만구조물의 지진에 대한 구조적 취약성을 다수의 지진자료를 이용하여 평가하였고, 지진재해지도를 이용하여 해당 지역에서의 지진재해도를 산정하였으며, 이들을 조합함으로써 방파제 구조물의 확률론적 지진위험도를 평가하였다.

• 지질공학
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.251-263
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 석회암 공동이 분포하는 지역에서 발생한 지반침하 현상의 원인을 파악하고 공동의 분포 위치 및 규모를 분석하기 위하여 지표지질조사, 시추조사, 전기비저항, 토모그래피 탐사 등을 실시하였다. 지표지질조사 및 시추조사 결과에 의하면 연구지역에서 석회암은 방해석의 함량에 따라 고함유대와 저함유대가 교호하며 분포한다. 시추조사 결과를 중심으로 전기비저항 및 탄성파 토모그래피 탐사 결과와 비교분석한 결과에 의하면 대부분의 공동은 지반침하가 발생한 지점을 중심으로 심도 7~14 m의 토사층과 암반의 경계부 주변에 집중되어 분포하고 있다. 또한 공동의 규모는 558~835 ㎥로 소규모이며, 침하의 형태는 사질토 지반에서 흔히 발생하는 Suffosion sinkhole에 속한다.