• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.27-40
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• 1997

The hydrogeochemical study on the 15 natural waters was carried out in the vicinity of tunnel excavation site of Donghae largely composed of granite and limestone. The water samples can be classified based on their chemical characteristics into two groups; waters draining in the granitic region(group 1) and the limestone region(group 2). This classification was also confirmed by statistical examination through cluster analysis, and the tunnel seepage waters collected at the same site appear to be included in group 1 and 2 by their sampling period, respectively. According to factor analysis, the waters of group 1 art mainly represented by the weathering of plagioclase to kaolinite and those of group 2 are characterized by the dissolution of calcite. Different properties of the tunnel seepage waters are thought to be resulted from the effective waterproofing processes conducted during the sampling interval to the surface and subsurface leakage zones at the granitic region, which contributed to the change of groundwater flow system. However both the tunnel seepage waters seem to have thermodynamically interacted with rock-forming minerals in their wallrocks. The mixing ratio of the waters from two groups and water-rock interactions are evaluated quantitatively for the tunnel seepage waters through the mass balance approach, and the results are identical with the previous conclusions in this study.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.453-460
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• 2008

This study conducted an analysis of plant species composition and vegetation at sea cliffs of the uninhabited islets off Ganghwa-gun by applying discontinuous classification method & continuous ordination method of species composition table by correlation. The analysis results are as follows: First, the plant showing the highest appearance frequency was Parthenocissus tricuspidata Planch.(58.3%), followed by Carpinus coreana Nak., Viburnum carlesii Hemsl. and Kalopanax septemlobus Koidz.(37.5%,respectively). As for a plant community, it was found that it consisted of Quercus mongolica community, Tilia mandshurica community, Carpinus coreana community, Sorbus alnifolia community and Pinus thunbergii community; as for the community distribution classified by individual islet, it was revealed that Quercus mongolica community appeared at Sosongdo and Bunjido; Tilia mandshurica community at Sosongdo and Daesongdo; Carpinus coreana community appeared at Woodo, Suribong and Bido; Sorbus alnifolia community at Susido, Sosongdo and Daesongdo, and Pinus thunbergii community at Seokdo and Woodo, respectively. The plant similarity classified by uninhabited islet was found to be the highest at Sosongdo and Daesongdo. This research judged the reason why the typical grassland community of coastal cliffs did not join these islets to be environmental conditions of rock landform where there exists almost no surface soil at most sea cliffs; thus, more detailed study on this was required.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.23-33
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• 2012

Recently, landslide disasters caused by severe rain storms and typhoons have been frequently reported. Due to the geomorphologic characteristics of Korea, considerable portion of urban area and infrastructures such as road and railway have been constructed near mountains. These infrastructures may encounter the risk of landslide and debris flow. It is important to evaluate the highly risky locations of landslide and to prepare measures for the protection of landslide in the process of construction planning. In this study, a landslide-risk prediction equation is proposed based on the statistical analysis of 423 landslide data set obtained from field surveys, disaster reports on national road, and digital maps of landslide area. Each dataset includes geomorphologic characteristics, soil properties, rainfall information, forest properties and hazard history. The comparison between the result of proposed equation and actual occurrence of landslide shows 92 percent in the accuracy of classification. Since the input for the equation can be provided within short period and low cost, and the results of equation can be easily incorporated with hazard map, the proposed equation can be effectively utilized in the analysis of landslide-risk for large mountainous area.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.435-445
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• 2013

Since design response spectrum does not reflect local soil characteristics, site specific response spectrum of observed ground motions appears relatively higher than design response spectrum at high frequency range. These problems have been pointed out from the domestic seismic design industry. Among various estimation methods, this study used the method H/V ratio of ground motion for estimating site amplification. This method has been extended to background noise, Coda waves and S waves recently for estimating site amplification. This study applied this method to the background noise and Coda wave energy. This study analysed more than 267 background noises from 15 macro earthquakes including main Fukuoka earthquake (2005/03/20, M=6.5) and then compared to results from S waves, at 8 main domestic seismic stations. The results showed that most of the domestic seismic stations gave similar results to those from S waves. Each station showed its own characteristics of site amplification property in low, high and specific resonance frequency ranges. Comparison of this study to other studies using different method can give us much information about dynamic amplification of domestic sites characteristics and site classification.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.289-298
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• 1992

