• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.397-409
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• 2007

Owing to needs of biomechanical comprehension and analysis to obtain various medical treatment designs which are related with the spine in order to cure and diagnose LBP patients, the FE modeling and nonlinear analysis of lumbosacrum including a partial ilium and iliolumbar ligaments, were carried out. First, we investigated whether the geometrical configuration of vertebrae displayed by DICOM slice files is regular and normal condition. After constructing spinal vertebrae including a partial ilium, a sacrum and five lumbars (from L1 to L5)with anatomical shape reconstructed using softwares such as image modeler and CAD modeler, we added iliolumbar ligaments, lumbar ligaments, discs and facet joints, etc.. And also, we assigned material property and discretized the model using proper finite element types, thus it was completely modeled through the above procedure. For the verification of each segment, average sagittal ROM, average coronal ROM and average transversal ROM under various loading conditions(${\pm}10Nm$), average vertical displacement under compression(400N), ALL(Anterior Longitudinal Ligament) and PLL(Posterior Longitudinal Ligament) force at L12 level, strains of seven ligaments on sagittal plane at L45 level and maximal strain of disc fibers according to various loading conditions at L45 level, etc., they were compared with experimental results. For the verification of multilevel-lumbosacrum spine including partial ilium and iliolumbar ligaments, the cases with and without iliolumbar ligaments were compared with ROM of experiment. The results were obtained from analysis of the verified FE model as follows: I) Iliolumbar ligaments played a stabilizing role as mainly posterior iliolumbar ligaments under flexion and as both posterior and anterior iliolumbar ligaments of one side under lateral bending. 2) The iliolumbar ligaments decreased total ROM of 1-8% in total model according to various motion conditions, which changed facet contact forces of L5S level by approximately 0.8-1.4 times and disc forces of L5S level by approximately 0.8-1.5 times more than casewithout ilioligaments, under various loading conditions. 3) The force of lower discs such as L45 and L5S was bigger than upper discs under flexion, left and right bending and left and right twisting, except extension. 4) It was predicted that strains of posterior ligaments among iliolumbar ligaments would produce the maximum 16% under flexion and the maximum 10% under twisting. 5) It's expected that this present model applies to the development and design of artificial disc, since it was comparatively in agreement with the experimental datum.

• School Mathematics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.975-994
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• 2013

In this paper, we analyzed the utilization trend of technology in the secondary mathematics textbooks based on the 6th, 7th and 2007 revised mathematics curriculums in Korea. We analyzed 30, 60 and 90 mathematics books based on the 6th, 7th and 2007 revised mathematics curriculums respectively. The analysis focused on three aspects of using technology, i.e., contents areas in which technology used, technological tools and programs used, and methods of using technology in teaching and learning mathematics. The results shows that the frequency of using technology in mathematics books has been increased as mathematics curriculum has been revised. In the mathematics books based on th 6th curriculum, only 25 scenes were found, but in 7th and 2007 revised curriculum 248 and 355 scenes were found. In the 6th curriculum, calculators and graphing calculators were used mainly, but in the 7th and 2007 revised curriculum many kinds of technological tools and softwares were used including CAS, dynamic geometry software, spreadsheets, programming language, and the Internet. Especially the internet was used frequently in the 7th curriculum. And the methods of using technology has been diversified as time passed. In the 6th curriculum, the technology mainly used for introducing technology and simple calculation, but in the 7th and 2007 revised curriculum the technologies and software were also used for understanding mathematical laws, principles and concepts and students-centered exploring the mathematical properties.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.49-59
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• 2012

