• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.425-430
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical applications of the Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate effervescent tablet as a routine root canal irrigant by performing several in vitro tests such as $Cl^{-}$ content. cytotoxicity. antimicrobial effect as well as its pH level compared to the equivalent concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution. 1. Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate demonstrated lower level of $Cl^{-}$ concentration than each dilution of sodium hypochlorite solution. Both solution has increased level of $Cl^{-}$ as the concentration of each solution increased. There was no significant change of $Cl^{-}$ concentration in sodium hypochlorite as time goes by. However. $Cl^{-}$ concentration in Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate was increased. 2. The antimicrobial effects of both solutions were increased when their concentrations were increased. One day after dilution. antimicrobial effect of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate was slightly higher than sodium hypochlorite. however. there was no difference in 1 week dilution solution. One month dilution solution of sodium hypochlorite still retain its activity. but antimicrobial effect of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate was drastically decreased 1 month after dilution. 3. The cytotoxicity of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate was rather higher than same concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution until 1 week after dilution. Then in 1 month. cytotoxicity of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate was decreased than that of 1 week dilution solution. especially 4% Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate solution has almost no toxicity. However. 1% and 2% sodium hypochlorite solution has unchanged moderate degree of cytotoxicity after the dilution. Furthermore. 4% sodium hypochlorite solution showed high level of toxicity. 4. The pH level of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate showed that the solution was weak acid (pH5). On the other hand. sodium hypochlorite was revealed as a strong alkaline solution (pH12). There was no change in pH following the dilution of each solution. As results. Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate solution fully satisfy the basic requirements as a root canal irrigation solution. However. we strongly recommend to use this solution clinically in low concentration and try to apply into the root canal within 1 week after dilution.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.115-121
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• 1982

Sodium hypochlorite solution has been widely used as endodontic irrigant due to its ability to dissolve pulp tissue debris and its antimicrobial action. This in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the solvent action of sodium hypochlorite solution on vital pulp tissue under various conditions include concentration, exposure time, and temperature. The percentage of weight loss due to pulp tissue dissolution was calculated with weight difference of lyophilized specimens before and after the exposure to test solutions. The results were as follows; Statistical analysis indicated that the ability of both 5.0% and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solutions to dissolve pulp tissue was significantly greater than that of distilled water, but no significant difference was found between 5.0% and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solutions. There was no significant increase in the pulp tissue dissolving ability of sodium hypochlorite solutions; as exposure time increased 2 minutes, 5 minutes, and 10 minutes. Of the given temperatures, no significant difference was found in the solvent aciton of sodium hypochlorite solution on pulp tissue between $20^{\circ}C$ (room temperature) and $37^{\circ}C$(body temperature).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.103-110
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cleansing effect of Glyoxide on the dentinal walls of the root canal. Fourty teeth were divided into four groups and the canals in each group were individually enlarged with K-file by step-back technic and irrigated with one of four irrigants. The four used irrigants were Glyoxide (Marion lab. U.S.A.) in combination with 3.5% sodium hypochlorite, 3.5% sodium hypochlorite, 3.5% sodium hypochlorite in combination with 3% hydrogen peroxide and normal saline solution. All the irrigants were used in conjunction with instrumentation as they would be during clinical conditions. After final irrigation, the canals were dried with paper points and the teeth were split longitudinally. The cleaness of canal walls according to the size and the level of canals were evaluated under steroscope by t analysed statistically The results were as follows. 1. The use of 3.5% sodium hyphochlorite in combination with 3.0% hydrogen peroxide revealed the most clean canal surface regardless of the size of canal at apical third of root canal (p < 0.05). 2. Glyoxide in combination with 3.5% sodium hyphchlorite showed no significant difference in cleaning effect of canal surface compared with 3.5% sodium hypochlorite and normal saline solution at the apical third of narrow canal. 3. Glyoxide in combination with 3.5% sodium hypochlorite revealed no significant difference in debridement of canal walls compared with 3.5% sodium hypochlorite in combination with 3% hydrogen peroxide and saline solution at the middle third of narrow and large canals.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.147-153
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• 1982

The purpose of this study is to observe the effect of cleansing action of irrigation solutions which are 3% hydrogen peroxide, 5% sodium hypochlorite and 15% EDTA solution on the root canal wall. After the root canal wall is enlarged with K-file in distilled water, the canal wall which is irrigated with each irrigant for 2 minutes, is compared with the. control group without using any irrigants. Each sample is dehydrated, and coated with 200-250${\AA}$ of gold, and observations are made with the use of scanning electron microscope. The results are as follows: 1. The canal walls irrigated with 3% hydrogen peroxide, 5% sodium hypochlorite and 15% EDTA solution are cleaner than the walls without using irrigants. 2. There are no significant difference of cleansing effect among 3% hydrogen peroxide, 5% sodium hypochlorite and 15% EDTA. 3. After using 3% hydrogen peroxide and 5% sodium hypochlorite solution, large debris are removed on root canal walls, but micro debris remain on the canal walls. 4. The root canal walls irrigated with 15% EDTA solution are decalcifed slightly and show clean surfaces.

