뉴스기사를 이용한 소비자의 경기심리지수 생성 (Construction of Consumer Confidence index based on Sentiment analysis using News articles)
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- 지능정보연구
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- 제23권3호
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- pp.1-27
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- 2017
경제주체들의 경기상황에 대한 판단 및 전망은 경기변동에 영향을 미치므로 경기심리지수와 거시경제지표들 간에는 밀접한 관련성을 나타내는 것으로 알려져 있다. 경기선행지표로 국내에서 많이 사용되는 경기심리지수에는 소비자동향조사, 기업경기조사, 경제심리지수가 있다. 그러나 설문조사를 통해 생성된 지수는 자료의 성격상 속보성이 떨어지는 문제가 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 정형데이터의 한계를 보완할 수 있도록 비정형데이터에서 정보를 추출해 경기심리지수를 생성하고, 경제분석에서의 활용 가능성을 검토하였다. 민간소비와 관련된 실물지표에는 소매판매업지수와 서비스업생산지수를 사용하였고, 고용지표에는 고용률과 실업률을, 가격지표에는 소비자물가상승률과 가계의 대출금리를 사용하여 지표들 간의 추이 분석 및 시차구조 파악을 위한 교차상관분석을 수행하였다. 마지막으로 이들 지표들에 대한 예측 가능성을 점검하였다. 분석결과, 다른 지표들의 선행지수로 많이 사용되는 소비자심리지수와 비교해 선택 지표들과 높은 상관관계를 보이며, 1~2개월 선행한 것으로 나타났다. 예측력 또한 향상되어 텍스트데이터에서 생성한 소비자 경기심리지수의 유용성이 확인되었다. 온라인에서 생성되는 뉴스기사나 소셜 SNS 등의 텍스트 데이터는 속보성이 뛰어나고, 커버리지가 넓어 특정 경제적 이슈가 발생할 경우 이것이 경제에 미치는 영향을 빠르게 파악할 수 있다는 점에서 경기판단지표로써의 잠재적 가능성이 클 것으로 보인다. 경제분석에서 비정형데이터를 활용한 국내연구는 초기 단계지만 데이터의 유용성이 확인되면 그 활용도가 크게 높아질 것으로 기대한다.
대기업과 중소기업의 갈등이 심화되고 있고 낙수효과 또한 제대로 작동하지 않고 있으며 사업조정제도의 실효성에 대한 논란이 이어지고 있는 가운데 중소기업의 사업영역을 보호하고 중소 대기업간 양극화를 해소하며 더불어 골목상권도 보호하기 위한 방안으로 도입된 것이 중소기업 적합업종 지정제도이다. 중소기업 적합업종의 추진현황은 제조업분야로 중소기업 적합업종 품목 중 234개 품목을 신청 접수 받아 실태조사 및 분석하여 조정협의체의 품목을 선정하였다. 서비스업분야에서의 적합업종 지정은 사회적 갈등이 있는 업종부터 지정할 계획인데, 중소기업 및 소상공인의 생업과 관련된 3개 대분류 서비스업종을 대상으로 우선 지정하고 추후 순차적으로 확대할 예정이다. 하지만 중소기업 적합업종 품목으로 선정될 경우에는 중소기업의 성장 동기가 저해될 우려가 있으며, 중소기업 적합업종 품목 지정은 소비자 후생 감소가 나타날 수 있다. 또한 사전적 규제로 작용할 소지가 높을 뿐만 아니라 경쟁을 제도적으로 제한함으로써 부작용이 나타날 우려가 있으며 FTA 체제의 주요 규정에 대한 위배 가능성도 있다. 뿐만아니라 대기업에 대한 역차별 요인이 충분히 반영되지 않고 있다는 점도 문제점으로 지적된다. 특히 중소기업 적합업종제도가 대기업의 주력분야와 관계없는 서비스업에 대한 진출 확대로 인해 중소기업 및 소상공인과의 갈등을 초래하고 있는 실정이므로 중소기업이나 중소상인의 보호를 위해서는 프랜차이즈시스템을 통해서 지역 중소기업을 발전시키고 마스터 프랜차이즈나 지역 프랜차이즈 시스템과 같은 선진 계약 방식을 도입하는 것이 필요하다. 하지만 이러한 방식은 기업들의 경쟁력과 운영방식을 한층 더 진일보 시켜 중소 프랜차이즈기업의 경쟁력 강화에 기여하는 효과도 있지만 부정적 측면이 더 많다고 볼 수 있다. 첫째, 지식경제부가 밝히고 있듯이, 프랜차이즈산업은 자영업자의 창업 성공률을 높여주고, 기존 자영업자를 조직화하여 규모의 경제를 통한 경쟁력 강화에 기여할 뿐만 아니라 다양한 서비스를 소비자에게 제공함으로써 내수시장을 확대하고, 일자리 창출에 기여하는 등 자영업자 경쟁력 제고와 서비스 산업 활성화를 위한 '유용한 수단'임을 강조하고 정부 서민안정 대책으로 밝힌바 있다. 이러한 관점에서 본다면, 프랜차이즈는 적합업종 제도의 취지에 부합하는 것이며 이에 반하는 것이 아님을 알 수 있다. 둘째, 적합업종으로 지정될 경우 국제적 경쟁력을 갖고 있는 국내 프랜차이즈 대기업들의 위축과 사기저하로 인하여 해외진출과 R&D, 식품안전에 대한 투자 감소와 더불어 국내 진출한 해외 기업들의 사업 확장에 부정적 영향을 끼칠 수 있다. 또한 국내 진출한 다국적 해외 프랜차이즈기업들과의 경쟁력을 확보하는 것이 무엇보다도 시급한 국내 프랜차이즈산업 현실에서 국제적 경쟁력 확보의 어려움뿐만 아니라 국내에 진출한 해외 프랜차이즈기업들과의 역차별이 발생할 수도 있다. 셋째, 중소기업 적합업종 품목 지정은 지금까지 제품을 사용해 왔던 소비자들의 선택의 기회를 제한함과 동시에 소비자의 후생을 감소시키는 부정적인 효과를 초래한다. 또한 중소기업 간의 역차별 문제를 발생시켜 소수 중소기업이 시장을 독점함으로써 소비자 선택의 폭이 줄어들 가능성이 있으므로 제품의 효용을 판단하는 역할은 국가가 아닌 소비자의 몫으로 남겨두어야 한다. 마지막으로는 프랜차이즈와 관련하여 이미 가맹사업법과 그리고 공정거래위원회의 모범거래기준 등의 시행으로 공정거래는 확보하고 있으므로 앞으로도 부족한 부분은 이들을 보완하여 진행하는 것이 바람직하다고 본다. 중소기업 적합업종 지정으로 이중삼중으로 규제하는 것은 오히려 프랜차이즈 분야에 과도한 제한이 될 것이다. 이제 국내 프랜차이즈산업에서도 한국의 문화를 전파하는 세계적 프랜차이즈기업이 성장할 수 있는 환경조성과 정부의 적극적인 지원이 필요하다. 따라서 프랜차이즈 기업의 성장 과정이나 배경을 고려하지 않고 현재 대기업이라는 이유만으로 이들에게 불이익을 주는 일은 없어야 한다. 프랜차이즈기업의 성장억제로 인하여 결국 가맹점의 매출감소는 물론이고 심지어는 폐업하는 가맹점의 숫자를 증가시키는 또 다른 문제를 발생시킬 수 있다는 것이다. 따라서 중소기업 적합업종제도가 대기업의 발목을 잡는 것이 아니라 소상공인과 중소기업의 경쟁력 제고와 동반성장을 목표로 하고 있는 만큼 대기업과 소상공인 및 중소기업이 상생과 협력을 바탕으로 거래관계를 지속하는 프랜차이즈 기업들이 포함되지 않도록 하는 것이 타당할 것이다.
Under the full consideration of the growing need and importance of population education in the field of home economics in Korea, the study was carried out to verify and assess the following facts on the current issues of population education of home economists who are presently engaging in teaching professions as the teachers of middle and high school and professors of college and universities by setting its primary objectives of the study as followings; 1) to assess the degree of general knowledge and attitudes of home economists toward population education in the field of home economics, 2) to verify the problems encountered in implementing population education by home economists in its field, 3) to find an existing status of previous trainings received and other activities of population education of home economists aimed at utilizing these findings as a part of reference materials when the population education is conducted in the field of home economics. In order to attain these objectives described above, the questionnaire was carefully designed to house a total of 40 questions with good combination of multiple-choice and the simple answer questions. The mail questionnaire survey was conducted by establishing teachers of home economics at middle/high schools and college/universities as Senior Home Economists(SHE) who are from public, private liberal arts and vocational schools. The rate of response observed during the survey was 45.6 percent and the findings of the survey research are as follows: 1) Examining the status of the respondents by residence and religion, it was found that 45 percent of middle & high school teachers ar.d 59. 