• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.469-475
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• 1987

The present paper was investigated to elucidate the nitrite-scavenging ability of seaweed extracts. Seaweed extracts possessed the scavenging ability of nitrite. By fractionation of seaweed extracts, nitrite-scavenging ability of laver(Porphyra tenera), sea lettuce(Enteromorpha compresa) extracts were effective in the water-soluble fraction, but sea mustard (Undaria pinnatifida), sea staghorn (Codium fragile) extracts in the methanol-soluble fraction. Nitrite scavenging ability of seaweed extracts was also pH-dependent, highest at pH1.2 and lowest at pH6.0. Particularly, nitrite-scavenging abilities of water-soluble fractions obtained from laver and sea lettuce were similar to that of L-ascorbic acid at pHl.2. After seaweed extracts were treated with sodium borohydride, nitrite-scavenging ability was remarkably decreased at pH1.2. It is assumed that reducing powers of seaweed extracts participated in their nitrite-scavenging abilities.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.155-170
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• 1983

The primary concern has been focused on the response and adaptation of mouse fibroblast tumor cells to heat-shock in the level of membrane surface proteins, using two labeling techniques, lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination and galactose oxidase-sodium borohydride. Cells arrested in $G_1$ phase exhibited the highest level of LETS protein and high molecular proteins than did cells passing through $G_1/S, S, G_2$ and M, and unsynchronized cells. Confluent cells were found to show an increase in 125K proteins and a decrease in 130K and 100K proteins selectively. The adaptation processes of tumor cells after heat-shock were observed. All the proteins above 80K were reduced immediately after heat-shock, whereas 70K protein increased markedly 24 hours after heat-shock. The 70K protein and high molecular proteins returned to normal level in 48 hours. The 70K protein was found to be trypsin-sensitive and was similarly labeled by galactose-oxidase as well as by lactoperoxidase. It was, therefore, concluded that 70K protein is glycoprotein located on the surface membrane and might be the HSP 70. Possible function of heat-shock protein on the surface membrane and the relation of this protein to differential heat-sensitivity of tumor cells are discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.110-117
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• 1995

Tc-99m Labeled hexamethylenepropyleneamineoxime ([$^{99m}Tc$]-HMPAO) is a famous amino-oxime compound and is widely used to construct SPECT images of cerebral blood flow. To investigate the relationship between chemical structure and radiolabeling in these kind of diamine-oxime compounds, we synthesized seven compounds by Schiff's base formation and successive reduction with sodium borohydride. They were (RR/SS )-4,8-diaza-3,6,6,9-tetramethylundecane-2,10-dione bisoxime (2), (RR/SS/meso)-4,8-diaza-3,9-dimethy-lundecane-2,10-dione bisoxime (4), (RR/SS/meso)-4,8-diaza-3,10-dimethyldodecane-2,11-dione bisoxime (5), (RR/SS/meso)-4,7-diaza-3,6,6,8-tetramethyldecane-2,9-dione bisoxime (8), (RR/SS/meso)-4,7-diaza-5,6-cyclohexyl-3,8-dimethyldecane-2,9-dione bisoxime (10), (RR/SS/meso)-3,4-bis(1-aza-2-methyl-3-oxime-1-butyl)-benzoic acid (12), and (RR/SS/ meso)-2,3-bis(1-aza-2-methyl-3-oxime-1-butyl) benzophenone (14). Chemical structures of all the synthesized compounds were identified by taking $^1H$ spectrum. Among them, 2 and 4 are propyleneamine oxime (PnAO), 6 is butyleneamine oxime (BnAO) and 8, 10, 12 and 14 are ethyleneamine oxime (EnAO). Each compound (0.5 mg) was incubated with stannous chloride (0.5 g - 8 g), carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (final concentration = 0.1 M, pH 7 - pH 10) and Tc-99m-pertechenate (1 ml). Tc-99m labeling of these compounds were checked by ITLC (acetone), ITLC (normal saline), reverse phase TLC (50 % acetonitrile) and ITLC (ethyl acetate). According to the results, EnAO's were not labeled by Tc-99m in any of above condition. About 11 % of maximum labeling efficiency was obtained with BnAO. However, 4 (PnAO) was labeled with Tc-99m to 85 % which is similar to the labeling efficiency of 2 (HMPAO). Hydrophilic impurity (9 % ) was the most significant problem with the labeling of 4, however, pertechnetate (3 % ) and colloid (3 %) were minor problem. In conclusion, we synthesized seven diamine blsoxlme compounds. Among them, four EnAO compounds were not labeled by Tc-99m. A BnAO was labeled poorly and two PnAO's were labeled well. These labeling can be explained by tertiary structure of their Tc-99m chelate.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.257-274
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• 1974