Throughout developing digital technology, reproduction of image is growing better day by day. And at the same time, diverse image editing softwares are developed to manage images easily. In the process of editing images, those programs could delete or modify EXIF files which have the original image information; therefore images without the origin source are widely spread on the web site after editing. This matter could affect analysis of images due to the distortion of originality. Especially in the court of law, the source of evidence should be expressed clearly; therefore digital image EXIF file without deletion or distortion could not be the objective evidence. In this research, we try to trace the identification of a digital camera in order to solve digital images originality, and also we focus on lens distortion correction algorism which is used in digital image processing. Lens distortion correction uses mapping algorism, and at this moment it also uses interpolation algorism to prevent aliasing artifact and reconstruction artifact. At this point interpolation shows the similar mapping pattern; therefore we want to find out the interpolation evidence. We propose a minimum filter algorism in order to detect interpolation pattern and adjust the same minimum filter coefficient in two areas; one has interpolation and the second has no interpolation. Throughout DFT, we confirm frequency character between each area. Based on this result, we make the final detection map by using differences between two areas. In other words, thereby the area which has the interpolation caused by mapping is adjusted using minimum filter for detection algorism; the second area which has no interpolation tends to different frequency character.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.341-371
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• 2017

Recently, the web service environment has changed from document-centered to data-oriented focus, and the Linked Open Data (LOD) exists at the core of the new environment. Specific procedures and methods were examined to build the LOD of records information in accordance with this trend. With the service sustainability of small-scale archive in consideration, an exemplification on LOD building process by utilizing open source software was developed in this paper. To this end, a 5-step service framework for LOD construction was proposed and applied to a collection of diary records from 'Human and Memory Archive'. Proof of Concept (POC) utilizing open source softwares, Protege and Apache Jena Fuseki, was conducted according to the proposed 5 step framework. After establishing the LOD of record information by utilizing the open source software, the connection with external LOD through interlinking and SPARQL search has been successfully performed. In addition, archives' considerations for LOD construction, including improvement on the quality of content information, the role of the archivist, were suggested based on the understanding obtained through the LOD construction process of records information.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.249-260
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• 2007

The crustal deformation due to Ocean Tide Loading (OTL) in the Korean peninsula reaches up to ${\sim}3cm$ in the vertical direction. Considering that the achievable positioning accuracy of current state-of-the-art space geodesy technologies is at the several millimeter level, the centimeter-level OTL effect should be precisely modelled and corrected for. This study begins with comparison of ocean tide models and validation of OTL-prediction softwares. Different ocean tide models caused about ${\sim}6mm$ RMS differences in the vertical deformation in the Kyung-gi Bay area. When we analyzed the OTL displacements in the Seoul, Ulsan, and Seogwipo areas where three VLBI observatories are planned to be installed, the maximum displacement of ${\sim}3.5cm$ was predicted in the Seogwipo area and ${\sim}2cm$ in the Seoul and Ulsan areas. When the OTL corrections were not applied in the GPS data processing, the OTL effect propagates into the Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD) estimates, and the scale factor between ZWD differences and OTL displacements was 3.72.

• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.13-22
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• 2016

Vocal and instrument apprenticeship in applied music has been accepted without significant changes since the introduction of applied music education to South Korea. Few discussions or suggestions about other types of teaching than 'one-to-one lessons' or 'education of apprentices by assigned specialists' have been made. Since the introduction of applied music education to South Korea late in the 1980s, the CAI(Computer Aided Instruction) courseware development for applied music education has not actively been under way. The area of applied music has also made rapid progress in terms of music producing or music videos using computers. Actually, the improved computer program is not positively applied to applied music education. This study aimed to present learning methods using the improved functions of music production softwares to improve the traditional apprenticeship system in the area of vocal training in applied music. In particular, it used the technique of auto tune-pitch shift developed for interval correction in sound sources. By giving real-time feedbacks concerning intervals or monitors visually after recording, it intended to present a learning method to induce improvement in accuracy of intervals in vocal training. This study is expected to present a method that allows vocal trainers to overcome temporal and spatial limitations in applied music and make their vocal training more efficient.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.10-24
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• 2013