1 percent of college professors are residing in Seoul city area and that the largest percent of them are christian in their religion. Analyzing respondents by their ages, 56 percent of middle/high school teachers are in their 30s, 45 percent of college professors are in their 40s, and 37 percent of college teachers are in their 30s. In addition, 13 percent of the total respondents are found to be unmarried. The study also revealed that 71 percent of the college professors finished Master Degree course and 82 percent of middle/high school teachers are graduated from college level lasting 4 years. Looking over the status cf major fields of respondents, 68.4 percent of middle/high school teachers are specialized in home economic education and the college professors, on the other hand, show relatively even prortion by specializing in the order of food & nutrition science, clothes & textile science and home managerial science. As far as the length of teaching experience is concerned, a relatively longer period of teaching experience is observed in the college professors in comparison with that of middle/high school teachers. In other words, 33.3 percent of middle/high school teachers are experienced in teaching from 6 to 10 years on average while 43.9 percent of college professors show more than 16 years of experience. 2) Examining the status of existing number of children cf the respondents, one boy and one daughter pattern is predominant, showing 28.5 percent in middle/high school teachers and 21.1 percent in college professors. As for the desired number of children of unmarried respondents, it is observed that 43.8 percent of middle/high school teachers desire to have one boy and one girl, and 31.3 percent of college professors want to have one child regardless of the sex. By assessing the degree of awareness of the population education through their students, it is observed that 53 percent of middle/high school teachers and 50 percent of college professors are aware of population education in some extent and that a majority of respondents took the positive attitudes toward an inclusion of family planning components into the formal school education. Another noteworthy to observe is that a total of 84.8 percent out of middle/high school teachers pointed that the population education currently conducted at schools as a part of home economics are less sufficient than it should be. 3) Analyzing the tendency as to whether the respondents were experienced in receiving population education during the time when they were students, 75 percent of college professors and 59 percent of middle/high school teachers responded negative answers in the survey. In the mean time, a total of 50 percent of the respondents replied that they began to acknowledge the importance of population education mainly through the participation of some sort of population-education orientend seminars, experienced by 40 percent of college professors and 80 percent of middle/high school teachers. 4) What it calls attention in this study was to find that 96.5 percent of middle/high school teachers and 72 percent of college professors conduct population education to some extent during their lecture hours and that more than 80 percent of them are never experienced in teaching population and family planning contents in their regular classes. It is, on the other hand, found that no more than once was the response of those who believe themselves that they are experienced in teaching these relevant components to their students. Analyzing the contents of the subjects being taught in the class, a large percent of them are found to be consisted of population and family planning contents. According to this study, the current population education through the formal school is quite inactive. Analyzing the facts, 44.9 percent of the college professors responded that the population and family planning components are quite apart from their specialization which eventually generates lack of interest in the field. 