• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.96-100
• /
• 2007

There was no difference in total light transmissivity of covering materials. But the light transmittance of J-2 in greenhouse was by 78.25 which was higher than any other film. The high light transmittance of J-2 was come from low water condensation and dust attached in film surface. The ultraviolet light of J-3 was completely intercepted. The ultraviolet transmittance rate of others was from 62 to 76%. In no heating oriental melon cultivation, the air temperature in tunnel was 15 to $21^{\circ}C$ higher than outer, and the soil temperature in tunnel was 20 to $25^{\circ}C$ higher than outer. Air temperature and soil temperature of J-2 were higher than any other film.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.30 no.11
• /
• pp.1075-1086
• /
• 2008

In order to investigate the applicability and suitability of the industrial by-products to apply mono-layer cover system for non-sanitary landfill sites, 6 different industrial by-products, such as construction waste, bottom ash, gypsum, blast furnace and steel manufacture slags, and stone powder sludge, were evaluated. Various physicochemical and hydrodynamic properties of the industrial byproducts were investigated. The environmental safety was monitored using batch and long-term leaching tests as well. In addition, the flexibility of plants was observed by cultivating them in the industrial by-products. The results for physicochemical properties indicate that most of the materials considered appeared to be suitable for landfill cover. Particularly, the concentration levels of hazardous elements regulated by the Korean Law for Waste Management did not exceed the regulatory limits in all target materials. In addition, the concentrations of regulated elements for the Korean Soil Conservation Law were examined below the regulatory limits in most of materials considered, except for the stone powder sludge. The results of batch and long-term experiments showed bottom ash and construction waste were the most suitable materials for landfill cover among the industrial by-products considered. The results of plant studies indicate that the bottom ash among industrial by-products considered was most effective in developing vegetation on landfill site, showing fast germination and large growth index. At the final covering system made of mixture of soil and bottom ash, the optimum application rate of farmyard manure was observed to be 40-50 Mg/ha.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.24-34
• /
• 2000

The project for rehabilitation and revegetation of the abandoned coal-mine lands is a very important national environmental restoration project in the view point of rehabilitation and revegetation of denuded forest-lands caused by coal mining as well as restoration of disturbed natural environment and control of the variable pollutions. In Korea, because a large number of coal mines had been developed in order to fill up abundantly consumption of coal as a major energy source in the developing period, a lot of denuded forest-lands caused by coal mining had distributed in the whole country. And, due to the absence of effective rehabilitation and revegetation works on the denuded forestlands caused by coal-mining, most of them had been remained with being damaged. In 1990, area of the abandoned coal-mine lands, requiring the rehabilitation and revegetation works, was about 1,437.1 ha. For the past ten years ('90~'99), about 1,081.8 ha out of them had been rehabilitated and revegetated, and the rehabilitation planning area was about 33.0 ha in 2000. So, remaining area out of abandoned coal-mine lands will be about 322.3 ha after 2000. In principle, after abandoning coal-mine, mine owners must carry out the rehabilitation and revegetation works on the abandoned mine lands by themselves. But, most of mine owners were in financial difficulty after abandoning coal-mine, so that principle couldn't have obtained the desired effects. To solve this problem, from 1995, Coal Industry Promotion Board (CIPB) have carried out the rehabilitation and revegetation works on the abandoned coal-mine lands at government budgets, and they have obtained good results in the construction area. However, due to application of the "conventional erosion control measures and techniques" to the rehabilitation and revegetation measures on the abandoned coal-mine lands, the results and effects of the works excuted have not been successful. Therefore, unique measures and techniques for rehabilitation and revegetation of the abandoned coal-mine lands will have to be developed, especially including development of new techniques on the soil-dressing and soil-covering, seed spray and hydro-seeding measures with seed-fertilizer-soil materials as the mechanized measures, and using of new materials for the tree planting and seedling measures.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.57 no.3
• /
• pp.238-247
• /
• 2012