Acanthamoeba sap., free-living amoebae inhabited in moist soil, pond, freshwater, sewage, atmosphere and swimming pool, may be causative protozoa of the fatal primary amoebic meningoence-phalitis in experimental animals and humans. In this study, Acar,thamoeba spry. , including Acan. thamoeba sp. YM-4 (isolated strain from Korea) had been compared by the two-dimensional electrophoresis and hybridoma technique as well as the difference of morphological characteristics. Trophozoite of Acenthamoeba sp. YM-4 is usually uninucleate and show the hyaline filamentous projections (acanthopoda) . No aagellate stage observed. Cysts have two walls, the outer wall is nearly circular, but inner wall is oval or some irregular. As results of SDS-PAGE for Iysate of Acanthamoeba sp. VM-4, 16 major protein fractions are similiar to those of A. cuzbertsoni, but different to A. royreba and A. polyphaga. Findings of two-dimensional electrophoretic patterns of Acanthamceba sp. YM-4 are almost same to those of A. culberssoni, The isotope of monoclonal antibodies produced from McAY 6, McAY 7, McAY 8, McAY 13 and McAY 16 clones were IgGl, and McAY 10 and McAY 11 clones were IsM. As results of the cross-reactivity among various amoebae using ELISA with monoclonal antibodies, McAY 7 monoclonal antibody (molecular weight 43 kDa by EITB) was only reacted with Acanthamoeba sp. YM-4, but McAY 6 and McAY 10 monoclonal antibodies were reacted to A. cuzbertsoni as well as Acanthamoeba sp. YM-4.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1617-1617
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• 2001

It is well known now that near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a fast, no destructive, and inexpensive analytical technique that could be used to classify, identify, and authenticate a wide range of foods and food items. Therefore, the main aims of this study were to provide a new insight into the authentication of five strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) varieties and to correlate them with geographical zones and the propagating methods used. Three weeks plants of five different strawberry varieties (F. x ananassa Duch. cv Camarosa, Seascape, Chandler, F. Chiloensis, and F. Virginiana) were cultivated in vitro first and then transferred to pots with special soil, and grown in a greenhouse at CINVESTAV, all varieties were acquired from California (USA). After 18 months, ten leaves from each variety were collected. Transmission spectra from each leave were recorded over a range of 10, 000-4, 000 cm$-^{1}$, 32 scans of each strawberry leave were collected using a resolution of 4 cm$-^{1}$ with a Paragon IdentiCheck FT-NIR System Spectrometer. Triplicates of each strawberry leave were used. All spectra were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and soft independent modeling class analogy (SIMCA). The optimum number of components to be used in the regression was automatically determined by the software. Camarosa was the only variety grown from the same shoot but propagated by a different method (direct or in vitro). Five different classes (varieties) or clusters were observed among samples, however, larger inter class distances were presented by the two wildtype samples (F. Chiloensis and F. Virginiana). Camarosa direct and Camarosa in vitro displayed a small overlapping region between them. On the other hand, Seascape variety presented the smallest rejection percentage among all varieties (more similarities with the rest of the samples). Therefore, it can be concluded that the application of NIRS technique allowed the authentication of all strawberry varieties and geographical origin as well. It was also possible to form subclasses of the same materials. The results presented here demonstrate that NIRS is a very powerful and promising analytical tool since all materials were authenticated and classified based on their variety, origin, and treatment. This is of a tremendous relevance since the variety and origin of a plant material can be established even before it gives its typical fruit or flower.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.129-143
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• 2012