The studies on the carotenoids in the viscera of abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) have been-carried out. The pigments were extracted with acetone-methanol mixture (4 : 1) from the viscera of abalones which were caught around the coastal water of Korea from March to August. The individual carotenoid in the extracts was separated and purified by the silica gel TLC, $Mg(OH)_2$ impregnated paper chromatography and $Mg_2(OH)_2CO_3$ TLC. The isolated eleven carotenoids were investigated and identified by epoxide test, partition test, reduction with sodium borohydride, alkaline hydrolysis, co-chromatography and comparative test with reference carotenoids and electronic and IR absorption spectrophotometry. ${\alpha}$-Carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene. lutein, zeaxanthin, siponaxanthin, siponein, fucoxanthin, loroxan-thin-like and fucoxanthinol-like have been identified among the eleven carotenoids isolated. It has been found that fucoxanthin, on alkaline treatment, was transformed to the product of which chromophore was the same one as fucochrome and semifucoxanthol. Among the identified nein carotenoids siphonaxanthin, siponein, fucoxanthin, loroxanthin-like and fucoxanthinol-like have not been reported previously to be contained in the shellfish.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.369-375
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• 1991

Carotenoid pigments from muscle of mussel, Mytilus coruscus, and blue mussel edulis, were separated by thin layer and column chromatography. The isolated carotenoids were identified by comparative test with reference carotenoids, reduction with sodium borohydride, isomerization with iodine and absorption spectrophotometry. The carotenoid content in the muscle of mussel were 0.4mg% in male and 2.7mg% in female, and the carotenoids were composed of 23.4%, 33.4% mytiloxanthin, 26.3%, 22.5% 3, 4, 3'-trihydroxy-7', $8'-didehydro-{\beta}-carotene$, 24.8%, 22.8% pectenoxanthin, 14.0%, 9.9% pectenolone and 5.1%, 6.1% diatoxanthin in male and female, respectively. While, the carotenoid contents in the muscle of blue mussel were 1.1mg% in male and 3.2mg% in female, and the carotenoids were composed of 33.8%, 35.6% mytiloxanthin, 28.4%, 44.7% pectenoxanthin, 18.1%, 5.0% diatoxanthin, 9.7%, 8.7% pectenolone and 5.5%, 3.1%, 3, 4, 3'-trihydroxy-7', $8'-didehydro-{\beta}-carotene$ in male and female, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.331-344
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• 1990