The state-of-arts of multiscale simulation (MSS) in science and engineering is briefly presented and MSS for process development (PD-MSS) is proposed to effectively apply the MSS to the process development. The four-level PD-MSS is composed of PLS (process-level simulation), FLS (fluid-level simulation), mFLS (microfluid-level simulation) and MLS (molecular-level simulation). Characteristics and methods of each level, as well as connectivity between the four levels are described. For example in PD-MSS, absorption column, fluidized-bed reactor, and adsorption process are introduced. For successful MSS, it is necessary to understand the multiscale nature in chemical engineering problems, to develop models representing physical phenomena at each scale and between scales, to develop softwares implementing mathematical models on computer, and to have strong computing facilities. MSS should be performed within acceptable accuracy of simulation results, available computation capacity, and reasonable efficiency of calculation. Macroscopic and microscopic scale simulations have been developed relatively well but mesoscale simulation shows a bottleneck in MSS. Therefore, advances on mesoscale models and simulation tools are required to accurately and reliably predict physical phenomena. PD-MSS will find its way into a sustainable technology being able to shorten the duration and to reduce the cost for process development.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.120-127
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• 2012

Today, most construction projects have been higher, bigger, and more complicated gradually. So the domestic construction companies have been trying to understand overall construction process and relationships between activities, and adopted various management techniques and tools in order to perform a systematic and effective scheduling. However numerous problems have been occurred on the practical applications because most existing scheduling softwares adapt ADM and PDM techniques. One of them, PDM, is so uneffective because it represents the overlapping relationships between two consecutive activities only by the combinations of start and finish points between two activities. In order to supplement the demerit of PDM, Beeline Diagramming Method(BDM) is proposed as a new networking technique, it can represent two-way multiple overlapping relationships between two activities directly. However there are occurring a loop phenomenon on applying two-way multiple overlapping relationships. This research proposes and verifies the schedule computation method of two-way multiple overlapping relationships on the BDM network.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.153-164
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• 2010

A program consumes energy by executing its instructions. The amount of cosumed power is mainly proportional to algorithm complexity and it can be calculated by using complexity information. Generally, the complexity of a S/W is estimated by the microprocessor simulator. But, the simulation takes long time why the simulator is a software modeled the hardware and it only provides the information about computational complexity quantitatively. In this paper, we propose a complexity estimation method of analysis of S/W on source code level and produce the complexity metric mathematically. The function-wise complexity metrics give the detailed information about the calculation-concentrated location in function. The performance of the proposed method is compared with the result of the gate-level microprocessor simulator 'SimpleScalar'. The used softwares for performance test are $4{\times}4$ integer transform, intra-prediction and motion estimation in the latest video codec, H.264/AVC. The number of executed instructions are used to estimate quantitatively and it appears about 11.6%, 9.6% and 3.5% of error respectively in contradistinction to the result of SimpleScalar.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1999

The DTM(Digital Terrain Model) in GIS(Geographical Information System) shows the elevation from interpolation using data points surveyed. In panoramic flat landform, pixel size, resolution of source data may not be the problem in using DTM However, in mountainous landform like Korea, appropriate resolution accuracy of source data are important factors to represent the topography concerned. In this study, the difference in contour interval of source data, the resolution after interpolation, and different data structures were compared to figure out the accuracy of slope calculation using DTM from the topographic maps of Togyusan National Park Two types of GIS softwares, Idrisi(grid) ver. 2.0 using the altitude matrices and ArcView(TIN) ver. 3.0a using TIN were used for this purpose. After the analysis the conclusions are as follows: 1) The coarser resolution, the more smoothing effect inrepresenting the topography. 2) The coarser resolution the more difference between the grid-based Idrisi and the TIN-based ArcView. 3) Based on the comparison analysis of error for 30 points from clustering, there is not much difference among 10, 20, 30 m resolution in TIM-based Airview ranging from 4.9 to 6.2n However, the coarser resolution the more error for elevation and slope in the grid-based Idrisi. ranging from 6.3 to 10.9m. 4) Both Idrisi and ArcView could net consider breaklines of lanform like hilltops, valley bottoms.