To determine the possibility of solidified se wage sludge for use as a soil cover material in reclaimed land, the growth of energy crops and soil chemical properties investigated in each experimental plots during 2 years (2010 and 2011). The experimental plots consisted of the mixing with solidified sewage sludge plot (SS50), the covering with solidified sewage sludge plot (SS100), and the original reclaimed land plot (ORL) on reclaimed land for the intended landfill in Sudokwon Landfill Site Management Corporation (SLC). Plant height, measured in the second year (2011), was highest in the Geodae 1 grown at plots treated with solidified sewage sludge. The growth of energy crops cultivated in both SS50 and SS100 were better than in ORL. The contents of organic matter (OM) and total nitrogen (T-N) at both SS50 and SS100 were considerably higher than that of the ORL over 2 years. However, the soil from ORL showed higher salinity with high contents of exchangeable $Na^+$ cation than that of SS50 and SS100 over 2 years. We consider that soil chemical and physical properties on reclaimed land used in this study could be improved by the application of solidified sewage sludge due to following reasons. Firstly, the application of solidified sewage sludge may provide soil nutrients on reclaimed land i.e. the growth of energy crops better than in ORL, resulted in more OM and T-N contents in SS50 and SS100. Secondly, the top layers mixed or covered with solidified sewage sludge on reclaimed land may be prevented the salinity accumulation due to capillary rise to surface soil, and improved the cultivation layer for effectively propagating the rhizomes of energy crops. Thus the solidified sewage sludge may be a great soil cover materials for cultivation of bioenergy crops in reclaimed land.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.87-94
• /
• 2000

To recommend adequate covering materials and shapes of rice nursery bed for mechanical transplanting rice seedling, measuring of microclimate inside the rice nursery protected by polyethylene tunnel type, polyester tunnel type, and polyester flat type was compared to that outside the nursery. The vapor pressure deficit inside the polyester tunnel and polyethylene tunnel was higher than that outside the tunnel during daytime on a sunny day. During daytime on cloudy with rain day, the vapor pressure deficit inside polyester tunnel was higher than that in polyethylene tunnel or outside the nursery tunnel. The heat fluxes in the rice nursery tunnel during daytime flowed more to the soil than to the outside tunnel. Amounts of soil heat fluxes in polyethylene tunnel were higher than in polyester flat and polyester tunnel. The vertical profile of air temperature inside the nursery tunnel came to inversion during daytime and was lapse during nighttime regardless weather condition. The maximum temperature inside the nursery tunnel were 47.2$^{\circ}C$ in polyethylene tunnel and 37.$0^{\circ}C$ in polyester tunnel which was 21.1$^{\circ}C$ and 10.9$^{\circ}C$ higher than outside the tunnels respectively on sunny day. On cloudy with rain day, the temperature inside nursery tunnel was higher 8.4$^{\circ}C$ and 4.$0^{\circ}C$ polyethylene and polyester tunnel respectively then outside. Daily temperature changes became larger in the polyethylene tunnel, polyester tunnel, and outside the nursery tunnel in order. The rice seedling growth in polyester tunnel was better than the other nursery beds.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.48-57
• /
• 2000

This paper is dealing with the fundamental properties of planting concrete, replacing the existing cover concrete on the roof of a building. This study is to find out the physical characteristics of the planting concrete and rearing characteristics of the grass throughout the modeling experimental materials. As the results of the experiment, the physical properties of planting concrete show the following results; when the paste to aggregate ratio is 0.2~ 0.4, voids volume : 30~17%, unit weight: 1,710~2,010kg/m3, compressive strength : 45~145kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$, its pH is more than 11, but is reduced to the proper degree for planting after being neutralized. Kentucky bluegrass covered with planting concrete is grown well. The planting concrete used with blast furnace slag cement shows a better properties at the height, the width and the covering rate by 1.1cm, 0.5mm and 7%, respectively, than those used with ordinary portland cement. Also, the less the paste to aggregate ratio is, the better the plant grows. The orders of the effects of temperature control are as follows; the system of planting concrete with grass>the system of planting concrete without grass>the system of mixed soil>the existed roof system. In case, the planting concrete is placed to the roofs of buildings instead of normal concrete slab, and a number of favorable effect can be expected such as the improvement os environmental factors, the reduction of construction cost, the saving of energy and the reduction of environment load. The future research on the change of a variety of the aggregate conditions and the application of the practical structures should be made, and also the research of the endurance also be performed.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.225-231
• /
• 2001

