• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate sodium and potassium balances, as well as correlations among the relating factors in adult males and females. We collected blood, urine and feces samples as well as a dietary intake survey from 50 subjects. Then, we analyzed the sodium and potassium contents in blood, urine and feces, and evaluated their state of balance. The average ages of the study targets were 24.7 years old for males and 22.8 years old for females. The daily energy intake by the males was 1733.4 kcal and by the females was 1570.3 kcal. Sodium intakes were 138.3 mEq and 127.5 mEq for males and females, respectively. Potassium intakes were 43.1 mEq and 49.3 mEq, respectively. The daily excretions of sodium through urine were 136.6 mEq by males and 97.0 mEq by females and the excretions through feces were 2.2 mEq and 2.0 mEq, respectively. The daily excretions of potassium through urine were 20.2 mEq and 16.5 mEq by males and females respectively, and the excretions through feces were 7.7 mEq and 7.5 mEq male to female. The retention rates of sodium were 11.7% and 14.1% male to female, respectively, and the apparent absorption rates were 98.5% and 97.8%. Additionally, the retention rates of potassium were 32.9% and 39.8% and the apparent absorptions were 81.9% and 81.3%, both male and female. It was noted that, overall, the sodium intake of adult males and females is still higher than the recommended daily sodium intake, while the potassium intakes and excretions were found to be lower. Based on the results of this study, nutritional guidance and education is recommended to encourage decreased sodium intake and increased potassium intake, according to recommended standards.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.369-372
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• 1972

This study was investigated that effects of steroid hormones on serum sodium and potassium concentration in parathyroidectomized chickens. The results are as followings; 1) Serum sodium and potassium concentration in SHAM-controls were unchanged. 2) In parathyroidectomized chickens, serum potassium level increased more than that of control and serum sodium level appeared no change in each group. 3) In group of administration of cortisone in parathyroidectomized chickens, serum potassium level increased generally more than that of control and serum sodium level appeared no change in each group. 4) In group of administration of testosterone in parathyroidectomized chickens, serum potassium level increased generally more than that of control and serum sodium level revealed no change in each group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1098-1109
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to investigate macro-mineral contents in human milk longitudinally from 2 days to 12 weeks postpartum. Milk samples were collected from 34 healthy lactating women. Calcium, Phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium were analyzed. Concentrations of the minerals except for magnesium differed significantly within the lactation period. The levels of sodium and potassium declined linearly over the first 12 weeks of lactation, but that of phosphorus increased. Statistically significant quadratic trends were observed in phosphorus and sodium concentrations. There was no significant correlation between maternal age and mineral concentrations throughout the lactations period. In addition, no significant differences were found between the primipara and the multipara for mineral concentrations in human milk. Mineral intake of lactating women did not affect the individual mineral concentrations of milk. However, the protein and fat intake of lactating women had a significant correlation with sodium and potassium concentrations. The following four pairs of minerals : potassium and calcium, potassium and phosphorus, sodium and magnesium, and calcium and phosphorus showed a positive correlation with each other in human milk.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.277-284
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• 2019

Purpose: Sodium intake is known to be a critical dietary factor in several diseases including cataract. Earlier studies have reported that excess intake of sodium may elevate the risk of cataract. However, little is known about this in Koreans. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine whether dietary intake of sodium and potassium might modify the risk of cataract. Methods: A total of 1,319 males (219 cases) and 1,966 females (369 cases) from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2012 were analyzed. Energy adjusted dietary intakes of sodium and potassium and their ratios were evaluated to ascertain their associations with the risk of cataract. Dietary intake levels were stratified into quartiles and their risk modifying effects were estimated with logistic regression models with or without subjects' socio-economic characteristics and life styles for each sex. Results: Findings suggested that various descriptive factors were associated with the risk of cataract either in males or females. Males' intake levels of sodium and potassium and their ratios did not differ between phenotypes. Higher intakes or higher ratio was not associated with the risk of cataract. In contrast, female controls had higher intakes of sodium and potassium. Higher intake of potassium reduced the risk of cataract in females. However, such association was not retained when subjects' socioeconomic status and life styles were factored into the analysis. Conclusion: Dietary sodium and potassium intakes minimally affected the risk of cataract in Korean males and females. More studies are needed to ascertain the true pathological effect of sodium intake on cataract aetiology.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.33-39
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• 1975