What makes glucose transport function sensitive to insulin in one cell type such as adipocyte, and insensitive in another such as liver cells is unresolved question at this time. Recently it is known that insulin stimulates glucose transport in adipocytes largely by redistributing transporter from the storage pool that is included in a low density microsomal fraction to plasma membrane. Therefore, insulin sensitivity may depend upon the relative distribution of gluscose transporters between the plasma membrane and in an intracellular storage compartment. In hepatocytes, the subcellular distribution of glucose transporter is less well documented. It is thus possible that the apparent insensitivity of the hepatocyte system could be either due to lack of the constitutively maintained, intracellular storage pool of glucose transporter or lack of insulin-mediated transporter translocation mechanism in this cell. In this study, I examined if any intracellular glucose transporter pool exists in hepatocytes and this pool is affected by insulin. The results obtained summarized as followings: 1) Distribution of subcellular fractions of hepatocyte showed that there are $24.9{\pm}1.3%$ of plasma membrane, $36.9{\pm}1.7%$ of nucleus-mitochondria enriched fraction, $23.5{\pm}1.2%$ of lysosomal fraction, $9.6{\pm}1.0%$ of high density microsomal fraction and $4.9{\pm}0.5%$ of low density microsomal fraction. 2) In adipocyte, there were $29.9{\pm}2.6%$ of plasma membrane, $19.4{\pm}1.9%$ of nucleus-mitochondria enriched fraction, $26.7{\pm}1.8%$ of high density microsomal fraction and $23.9{\pm}2.1%$ of low density microsomal fraction. 3) Surface labelling of sodium borohydride revealed that plasma membrane contaminated to lysosomal fraction by $26.8{\pm}2.8%$, high density microsomal fraction by $8.3{\pm}1.3%$ and low density microsomal fraction by $1.7{\pm}0.4%$ respectively. 4) Cytochalasin B bound to all of subcellular fractions with a Kd of $1.0{\times}10^{-6}M$. 5) Photolabelling of cytochalasin B to subcellular fractions occurred on 45 K dalton protein band, a putative glucose transporter and D-glucose inhibited the photolabelling. 6) Insulin didn't affect on the distribution of subcellular fractions and translocation of intracellular glucose transporters of hepatocytes. 7) HEGT reconstituted into hepatocytes was largely associated with plasma membrane and very little was found in low density microsomal fraction which equals to the native glucose transporter distribution. Insulin didn't affect on the distribution of exogeneous glucose transporter in hepatocytes. From the above results it is concluded that insulin insensitivity of hepatocyte may due to lack of intracellular storage pool of glucose transporter and thus intracellular storage pool of glucose transporter is an essential feature of the insulin action.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.289-295
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• 1993

The present paper was investigated in the inhibitory action of vegetable and seaweed water-soluble extracts on the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA). The vegetable and seaweed extracts obtained from garlic(Allium sativum), onion(Allium cepa), green onion(Allium fistuiosum), chinese pepper(Fagara mandshurica), green pepper(Capsicum annuum), red pepper(Capsicum annuum), ginger(Zingiber officinale), carrot(Daucus carota), laver(Porphyra tenera), sea lettuce(Entero compresa), sea mustard(Undaria pinnatifida) and sea staghorn(Codium fragile) were incubated with sodium nitrite-dimethylamine mixtures at $37^{\circ}C$ under different pH conditions The formation of NDMA was reduced to $10{\sim}40\%\;and\;25{\sim}50\%$ by the addition of vegetable and seaweed extracts 30mg at pH 1.2, respectively. The inhibition degree by the extracts at pH 1.2 was similiar to that at pH 4.2 and to that by ascorbic acid at pH 1.2. The inhibitory action of the extracts against NDMA formation was not decreased by heat treatment at $80^{\circ}C$ for 10min, but decreased by the treatment of sodium borohydride. It is assumed that reducing powers of the extracts participated in their inhibitory actions.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.163-172
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• 2007

This study was designed to investigate that inorganic germanium $(GeO_2)$ did not exist in germanium-fortified yeast or obtained to non-detectable value by current analytical methods and equipments. For this purpose, we achieved $GeO_2$ qualitative analysis protocol which could be the scientific basis of the study. Since reddish brown precipitate was formed from the reaction of $GeO_2$ with 1 equiv $NaBH_4$, and dark brown precipitate was also formed from the reaction of $GeO_2$ with 2 equiv $NaBH_4$, $GeO_2$ was qualitatively analyzed by observing these particular colored-precipitates. Because no color change was showed from the reaction between $NaBH_4$ and $SiO_2$, the color change could be caused by charge transfer transition on Ge-O and B binding properties. The reaction between $NaBH_4$ and germanium-fortified yeast did not show any color change and precipitate formation which meant no $GeO_2$ existed in germanium-fortified yeast. The reaction between $NaBH_4$ and supernatant specimen collected from the outside of dialysis membrane (MWCO 1,200 dalton) did not show any color change and precipitate formation. Therefore, we considered that the both germaniums in and outside of the dialysis membrane were organic germaniums. Germanium-fortified yeast which was biosynthesized organic germanium can be applied not only as a new functional material for improving health, prevention and treatment of chronic degenerative diseases including cancers, and the regulation of immune system, but also as a new materials.