5) It is also noticed through the study that the degree of frequency of commenting on population and family planning contents during the classes was depending significantly on their specializations which means that the degree of frequency varies from a major to another. Those who majored in home managerial science was the first one, as compared to others who majored in different specializations. Glancing over the status of correlations between ages of the respondents and numbers of seminar paticipation, it is quite clear that the aged group participated more than the younger group did, and that the most highest number of participations made by college professors were those who are in 50s. In addition, it is also found that those who are aged 20s and 60s of the respondents were the group who comments least on the contents of population and family planning at their classes. The suggestions and recommendation made through this survey research are as follows. 1) No one denies that the rapid increase of population, as compared to the limited size of land and resources, will certainly affect adversly to an enhancement of individual life quality which will, eventually, bring forth the poverty of the nation. This is the reasson why we are insisting that the world population be controlled up to an optimum level with a matter of global concerns. It is our understading that the primary aim for reducing number of population is believed to be attained only by conducting the systematic and comprehensive population education through the formal schools. Therefore, the role of home economists in the field of population/family planning education is considered very importment due to the fact that an ultimate goal of population education is placed in elevating the quality of family life by having optimum number of children through family planning program. 2) It is quite clear that home economists as teachers of formal school in all level are invited to pay their attention on redefining the ultimate goal of education and that of population education. We also understant that the primary objective of population education is to change the norm and value of the clients by replenishing the students with pertinent knowledge and attitudes on population and its related problems through a sort of education in order to attain the ultimate goal for enhancing the quality of life. There is no exception in the theory of home economics. An altimate goal of home economics is to elevate the general quality of life through an establishment of value existed in daily life. Considering the relations between population education and home economics, it is quite indespensable to bandle population components as an integral part in the field of home economics. We believe, therefore, that the senior home economists positive participation in the effort population control is more needed than it has been. 3) It is also strongly urged that population education should be a part of instructor training course for home economics. In other words, the teacher of home economics should be well aware of population and its problems by teaching interrelationship between population education and home economics, needs, contents and methods of population education during the instructor training courese for home economics. In addition, the senior home economists should be encouraged through positive participation on the short term training by types of domestic and international seminar, workshop, etc. 4) We certainly believe that the population education can not sustain itself without any backing-up of information and findings' of various and comprehensive researches of natural and social sciences. Accordingly, every senior home economist is invited to exert their maximum effort to conduct systematic study with an aim to utilize these findings and information at best in population education in the field of home economics. Therefore, we consider that the development of training material is imminent in order to provide effective and efficient population education through the for training of home economies. It should be noted that these training materials must be carefully designed, tailored and developed to meet the different classes of trainees under the considerations as to whether it is easily adaptable and infusable into the curricula of every field of home economics, and it is acceptable in the degree of difficulty and quality in its contents. 5) It is true that there are many domestic and international research rapers, reports and findings in the field of population education and family planning. However, there is a tendency that the most of research papers are heavily relying on the authors intension and preferences in its expression and publication. Under these circumstances, it is urged that the home economists should aware of the growing need of the technical training in order to keep these available information and research findings reprocessed and redesigned to insure the practical application into the population education in the field of home economics in Korea.