Changes of urinary aldosterone excretion, concurrent sodium and potassium excretion following furosemide administration were studied in normotensive young Korean with high sodium intake, moderate sodium restriction and marked sodium depletion. After intravenous injection of furosemd 40mg, plasma and urine samples were collected at every thirty minutes for two hours. Plasma-and urinary aldosterone, electrolyte concentration and urine flow rate were measured by means of radioimmunoassay or flamephotometry. Relations of urinary aldosterone to concurrent sodium or potassium/sodium ratio, and of urinary aldosterone to concurrent plasma aldosterone activity were studied. Following were the results: 1. Furosemide administration resulted in a increased urinary aldosterone concentration and unchanged or somewhat decreased sodium concentration in course of time after the injection. 2. Urinary potassium concentration showed initial decrease and subsequent increase in course of time after furosemide administration and it resulted in a gradual increase in urinary potassium/sodium ratio. 3. Studying the relations between urinary aldosterone excretion and potassium/sodium excretion ratio, or sodium excretion were meaningless because of the urinary flow rate after the injection was decreased with time course. 4. Furosemide administration showed a good relationship of urinary aldosterone concentration to concurrent potassium/sodium ratio rather than concurrent sodium concentration in subjects with sodium restriction, but no meaningful relationship was detected in subjects with high sodium intake because increasing rate of the ratio was not so wide. 5. Furosemide also resulted a reasonable relation of plasma aldosterone concentration to concurrent urinary aldosterone concentration especially during low sodium intake. 6. Above results suggested that relation of urinary aldosterone concentration to K/Na ratio following furosemide administration during sodium restriction is significant and has a benefit to reduce the variation induced by kalemic change showing in the diragram for daily aldosterone to sodium excretion.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.443-448
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of sodium-potassium ratio on insulin resistance and sensitivity in Korean adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Subjects were 3,722 adults (1,632 men and 2,090 women) aged 40-69 years participating in the Korean genome and epidemiology study_Ansan and Ansung study. Insulin resistance was assessed using homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HoMA-IR) and fasting insulin, and insulin sensitivity was assessed by using the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). The 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion were estimated from spot urinary samples using the Tanaka formula. The generalized linear model was applied to determine the association between urinary sodium-potassium ratio and insulin resistance. RESULTS: HoMA-IR (P-value = 0.029, P-trend = 0.008) and fasting insulin (P-value = 0.017, P-trend = 0.005) levels were positively associated with 24-h estimated urinary sodium-potassium ratio in the multivariable model. QUICKI was inversely associated with 24-h estimated urinary sodium-potassium ratio in all models (P-value = 0.0002, P-trend < 0.0001 in the multivariate model). CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that high sodium-potassium ratio is related to high insulin resistance and low insulin sensitivity. Decreasing sodium intake and increasing potassium intake are important for maintaining insulin sensitivity. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings in longitudinal studies.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 1988

In order to investigate the combined effect of potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate and the synergistic effect of sodium chloride on bacterial cell growth inhibition, Bacillus subtilis was cultured with or without shaking in tryptone-glucose-yeast extract broth containing 0.1% potassium sorbate and/or 0.03% sodium benzoat, which are equivalent to half of the maximum permissible levels, respectively. The combined treatment of the two preservatives did not show any synergistic effect of tne growth inhibition of B. subtilis. Addition of 2% sodium chloride, however, showed remarkable synergistic effect on the growth inhibition of the bacterium by potassium sorbate.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.76-81
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• 1999