• 치과방사선
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.329-335
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• 1992

The purpose of the study was to determine whether Sodium hypochlorite and Glutaraldehyde would be effective for the surface disinfection of contaminated radiographic film pockets with saliva The following results were as obtained 1. Proper times for surface disinfection of 2.0% Glutaraldehyde and 3.5% Sodium hypochlorite were 60 seconds. 2. When films were immerged in 2% Glutaraldehyde solution for 1 minute, baterial colonies were present in 24 cases(80%). 3. When films were immerged in 3.5% Sodium hypochlorite solution for 1 minute, bacterial colony was absent in 25 cases(83.3%). 4. Differences of effectiveness on surface disinfection between 2% Glutaraldehyde and 3.5% Sodium hypochlorite were statistically significant.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.101-105
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• 2008

This study was concerned with the influence of reaction conditions on the surface friction properties of Syrene-Butadiene Rubber(SBR) sheet when it was chlorinated by chemical treatment method using the sodium hypochlorite and sulfuric acid. The results of this study were as follows. SEM photographs of chlorinated SBR surface showed uneven etching caused by the chlorination. In the FTIR spectra, the intensity of C=C peak of SBR was decreased with increasing the concentration of sodium hypochlorite. Otherwise there was no trace of C=C peak in spectrum of SBR treated with 5 wt% NaOCl with pH 0.1 for 90 seconds. EDX spectra showed that relative content of chlorine of SBR was increased with increasing the amount of sodium hypochlorite, and also affected with pH condition of acid solution. Friction angle and friction coefficient of SBR were influenced with concentration of sodium hypochlorite, but were not with pH condition of acid solution.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.210-214
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• 2013

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the capacity of 2% chlorhexidine gel associated with 8% papain gel in comparison with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite in bovine pulp tissue dissolution. Materials and Methods: Ninety bovine pulps of standardized sizes were used and fragmented into 5-mm sizes. The fragments were removed from the root middle third region. They were divided into 6 experimental groups (n = 15), 1) 8% papain; 2) 2% chlorhexidine; 3) 2% chlorhexidine associated with 8% papain; 4) 0.9% saline solution; 5) 2.5% sodium hypochlorite; and 6) 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. The pulp fragments were weighed and put into immobile test tubes for dissolution for time intervals of 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. Results: The 5.25% sodium hypochlorite had greater dissolution potential than the pure papain, and when associated with chlorhexidine, both promoted greater dissolution than did the saline solution and 2% chlorhexidine groups (p < 0.05). The 2.5% sodium hypochlorite promoted dissolution to a lesser extent than the groups with papain within a period of 30 min (p < 0.05), but, was comparable to the saline solution and chlorhexidine. After 120 min, the 2.5% and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite promoted dissolution of 100% of the pulp fragments, and papain, 61%, while chlorhexidine associated with papain and chlorhexidine alone dissolved only 55% and 3%, respectively. Conclusions: The 8% papain in gel, both alone and in association with chlorhexidine, was able to dissolve bovine pulp tissue, but to a lesser extent than did 5.25% sodium hypochlorite.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.242-248
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• 1983

상치종자(種子)에 광질(光質), 생장조절물질(生長調節物質), soduim hypochlorite침지처리하여 발아시험(發芽試驗)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 자연광(自然光) 및 적색광하(赤色光下)에서 GA 및 BA는 발아(發芽)를 촉진(促進)시켰으며, 청색광(靑色光)이나 ABA는 발아(發芽)를 억제(抑制)시켰다. 2. 생장조절물질(生長調節物質)의 복합처리시(複合處理時) GA 농도(濃度)가 높아질수록 발아율(發芽率)은 상승(上乘)하며 암흑하(暗黑下)에서는 BA농도(濃度) 10ppm에서 발아율상승효과(發芽率上乘效果)가 컸다. 3. Sodium hypochlorite 20분(分) 이상(以上) 침지처리로 암흑하(暗黑下)에서도 85%이상(以上)의 발아율(發芽率)을 보였다. 4. ABA하(下)에서도 sodium hypochlorite 침지처리로 발아율상승효과(發芽率上乘效果)를 볼 수 있었다.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.11.1-11.7
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• 2021

Background: The spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, an often-fatal infection in animals. Therefore, a rapid and reliable strategy to decontaminate areas, humans, and livestock from B. anthracis is very critical. Objectives: The aim of this study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, and quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) sanitizers, which are commonly used in the food industry, to inhibit spores and vegetative cells of B. anthracis surrogate. Methods: We evaluated the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, and a QAC in inhibiting vegetative cells and spores of a B. anthracis surrogate. We treated a 0.1-mL vegetative cell culture or spore solution with 10 mL sanitizer. The samples were serially diluted and cultured. Results: We found that 50 ppm sodium hypochlorite (pH 7), 1 ppm calcium hypochlorite, and 1 ppm QAC completely eliminated the cells in vegetative state. Exposure to 3,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite (pH 7) and 300 ppm calcium hypochlorite significantly eliminated the bacterial spores; however, 50,000 ppm QAC could not eliminate all spores. Conclusions: Calcium hypochlorite and QAC showed better performance than sodium hypochlorite in completely eliminating vegetative cells of B. anthracis surrogate. QAC was ineffective against spores of the B. anthracis surrogate. Among the three commercial disinfectants tested, calcium hypochlorite most effectively eliminated both B. anthracis vegetative cells and spores.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.1034-1036
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• 2005

배추 종자 및 유묘에 대하여 GUS발현 또는 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)발현 벡터를 지니는 Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 세포를 이용하여 진공침윤(agroinfiltration)에 의한 형질전환을 시도하였다. 특히 ELISA를 이용한 HBsAg발현의 정량적 분석에서 agroinfiltration방법은 형질전환효율이 매우 저조하게 나타났다. 그러나 차아염소산나트륨 용액을 발아 전 또는 발아 중인 배추종자에 처리한 후 agroinfiltration을 실시한 경우 형질전환 효율이 $2\~5$배 증가하였다. 따라서 차아염소산나트륨 등의 화학연마제에 의한 종자의 상처발생이 Agrobacterium의 감염을 용이하게 함으로써 배추유묘에서의 일시유전자발현을 증대시키는 것으로 제안되고있다.