목적: 가톨릭대학교 성빈센트병원 호스피스팀에서는 사별가족들에 대한 지지로서 해마다 사별가족모임 및 추모제를 실시해왔다. 호스피스 환자 및 사별가족의 어려움, 욕구, 대처양상, 품위 있는 임종에 대한 견해에 대해서는 선행연구가 진행되어 왔으나, 사별가족모임에 참석한 가족들의 태도에 대한 선행연구는 찾기가 어려웠다. 최근 1년 이내에 사별 경험이 있는 가족을 중심으로 견해조사를 실시하면서, 향후 사별가족지지프로그램에 대한 욕구와 보완점 파악, 객관적 기준을 마련하기 위해 본 연구를 시작하였다. 방법: 2003년 11월부터 2004년 10월까지 12개월 동안 성빈센트병원 호스피스 병동에서 임종한 사별가족 180가족들에게 초대장을 발송하였고, 사별가족모임에 참석한 22가족에게 설문지 조사하였고, 전화연결된 가족 18가족에 대해서는 연구자 1인이 전화설문을 시행하였다. 설문지는 일반적인 사항을 제하고는 개방형 질문으로 조사하였다. 결과: 총 응답자의 평균연령은 56세(
본 연구는 비닐하우스 농작업자의 만성적인 피로도와 주관적 신체증상의 정도를 파악하여 비닐하우스 농작업자들이 건강을 예방하고 증진시킬 수 있는 필요한 중재방안의 개발에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 시도되었다. 자료수집기간은 2003년 5월 25일부터 2003년 6월 25일까지로, 1개 보건진료소가 관할하고 있는 지역의 비닐하우스 농작업자 166명을 대상으로 질문지를 사용하여 자료를 수집하였으며, 연구도구는 일본산업위생협회 산업피로연구회[13]가 개발한 30개 항목의 피로자각증상과 Lee 등[7]이 사용한 주관적 신체증상 도구를 기초로 선행연구의 고찰 및 전문가의 자문을 통해 수정 보완하여 사용하였으며, 건강행위 요인, 농작업 특성, 농약살포 행위는 관련 문헌고찰을 통해 연구자가 개발하여 사용하였다. 연구 결과의 요약은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 연구대상자의 일반적 특성은 남자 48.8%, 여자 51.2%로 50-59세가 36.7%로 가장 많았으며, 초졸이하가 50.0%, 자신의 건강에 대한 인지상태는 주위사람과 비슷하거나 나쁘다고 인지하는 정도가 79.5%였다. 둘째, 건강행위 요인으로는 운동을 하지 않는 대상자가 88.6%, 세끼 식사는61.5%가 규칙적으로, 수면시간은 8시간 이상 충분한 수면을 취하는 경우가 28.9%, 5시간 이하 24.1%이었으며, 흡연자 27.1%, 음주자 30.7%, 1년 이내 건강검진율38.6%로 나타났다. 셋째, 농약살포 행위로는 년간 농약살포 횟수가 18회 이상 44.6%로 매우 높았다. 농약살포 후 목욕을 하는 경우가 73.5%, 농약살포시 보호장비 미착용자가 45.2%, 농약살포시 직접살포 51.2%, 농약살포 후 하우스내 재입실 시간은 65.1%가 4시간이 경과한 후 이었으며, 살포 후 즉시 들어가는 경우도 17.5%로 나타났다. 92.2%가 농약살포 후 환기를 하였으며, 대부분 오후 4시 이후에 농약살포를 하는 것으로 나타났다(72.9%). 농약중독 경험은 77.1%가 없다고 하였다. 넷째, 농작업 특성으로는 총농사기간 40년이상이 28.9%, 20년 이하 20.4%, 비닐하우스 작업기간은 16년 이상이 55.4%, 일일노동시간은 10시간 이상이 67.4%, 일일 하우스내 작업시간은 10시간 이상이 29.5%로 가장 높았으며, 년간 재배기간은 9개월 이상 38.0%, 경작면적은 61.5%가 2,000평 미만이었다. 주로 쪼그리고 앉아서 작업하였으며(56.6%), 농작업 동반가족은 부부가 하는 경우가 72.3%로 나타났다. 다섯째, 피로도는 연령별로는 70세 이상에서 23.90점으로 가장 높았으며, 다음으로 50대가 20.89점으로 높았다. 성별로 여자의 피로도(21.64점)가 남자(17.35점)보다 높았으며 통계적으로 유의하였다(t=-2.212, p<0.05). 교육정도에 따른 피로도는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 인지한 건강상태가 나쁠수록 피로도가 높았으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(F=20.610, p<0.001). 운동회수에 따른 피로도는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 식사습관이 불규칙할수록(t=-3.883, p<0.001), 수면시간이 짧을수록(F=3.937, p<0.05) 피로도가 높았다. 비음주자(19.92점)가 음주자(18.69점)보다 피로도가 높았으나 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 흡연자(20.40점)자 비흡연자(19.22점)보다 피로도가 높게 나타났으나 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 건강검진을 안받은 사람의 피로도는 21.76점, 1년전에 받은 경우 18.05점으로 최근에 검진을 받을수록 피로도가 낮았으나 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 농약살포 후 목욕을 하지 않을 때 피로도가 높았다(t=-2.950, p<0.01). 농약중독 경험이 있을 때 높게 나타났으나 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 농작업의 특성에 따른 피로도는 일일 노동시간이 길수록(F=5.633, p<0.01), 일일 하우스 내 작업시간이 길수록 (F=5.247, p<0.01) 피로도가 높게 나타났다. 여섯째, 주관적 신체증상은 30대가 7.00점, 70세 10.90점이나 통계적 유의성은 없으며, 성별에 따라 남자보다 여자가 신체증상 점수가 높았다(t=-3.176, p<0.01). 교육을 받지 않은 경우가 신체증상점수가 높았으며(F=3.467, p<0.05), 인지한 건강상태가 나쁠수록 주관적 신체증상 점수도 높았다(F=35.335, p<0.001). 불규칙적인 식사습관인 경우 주관적 신체증상 점수가 높았다(t=-3.384, p<0.01). 수면시간이 짧을수록 신체증상 점수가 높았으나 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 농약살포 후 목욕을 하지 않은 경우(t=-3.188, p<0.01)와 농약의 간접살포(t=-2.312, p<0.05)시 주관적 신체증상 점수가 높았으며, 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 농약살포 후 환기를 안 한 경우와 중독경험이 있는 경우 주관적 신체증상점수가 높았으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 농약살포 후 즉시 비닐하우스에 재입실한 경우 주관적 신체증상 점수가 가장 높았으며 재입실시간에 따른 주관적 신체증상은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 총농사기간이 길수록 주관적 신체증상 점수가 높았으나(p<0.05), F검증 사후분석에서 기간에 따른 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 비닐하우스 작업기간이 길수록 주관적 신체증상 점수가 높았으나 (p<0.05), F검증 사후분석 결과 기간에 따른 신체증상 점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 일일 노동시간이 길수록(F=3.215, p<0.05), 일일 하우스내 작업시간이 길수록(F=4.730, p<0.01) 주관적 신체증상 점수가 높게 나타났다. 년간 재배기간, 경작면적, 작업자세와 농작업 동반가족수에 따른 주관적 신체증상은 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 본 연구는 달성군의 1개 보건진료소 지역에 국한하여 조사되었으므로 다른 지역의 비닐하우스 농작업자를 대상으로 한 반복적 연구가 필요하며, 주로 신체적인 증상에 대한 조사로 다른 연구에서 농작업자들의 정서적, 심리적인 문제를 포함한 연구가 요구된다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 비닐하우스 농작업자를 위한 건강증진 프로그램이 개발되어야 하며, 비닐하우스 농작업자를 위한 지도지침을 구체적으로 마련하고, 운동을 포함한 올바른 생활양식의 지속적인 실천 및 관리를 할 수 있는 전략과 농촌의 사회 문화적인 환경을 고려한 포괄적인 건강증진 프로그램의 개발이 요구된다.
