• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.2199-2210
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• 2017

Soil burial is the most widely used disposal method for infected pig carcasses, but composting has gained attention as an alternative disposal method because pig carcasses can be decomposed rapidly and safely by composting. To understand the pig carcass decomposition process in soil burial and by composting, pilot-scale test systems that simulated soil burial and composting were designed and constructed in the field. The envelope material samples were collected using special sampling devices without disturbance, and bacterial community dynamics were analyzed by high-throughput pyrosequencing for 340 days. Based on the odor gas intensity profiles, it was estimated that the active and advanced decay stages were reached earlier by composting than by soil burial. The dominant bacterial communities in the soil were aerobic and/or facultatively anaerobic gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Gelidibacter, Mucilaginibacter, and Brevundimonas. However, the dominant bacteria in the composting system were anaerobic, thermophilic, endospore-forming, and/or halophilic gram-positive bacteria such as Pelotomaculum, Lentibacillus, Clostridium, and Caldicoprobacter. Different dominant bacteria played important roles in the decomposition of pig carcasses in the soil and compost. This study provides useful comparative date for the degradation of pig carcasses in the soil burial and composting systems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2010

As social environment of Korea was changing, the cremation is increased instead of traditional funeral culture. Therefore woodland burial appears new funeral culture in Korea. This research had been executed to find out the problem of soil and vegetation environments of woodland burial forest. The case study was worked at woodland burial in Incheon Family funeral services which was national pilot project. The problem of soil and vegetation environments were surveyed in slope, soil compaction, actual vegetation, vegetation communities, structure of forest communities and so on. The results from this study indicate that woodland burial construction didn't consider the damage and management of vegetation environment in Incheon Family funeral Services. Problems for the Law on funeral facilities of Korea is a lack of natural friendly standards for slope, management on structure of forest communities, facilities for users in it. It had steep topography, soil compaction, reduction of species diversity and poor plant growth on woodland burial in Incheon Family funeral Services. Therefore the users of it increase in the future, vegetation environment of woodland burial will be devastated. And so we need to improve standards of woodland burial construction and management to settle down burial culture of woodland burial in Korea.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.362-368
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• 2006

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of soil burial depth on seedling emergences of rice (Oryza sativa) and Echinochloa spp. and to model such effects for mathematical prediction of seedling emergences. When the Gompertz curve was fitted at each soil depth, the parameter C decreased in a logistic form with increasing soil depth, while the parameter M increased in an exponential form and the parameter B appeared to be constant. The Gompertz curve was combined by incorporating the logistic model for the parameter C, the exponential model for the parameter M, and the constant for the parameter B. This combined model well described seedling emergence of rice and Echinochloa species as influenced by soil burial depth and predicted seedling emergence at a given time after sowing and a soil burial depth. Thus, the combined model can be used to simulate seedling emergence of crop sown in different soil depths and weeds present in various soil depths.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.137-147
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• 2013

A lot of burial sites for the disposal of the contagious livestock slaughtered by foot and mouth disease were constructed in a short time for preventing the rapid spread of the virus. More than 4,700 carcass burial sites were constructed in 2011. Approximately 7 million poultry and 3.5 million livestock including head of cattle and swine were buried in farm land. However, the available cost data for a burial site was not provided. This study was to performed in order to understand the economic issues related to carcass burial disposal. The data from a local government was analyzed and the assumption data web based was constructed to evaluate the cost for constructing a carcass burial. The results showed that the local government paid KRW 5,386 for the burial disposal of a mortality (swine). It was estimated that the cost could be reduced through an appropriate measures.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.384-389
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• 2010

Outbreak of contagious diseases to livestock animals is becoming prevalent worldwide and consequently, tremendous numbers of the infected or culled stocks are buried on the ground as the most common disposal method. The buried animals can generate a wide range of detrimental components such as leachate, nutrient salts, and pathogenic bacteria, consequently contaminating the surround environment. This implies that regular investigations are required to monitor any possible detrimental environmental aspect occurred around burial sites. Therefore, the current study was conducted to investigate whether the soil and groundwater nearby the burial sites had been contaminated by the substances originated from the burial sites, which can be applied for the establishment of the ideal burial site construction design and post management scheme. For this, two different burial sites located in Cheonan and Pyeongtaek were selected. Cheonan and Pyeongtaek sites were constructed in 2004 and 2008, respectively and both contained dead poultry infected by avian influenza (AI). Soil and groundwater samples were collected around the sites followed by determination of the nutrient concentrations and bacteria (Salmonella, Camphylobacter, and Bacillus) existence in both soil and groundwater. Some of the soil samples showed higher EC, $NH_4$-N, $NO_3$-N concentration compared to those of the background (control) soils. Also the concentration of $NH_4$-N in some of the groundwater samples appeared to exceed the USEPA guideline value for drinking water (10 mg $L^{-1}$). These results indicated that the soil and groundwater were influenced by the burial site originated nutrients. In the soil, Bacillus was isolated in most soil samples while there were no detections of Salmonella and Camplylobacter. Due to the Bacillus existing mainly as a spore in the soils, it was considered that the frequent detection of Bacillus in the soil samples was attributed to the nutrients originated from the burial sites.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.9-34
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• 2013