Sodium restricted diets are known to lower blood pressure in salt sensitive, hypertensive patients. Thare is increasing evidence that potassium plays an important role as a protective factor in the regulation of blood pressure. The objective of the current study was to measure parameters of sodium, potassium, and chloride utilization as affected by feeding of substantial quantities of bread made from whole ground white torn meal, whole ground yellow corn meal, and whole ground wheat flour. The breads provided 40 percent of a caloric content of the constant, measured laboratory diet. The 28-day study was divided into an introductory period of 7-days and three experimental periods of 7-days each. Order of assignment to specific treatments for 12 healthy subjects were according to a complete randomized block design. Yellow corn bread diets resulted in the highest potassium retention (243 mg/day) and the lowest urinary sodium and potassium ratio (1.53 $\pm$ 0.26) numerically in comparison to the other test breads. The excretions of sodium and chloride were higher during controlled feeding periods than during the self-selected diet period(p < 0.05). This indicates a response to the higher intake of these electrolytes from the experimental diets than from self-selected diets. There was no significant difference in the effect of white corn bread, yellow corn bread, or whole wheat bread diet on electrolyte status in humans. However, the yellow corn bread diet resulted in a somewhat more favorable urina교 sodium to potassium ratio than that from white corn bread or whole wheat bread diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.261-266
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• 1998

In an attempt to evaluate the effects of alkali agents on properties of Ramyon, cooking quality, textural and sensory properties were examined. The shear extrusion force of Ramyon made from sample A(potassium carbonate 64%, sodium carbonate 14%, sodium pyrophosphate 2% and sodium metaphosphate 20%), sample B(potassium carbonate 31%, sodium carbonate 39% , sodium pyrophosphate 1%, sodium metaphosphate 15%, sodium polyphosphate 8%, sodium phosphate monobasic 4% and sodium phosphate dibasic 2%), sample C(potassium carbonate 60%, sodium carbonate 33% and sodium pyrophosphate 7%), and sample D(potassium carbonate 44%, sodium carbonate 27%, sodium metaphosphate 27% and sodium polyphosphate 2%) were 12.80(kgf), 10.35(kgf), 9.05(kgf) and 8.45(kgf), respectively, but that of control I was 5.24(kgf). The hardness of Ramyon manufactured with sample A, B, C and D were 18.57(kgf), 16.48(kgf), 14.26(kgf) and 12.34(kgf), respectively, but that of control I was 11.23(kgf). At cooking quality examination of Ramyon made from several alkali agents, weight of cooked Ramyon was increased but volume was appeared in vice versa. Extraction amounts of Ramyon manufactured with several alkali agents during cooking were from 35% to 38%, but that of control I was 70%. These changes will provided many advantages in the preparation of Ramyon. The $I_2$ reaction value(${\alpha}-degree$ of noodle) of Ramyon manufactured with several alkali agents and control were shown to almost same values, from 2.10 to 2.20. Sensory properties of cooked Ramyon which was manufactured with several alkali agents showed quite acceptable.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.493-501
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• 1995

To investigate an effect of dietary sodium and potassium on blood pressure, 418 adolescents living in Kangwha area were studied. Two measurements were taken on each blood pressure(diastolic, systolic) and the average of the two readings was used in the analysis. Sodium and potassium intake were estimated by the determination of those electrolytes in 24hr urine. Not only dietary factors but also physical growth factors such as weight, height, arm-circumference and skinfold-thickness were induced in the stepwise multiple regression analysis to indentify the relative importance between the factors. The variation of blood pressure both in systolic and diastolic in both sexes was inconsistent with the levels of sodium and potassium intake. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the physical growth were more influential than nutrient factor. It suggested that hypertension risk factors observed form the adults, may not be identical with that of the growing aged population. After control of the physical growth, there was no significant variation observed by the level of sodium and potassium intake on blood pressure. In summary, the results indicate that growth has been more influential than dietary factor on blood pressure for growing aged population.