The success of the family planning program in Korea is reflected in the decrease in the growth rate from 3.0% in 1962 to 2.0% in 1971, and in the decrease in the fertility rate from 43/1,000 in 1960 to 29/1,000 in 1970. However, it would be erroneous to attribute these reductions entirely to the family planning program. Other socio-economic factors, such as the increasing age at marriage and the increasing use of induced abortions, definitely had an impact on the lowered growth and fertility rate. Despite the relative success of the program to data in meeting its goals, there is no room for complacency. Meeting the goal of a further reduction in the population growth rate to 1.3% by 1981 is a much more difficult task than any one faced in the past. Not only must fertility be lowered further, but the size of the target population itself will expand tremendously in the late seventies; due to the post-war baby boom of the 1950's reaching reproductive ages. Furthermore, it is doubtful that the age at marriage will continue to rise as in the past or that the incidence of induced abortion will continue to increase. Consequently, future reductions in fertility will be more dependent on the performance of the national family planning program, with less assistance from these non-program factors. This paper will describe various approaches to help to the solution of these current problems. 1. PRACTICE RATE IN FAMILY PLANNING In 1973, the attitude (approval) and knowledge rates were quite high; 94% and 98% respectively. But a large gap exists between that and the actual practice rate, which is only 3695. Two factors must be considered in attempting to close the KAP-gap. The first is to change social norms, which still favor a larger family, increasing the practice rate cannot be done very quickly. The second point to consider is that the family planning program has not yet reached all the eligible women. A 1973 study determineded that a large portion, 3096 in fact, of all eligible women do not want more children, but are not practicing family planning. Thus, future efforts to help close the KAP-gap must focus attention and services on this important large group of potential acceptors. 2. CONTINUATION RATES Dissatisfaction with the loop and pill has resulted in high discontinuation rates. For example, a 1973 survey revealed that within the first six months initial loop acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts, and that within the first four months of inital pill acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts. These discontinuation rates have risen over the past few years. The high rate of discontinuance obviously decreases the contraceptive effectiveness. and has resulted in many unwanted births which is directly related to the increase of induced abortions. In the future, the family planning program must emphasize the improved quality of initial and follow-up services. rather than more quantity, in order to insure higher continuation rates and thus more effective contraceptive protection. 3. INDUCED ABORTION As noted earlier. the use of induced abortions has been increase yearly. For example, in 1960, the average number of abortions was 0.6 abortions per women in the 15-44 age range. By 1970. that had increased to 2 abortions per women. In 1966. 13% of all women between 15-44 had experienced at least one abortion. By 1971, that figure jumped to 28%. In 1973 alone, the total number of abortions was 400,000. Besides the ever incre.sing number of induced abortions, another change has that those who use abortions have shifted since 1965 to include- not. only the middle class, but also rural and low-income women. In the future. in response to the demand for abortion services among rural and low-income w~men, the government must provide and support abortion services for these women as a part of the national family planning program. 