This study was conducted to examine effect of different environment conditions in glass, PC, PET and PE greenhouses controlled by different environment control systems on the growth of green pepper. Light transmittance of 64.7% in the glass greenhouse was the highest among different green-houses. Air temperature was the highest in the glass greenhouse when ventilators were closed, and was the highest in the PE greenhouse when ventilators were open. Air relative humidity was the highest in the PE greenhouse during 24 hours. The amount of solar energy accumulated in soil was the greatest in the glass greenhouse and this energy released during the night escaped through covering materials. Latent heat and solar energy affected air temperature increased in greenhouses. The air temperature of glass greenhouse was 27.5$^{\circ}C$ at 11 O clock, which was the highest air temperature among the all greenhouse types. Clear differences were observed in leaf area and plant height at 30 days after transplanting. Days to first flowering was the shortest in the glass greenhouse with 72.7 days. Flower shedding was the greatest in the PE greenhouse with 12.6%. Days to fruit harvesting was the shortest in the glass greenhouse with 14.3 days. Fruit quality, such as fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit flesh thickness, and vitamin C content, was the best in the glass greenhouse. Percent marketable fruits was the highest with 95.3% when the pepper was grown hydroponically in the glass greenhouse.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.349-355
• /
• 2014

This study was performed to evaluate influences of tunnel covering materials and seeding dates on the growth and productivity of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic F.) cultured early in unheated greenhouse. During tunnel installation period, from March 5 to April 30 and from October 11 to November 10, air and soil temperature in tunnel covered with polyethylene film (PEF) had risen $2.0-2.4^{\circ}C$ and $0.9-1.0^{\circ}C$, respectively, compared to those in non-tunnel (NT). Air and soil temperature in tunnel with illite non-fabric (INF) also had risen $1.6-1.8^{\circ}C$ and $0.6-0.8^{\circ}C$, respectively. Especially, it showed greater effects of the rise at low temperature time zones of the day. In plots of seeding on March 15 in tunnel covered with PEF or INF, temperature during emergence period, emergence days and rate were similar to plot seeding on April 5 in NT. There were two more harvesting in plots of seeding on March 5 or March 15 in tunnel, and increasing of total yield by 22.5-25.7% compared to plot of seeding on April 5 in NT. But there was observed no significant differences between PEF and INF. Whereas PEF was necessary to be removed at midday sometimes because it had risk of high temperature injury, INF was not necessary. All above suggest that it was suitable to sow seed on the middle of March in tunnel covered with INF, for early culture of water spinach in unheated greenhouse.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.96 no.3
• /
• pp.307-316
• /
• 2007

Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) has low germination rate relatively other species, so the seedling production of Yellow poplar is a hard task. Accordingly this study was conducted to determine the optimal germination conditions for healthy seedling production and to promote survival rate after afforestation. Gemination percentage was examined at different media and seed covering materials using planting flats in the greenhouse. The best germination percentage was observed in sand for media and compound soil for covering materials. But it was time to transplant, seedlings became a poor character (i.e. height, root length, number of root, dry weight) in sand for media. In order to produce healthy seedlings, each different medium was compounded with TKS-2 (this is a gardening bed soil.) in the ratio 1:1 (v/v.), and compared two conditions. Quality of seedling was better than not mixed TKS-2 into each medium. Transplanting seedlings from greenhouse to nursery grew up rapidly 2 months later (early in August~early in October). Growth amount during two months corresponded to 85.6% and 71.3% in total growth amount of height and diameter at root collar, respectively. In the case of the competition-density effect on yellow-poplar seedlings, direct seedling produced the maximum 35 standard seedlings above 8 mm of root collar diameter per $m^2$, while transplanting seedling produced the maximum 64 standard seedlings per $m^2$. And produced seedlings of two way were significantly different rootlet while axial root and lateral root was not significantly different.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.1-23
• /
• 1973