This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of advanced spatial modeling techniques for environmental monitoring and impact assessment through a case study of Chernobyl nuclear accident occurred in 1986. Land-cover types changed after the accident are analysed by a post classification comparison method using bi-temporal Landsat TM data acquired in 1986 and 1992 near the accident site. Spatial modeling including various kriging algorithms are also applied to analyze the relationships between Cesium concentrations in soil and thyroid cancer incidence rates in Belarus, which was greatly damaged by the accident. The change detection results clearly showed the decrease of croplands and the increase of abandoned lands, and concrete structures were newly built around the nuclear plant to prevent the spread of radioactive contamination. In Belarus, high Cesium concentrations were observed in southern areas with high thyroid cancer risk estimated by Poisson kriging. Geographically weighted regression, which could account for geographic variations of independent variables including Cesium concentrations and distances from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, was applied to extract the relationships between the independent variables and the thyroid cancer risk. The estimated risk values showed a correlation coefficient value of 0.98 with respect to the thyroid cancer risk values, which implied that the thyroid cancer risk in Belarus was affected by the accident. In conclusion, it is expected that advanced spatial modeling techniques applied in this study would be useful for environmental impact assessment and public health research.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.115-130
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• 1998

An analysis on landslide types and susceptibilities associated with geomorphic characteristics has been conducted with 916 landslide inventories in Yeonchon-Chulwon District, where two day's heavy rainfall was concentrated on July, 1996. The precipitation during the 2 days, which is equivalent to 0.372 of event cofficient, can cause large landslides based on Olivier's equation. Sliding materials are dominantly composed of debris mixed with rock fragments and soil derived from colluvium and residual soils. 66% of the landslides are belong to debris flow md 23% are due to sediments flow, in accordance with the classification of sliding materials. Most of landslides(> 90%) are small and shallow, less than l00m in length and about 1m in depth, and classified as transitional type. Granite is more susceptible as much as 4.7 times than metamorphic rocks and 2.7 times than volcanic rocks, probably due to higher weathering grade of granite. The highest landslide frequency is concentrated on the areas between 200 and 300m in height and on the slopes between $10-20^{\circ}$ in dgree. More than 50% of landslides occurred under these geomorphic conditions. Consequently, colluviums and residual soils distributed on the gentle slopes are most susceptible to the landslides of the area.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.189-199
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• 2015

Our country's leading granite weathered soil of the ground slope failures that occur in cutting slope most cases, it does not require in-depth to the shear strength most of the surface layer is affected by weathering (1~2 m) at a shallow depth close to the ground, it is important to identify the reliability. Based on the result obtained in actual field investigation, the field slope type was classified by each type of wedge slope, Infinite slope, finite slope -I and finite slope -II, and the slope stability was examined respectively. In addition, using the numerical analysis results, the relationship between the slope inclination angle and safety factor was analyzed and it tried to offer basic data to which the stability in the field slope was able to be estimated by analyzing the safety factor change of the slope according to the slope type. In this study, classified into four types of natural slope, safety factor estimation method by slope types is proposed through the numerical analysis. However, some limit exists in generalizing in this research because it does not test various case studies. Therefore, the case study of a wide range of various sypes to assess the safety of various types slope can be made, accommodate a wide range of field conditions reasonable risk evaluation criteria may be derived.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.36-50
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to assign emission source profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matters (PMs) for chemical speciation, and to correct the temporal allocation factor and the chemical speciation of source profiles according to the source classification code within the sparse matrix operator kernel emission system (SMOKE) in the Seoul metropolitan area. The chemical speciation from the source profiles of VOCs such as gasoline, diesel vapor, coating, dry cleaning and LPG include 12 and 34 species for the carbon bond IV (CBIV) chemical mechanism and the statewide air pollution research center 99 (SAPRC99) chemical mechanism, respectively. Also, the chemical speciation of PM2.5 such as soil, road dust, gasoline and diesel vehicles, industrial source, municipal incinerator, coal fired, power plant, biomass burning and marine was allocated to 5 species of fine PM, organic carbon, elementary carbon, $NO_3{^-}$, and $SO_4{^2-}$. In addition, temporal profiles for point and line sources were obtained by using the stack telemetry system (TMS) and hourly traffic flows in the Seoul metropolitan area for 2007. In particular, the temporal allocation factor for the ozone modeling at point sources was estimated based on $NO_X$ emission inventories of the stack TMS data.