4. TARGET SYSTIi:M Since 1962, the nationwide target system has been used to set a target for each method, and the target number of acceptors is then apportioned out to various sub-areas according to the number of eligible couples in each area. Because these targets are set without consideration for demographic factors, particular tastes, prejudices, and previous patterns of acceptance in the area, a high discontinuation rate for all methods and a high wastage rate for the oral pill and condom results. In the future. to alleviate these problems of the methodbased target system. an alternative. such as the weighted-credit system, should be adopted on a nation wide basis. In this system. each contraceptive method is. assigned a specific number of points based upon the couple-years of protection (CYP) provided by the method. and no specific targets for each method are given. 5. INCREASE OF STERILIZA.TION TARGET Two special projects. the hospital-based family planning program and the armed forces program, has greatly contributed to the increasing acceptance in female and male sterilization respectively. From January-September 1974, 28,773 sterilizations were performed. During the same time in 1975, 46,894 were performed; a 63% increase. If this trend continues, by the end of 1975. approximately 70,000 sterilizations will have been performed. Sterilization is a much better method than both the loop and pill, in terms of more effective contraceptive protection and the almost zero dropout rate. In the future, the. family planning program should continue to stress the special programs which make more sterilizations possible. In particular, it should seek to add the laparoscope techniques to facilitate female sterilization acceptance rates. 6. INCREASE NUMBER OF PRIVATE ACCEPTORS Among the current family planning users, approximately 1/3 are in the private sector and thus do not- require government subsidy. The number of private acceptors increases with increasing urbanization and economic growth. To speed this process, the government initiated the special hospital based family planning program which is utilized mostly by the private sector. However, in the future, to further hasten the increase of private acceptors, the government should encourage doctors in private practice to provide family planning services, and provide the contraceptive supplies. This way, those do utilize the private medical system will also be able to receive family planning services and pay for it. Another means of increasing the number of private acceptors, IS to greatly expand the commercial outlets for pills and condoms beyond the existing service points of drugstores, hospitals, and health centers. 7. IE&C PROGRAM The current preferred family size is nearly twice as high as needed to achieve a stable poplation. Also, a strong boy preference hinders a small family size as nearly all couples fuel they must have at least one or more sons. The IE&C program must, in the future, strive to emphasize the values of the small family and equality of the sexes. A second problem for the IE&C program to work. with in the: future is the large group of people who approves family planning, want no more children, but do not practice. The IE&C program must work to motivate these people to accept family planning And finally, for those who already practice, an IE&C program in the future must stress continuation of use. The IE&C campaign, to insure highest effectiveness, should be based on a detailed factor analysis of contraceptive discontinuance. In conclusion, Korea faces a serious unfavorable sociodemographic situation- in the future unless the population growth rate can be curtailed. And in the future, the decrease in fertility will depend solely on the family planning program, as the effect of other socio-economic factors has already been maximumally felt. A second serious factor to consider is the increasing number of eligible women due to the 1950's baby boom. Thus, to meet these challenges, the program target must be increased and the program must improve the effectiveness of its current activities and develop new programs.