Submarine pipelines encounter significant wave forces in shallow coastal waters due to the action of waves. In order to reduce such forces (also to protect the pipe against anchors and dropped objects) they are buried below the seabed. The wave force variation due to burial depends on the engineering characteristics of the sub soil like hydraulic conductivity and porosity, apart from the design environmental conditions. For a given wave condition, in certain type of soil, the wave force can reduce drastically with increased burial and in certain other type of soil, it may not. It is hence essential to understand how the wave forces vary in soils of different hydraulic conductivity. Based on physical model study, the wave forces on the buried pipeline model is assessed for a wide range of wave conditions, for different burial depths and for four types of cohesion-less soils, covering hydraulic conductivity in the range of 0.286 to 1.84 mm/s. It is found that for all the four soil types, the horizontal wave force reduces with increase in depth of burial, whereas the vertical force is high for half buried condition. Among the soils, well graded one is better for half buried case, since the least vertical force is experienced for this situation. It is found that uniformly graded and low hydraulic conductivity soil attracts the maximum vertical force for half buried case. A case study analysis is carried out and is reported. The results of this study are useful for submarine buried pipeline design.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.473-479
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• 2014

In this study, chemical characteristics of groundwater around carcass burial areas and those in agricultural and livestock-farming complex areas in South Korea were monitored. Groundwater samples were collected from 166 wells around carcass burial sites and 466 wells around the agricultural areas where carcass burial sites are absent. The chemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, oxidation reduction potential, $NO_3$-N, $NH_4$-N, and $Cl^-$) in carcass burial areas and agricultural areas were similar. The $NO_3$-N concentrations exhibited minimal seasonal fluctuations below $30mg\;L^{-1}$ in most of the wells, even in the wells located close to the carcass burial sites; and $Cl^-$ concentrations also showed similar patterns. The chemical characteristics of groundwater monitored in this study indicated that groundwater was widely contaminated by agricultural activities and livestock farming, but probably not by leachates derived from nearby carcass burial sites.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.255-261
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• 2012

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is highly infectious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, particularly cattle, sheep, pigs and goats. Last outbreak reported in November, 2010 induced the enormous social and economical impacts. Culling of infected animals, movement control, and vaccination are the major control measures of FMD. The aim of this study was to detection foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the soil and leachate from modeling burial for pig carcass as measured by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). FMDV and Coxsakievirus B1 (CVB1) were detected in soil by week 16 and Coxsakievirus B1 (CVB1) by weeks 12, respectively. FMDV and CVB1 also detected by weeks 8 in the leachate. Results from this study provides an evidence that FMDV could be inactivated for safe of pig carcasses infected with FMDV within 4 month in the carcass burial site.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.237-246
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• 2014

Seasonal variations of major contaminants in groundwater around livestock burial areas in Gyeonggi province, Korea, were examined. Seven typical contamination indicators ($NO_3$-N, $NH_3$-N, chloride, pH, DO, ORP, and EC) were monitored in groundwater samples collected from 84 wells located within 60 m of livestock burial sites for the leachate plume emanating from the livestock burial sites. The monitoring results of pH, DO, ORP, and EC revealed minimal seasonal variations, providing no evidence for leachate plumes. The $NO_3$-N concentrations were below 30 mg/L and exhibited minimal seasonal fluctuations, even in the wells located close to (< 20 m) the burial sites; the $NH_3$-N and chloride concentrations also showed similar results. The contamination indicators examined in this study indicate that the observed groundwater contamination is primarily from preexisting pervasive contamination due to agricultural activities and livestock farming, not leachates derived from nearby livestock burial sites.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.150-157
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• 2010

Biodegradation behavior of poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA) was examined when PBSA was buried in the natural soil and the soil inoculated with Burkholderia cepacia after sterilization. After 80 days of the soil burial test at room temperature, the PBSA film buried in the natural soil lost 34.0% of its intial weight, while the same film lost 59.2% of its initial weight when buried in the sterile soil inoculated with B. cepacia. The optical and SEM observations of the surface morphology of the PBSA film also indicated that the surface erosion and rupture took place faster when the film was buried in the sterile soil inoculated with B. cepacia compared to the film buried in the natural soil. Viable cell number in the natural soil and that the sterile soil inoculated with B. cepacia increased by a factor of 6~7 and 10~14, respectively as compared to the initial viable cell number.