The results of ground vegetation experiment conducted at completely denuded forestland in the mudstone region are summerized as follows: On the reaults of soiling quantity the effect of soiling was observed where depth of soiling over 10 cm was practiced, and a plot where treated with 15cm soiling and without fertilizer showed poor growth and it was even worser than the plot where soiling was practiced only 1 cm in thikness but applied adequate amount of fertilizers. The depth of slits between 30cm and 40cm showed no significant difference in the effect. A plot where covered with vegetation bag showed somewhat better results in seed loss and early growth but no differences observed in the fall result over the none covered plot. And then, it is recommendable to have soiling over 10cm in thikness with slit of 30cm and 30cm in depth and to apply 30 gram of fertilizer (22;22:11, 50 gram) per slit. On various soiling materials trial there were no striking differences in the effect of soiling between weathered granite soil, wheathered tuffs soil and weathered mudstone soil. In the treatment with various green materials, a plot treated with straw mat showed a significant difference at 1 percent. The results show that weathered mudstone soil is effective to use as soiling materials and straw mat treatment was better. On forest fertilization trial, in the mudstone region where red and black pine trees already existing at a rate of 2,000-3,000 trees per hectare had applied 110kg of compound fertilizers (9:12:3 and 22:22:11) per hectare basis in terms of plant nutrient. As a result, the difference in effect between the compound fertilizers was not found however the leaf color and leaf length of the fertilizer added plot showed darker and longer at 30 percent over the no fertilizer received plot. Compound fertilizers, 14:37:12 and 9:12:3 were applied to alder trees at a rate of 20 gram and 40 gram per tree in terms of plant nutrient and a remarkable growth accelerantion was observed where 40 grams of plant nutrient applied. The effect difference between the compound fertilizers was not found. On investigation of tree root elongation, forty years old red pine trees showed only 15cm tap root elongation through mudstone while black pine had 23 cm tap root elongation. The total length of supporting root elongtion of red and black pines showed 20 and 13 meters, respectively. The tap roots of Black locusts were not able to elongate through mudstone, however, the supporting roots tended to develop to the underneath of pine tree where some moisture content is available. Black locusts And grown on the residual soil of mudstone normally die between 8 to 10 years. The red pine trees show flat in tree shape while black pine had triangle in the shape. With the results it can be said that in an artificial reforestation in denuded forest land of the mudstone region the adequate slit and enough amount of fertiliizer application must be provided for the succesful performance of the program. On integrated experimental results of 1972. for the establishment of ground vegetation on the completely denuded forest land in mudstone region, soiling could be effectively practiced with weathered mudstone soil and it would not specially necessiate to have either weathered granite or tuffssoil for the soiling. And the soiling depth should be more than 10 cm in thickness. Among green materials used the straw mat proved to be the most effective reatment. Three major factors which enable to establish ground vegetation by the shortest period of time: A. Physical improvement of soil is necessary to breakdown of the horizontal cracks sushas Slit, contour line plot, seeding hole and etc., and soiling with weathered mudstone soil. B. Chemical improvement of soil: is needed sufficient amount of fertilizer application 300~400kg ha, $N+P_2O_5+K_2O$), and increased production of ground covering and expedite resolution of the vegetation (ground vegetation, fallen leaves and twigs). C. Complete establishment of the basic structure for the erosion control (Prevention of surface soil erosion)