Much has teed changed in the field of hospital administration in the It wake of the rapid development of sciences, techniques ana systematic hospital management. However, we still have a long way to go in organization, in the quality of hospital employees and hospital equipment and facilities, and in financial support in order to achieve proper hospital management. The above factors greatly effect the ability of hospitals to fulfill their obligation in patient care and nursing services. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal methods of standardization and quality nursing so as to improve present nursing services through investigations and analyses of various problems concerning nursing administration. This study has been undertaken during the six month period from October 1971 to March 1972. The 41 comprehensive hospitals have been selected iron amongst the 139 in the whole country. These have been categorized according-to the specific purposes of their establishment, such as 7 university hospitals, 18 national or public hospitals, 12 religious hospitals and 4 enterprise ones. The following conclusions have been acquired thus far from information obtained through interviews with nursing directors who are in charge of the nursing administration in each hospital, and further investigations concerning the purposes of establishment, the organization, personnel arrangements, working conditions, practices of service, and budgets of the nursing service department. 1. The nursing administration along with its activities in this country has been uncritical1y adopted from that of the developed countries. It is necessary for us to re-establish a new medical and nursing system which is adequate for our social environments through continuous study and research. 2. The survey shows that the 7 university hospitals were chiefly concerned with education, medical care and research; the 18 national or public hospitals with medical care, public health and charity work; the 2 religious hospitals with medical care, charity and missionary works; and the 4 enterprise hospitals with public health, medical care and charity works. In general, the main purposes of the hospitals were those of charity organizations in the pursuit of medical care, education and public benefits. 3. The survey shows that in general hospital facilities rate 64 per cent and medical care 60 per-cent against a 100 per cent optimum basis in accordance with the medical treatment law and approved criteria for training hospitals. In these respects, university hospitals have achieved the highest standards, followed by religious ones, enterprise ones, and national or public ones in that order. 4. The ages of nursing directors range from 30 to 50. The level of education achieved by most of the directors is that of graduation from a nursing technical high school and a three year nursing junior college; a very few have graduated from college or have taken graduate courses. 5. As for the career tenure of nurses in the hospitals: one-third of the nurses, or 38 per cent, have worked less than one year; those in the category of one year to two represent 24 pet cent. This means that a total of 62 per cent of the career nurses have been practicing their profession for less than two years. Career nurses with over 5 years experience number only 16 per cent: therefore the efficiency of nursing services has been rated very low. 6. As for the standard of education of the nurses: 62 per cent of them have taken a three year course of nursing in junior colleges, and 22 per cent in nursing technical high schools. College graduate nurses come up to only 15 per cent; and those with graduate course only 0.4 per cent. This indicates that most of the nurses are front nursing technical high schools and three year nursing junior colleges. Accordingly, it is advisable that nursing services be divided according to their functions, such as professional, technical nurses and nurse's aides. 7. The survey also shows that the purpose of nursing service administration in the hospitals has been regulated in writing in 74 per cent of the hospitals and not regulated in writing in 26 per cent of the hospitals. The general purposes of nursing are as follows: patient care, assistance in medical care and education. The main purpose of these nursing services is to establish proper operational and personnel management which focus on in-service education. 8. The nursing service departments belong to the medical departments in almost 60 per cent of the hospitals. Even though the nursing service department is formally separated, about 24 per cent of the hospitals regard it as a functional unit in the medical department. Only 5 per cent of the hospitals keep the department as a separate one. To the contrary, approximately 12 per cent of the hospitals have not established a nursing service department at all but surbodinate it to the other department. In this respect, it is required that a new hospital organization be made to acknowledge the independent function of the nursing department. In 76 per cent of the hospitals they have advisory committees under the nursing department, such as a dormitory self·regulating committee, an in-service education committee and a nursing procedure and policy committee. 9. Personnel arrangement and working conditions of nurses 1) The ratio of nurses to patients is as follows: In university hospitals, 1 to 2.9 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 4.0 for out-patients; in religious hospitals, 1 to 2.3 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 5.4 for out-patients. Grouped together this indicates that one nurse covers 2.2 hospitalized patients and 4.3 out-patients on a daily basis. The current medical treatment law stipulates that one nurse should care for 2.5 hospitalized patients or 30.0 out-patients. Therefore the statistics indicate that nursing services are being peformed with an insufficient number of nurses to cover out-patients. The current law concerns the minimum number of nurses and disregards the required number of nurses for operation rooms, recovery rooms, delivery rooms, new-born baby rooms, central supply rooms and emergency rooms. Accordingly, tile medical treatment law has been requested to be amended. 2) The ratio of doctors to nurses: In university hospitals, the ratio is 1 to 1.1; in national of public hospitals, 1 to 0.8; in religious hospitals 1 to 0.5; and in private hospitals 1 to 0.7. The average ratio is 1 to 0.8; generally the ideal ratio is 3 to 1. Since the number of doctors working in hospitals has been recently increasing, the nursing services have consequently teen overloaded, sacrificing the services to the patients. 3) The ratio of nurses to clerical staff is 1 to 0.4. However, the ideal ratio is 5 to 1, that is, 1 to 0.2. This means that clerical personnel far outnumber the nursing staff. 4) The ratio of nurses to nurse's-aides; The average 2.5 to 1 indicates that most of the nursing service are delegated to nurse's-aides owing to the shortage of registered nurses. This is the main cause of the deterioration in the quality of nursing services. It is a real problem in the guest for better nursing services that certain hospitals employ a disproportionate number of nurse's-aides in order to meet financial requirements. 5) As for the working conditions, most of hospitals employ a three-shift day with 8 hours of duty each. However, certain hospitals still use two shifts a day. 6) As for the working environment, most of the hospitals lack welfare and hygienic facilities. 7) The salary basis is the highest in the private university hospitals, with enterprise hospitals next and religious hospitals and national or public ones lowest. 8) Method of employment is made through paper screening, and further that the appointment of nurses is conditional upon the favorable opinion of the nursing directors. 9) The unemployment ratio for one year in 1971 averaged 29 per cent. The reasons for unemployment indicate that the highest is because of marriage up to 40 per cent, and next is because of overseas employment. This high unemployment ratio further causes the deterioration of efficiency in nursing services and supplementary activities. The hospital authorities concerned should take this matter into a jeep consideration in order to reduce unemployment. 10) The importance of in-service education is well recognized and established. 1% has been noted that on the-job nurses. training has been most active, with nursing directors taking charge of the orientation programs of newly employed nurses. However, it is most necessary that a comprehensive study be made of instructors, contents and methods of education with a separate section for in-service education. 10. Nursing services'activities 1) Division of services and job descriptions are urgently required. 81 per rent of the hospitals keep written regulations of services in accordance with nursing service manuals. 19 per cent of the hospitals do not keep written regulations. Most of hospitals delegate to the nursing directors or certain supervisors the power of stipulating service regulations. In 21 per cent of the total hospitals they have policy committees, standardization committees and advisory committees to proceed with the stipulation of regulations. 2) Approximately 81 per cent of the hospitals have service channels in which directors, supervisors, head nurses and staff nurses perform their appropriate services according to the service plans and make up the service reports. In approximately 19 per cent of the hospitals the staff perform their nursing services without utilizing the above channels. 3) In the performance of nursing services, a ward manual is considered the most important one to be utilized in about 32 percent of hospitals. 25 per cent of hospitals indicate they use a kardex; 17 per cent use ward-rounding, and others take advantage of work sheets or coordination with other departments through conferences. 4) In about 78 per cent of hospitals they have records which indicate the status of personnel, and in 22 per cent they have not. 5) It has been advised that morale among nurses may be increased, ensuring more efficient services, by their being able to exchange opinions and views with each other. 6) The satisfactory performance of nursing services rely on the following factors to the degree indicated: approximately 32 per cent to the systematic nursing activities and services; 27 per cent to the head nurses ability for nursing diagnosis; 22 per cent to an effective supervisory system; 16 per cent to the hospital facilities and proper supply, and 3 per cent to effective in·service education. This means that nurses, supervisors, head nurses and directors play the most important roles in the performance of nursing services. 11. About 87 per cent of the hospitals do not have separate budgets for their nursing departments, and only 13 per cent of the hospitals have separate budgets. It is recommended that the planning and execution of the nursing administration be delegated to the pertinent administrators in order to bring about improved proved performances and activities in nursing services.
1. The 'Kao Zheng Pai(考證派) comes from the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' and is a school that is influenced by the confucianism of the Qing dynasty. In Japan Inoue Kinga(井上金娥), Yoshida Koton(吉田篁墩) became central members, and the rise of the methodology of historical research(考證學) influenced the members of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', and the trend of historical research changed from confucianism to medicine, making a school of medicine based on the study of texts and proving that the classics were right. 2. Based on the function of 'Nei Qu Li '(內驅力) the 'Kao Zheng Pai', in the spirit of 'use confucianism as the base', researched letters, meanings and historical origins. Because they were influenced by the methodology of historical research(考證學) of the Qing era, they valued the evidential research of classic texts, and there was even one branch that did only historical research, the 'Rue Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(儒學考證派). Also, the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(醫學考證派) appeared by the influence of Yoshida Kouton and Kariya Ekisai(狩谷掖齋). 3. In the 'Kao Zheng Pai(考證派)'s theories and views the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai' did not look at medical scriptures like the "Huang Di Nei Jing"("黃帝內經") and did not do research on 'medical' related areas like acupuncture, the meridian and medicinal herbs. Since they were doctors that used medicine, they naturally were based on 'formulas'(方劑) and since their thoughts were based on the historical ideologies, they valued the "Shang Han Ja Bing Lun" which was revered as the 'ancestor of all formulas'(衆方之祖). 4. The lives of the important doctors of the 'Kao Zheng Pai' Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢) Yamada Seichin(山田正珍), Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣), Mori Ritsi(森立之) Kitamura Naohara(喜多村直寬) are as follows. 1) Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢 1739
1.The 'Kao Zheng Pai'(考證派) comes from the 'Zhe Zhong Pai(折衷派)' and is a school that is influenced by the confucianism of the Qing dynasty. In Japan Inoue Kinga(井上金峨), Yoshida Koton(古田篁墩