• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.417-430
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• 1993

이 연구는 환경적 요소(간호사의 자율성, 조직의 표준화)와 개인의 특성(통제위, 나이, 경험. 간호역할개념, 도덕성), 직무 스트레스, 윤리적 의사결정 사이의 관계를 이론적 틀을 구성하여 테스트함으로써 그 인과관계를 탐구하였다. 본 연구를 위해 개발된 모형은 1) Katz와 Kahn의 조직에 대한 개방체계 이론(open systems theory of organization) ; 2) Kahn. Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek의 스트레스 이론 (theory of stress) : 3) Kohlberg의 도덕발달 이론(theory of moral develop-ment): 그리고 4) 여러 문헌고찰을 기초로 하였다. 본 연구의 모형은 2가지의 주요 종속변수(직무 스트레스, 윤리적 간호행위), 2가지 매개변수(간호 역할개념, 도덕성 발달정도) 그리고 여러 독립변수들(조직의 표준화, 자율성, 통제위, 교육, 나이, 경험 등)로 구성되었다. 간단히 말해, 간호사의 스트레스와 윤리적 간호행위 를 개인 자신과 환경이라는 두 요소의 결과로 간주한 것이다. 미국(2개주)의 여러 건강관리기관에 근무하는 224명의 정규 간호사를 대상으로 하였고. 가설 검증을 위하여 1) 변수간의 인과관계를 조사하기 위한 Linear Structural Relationships(LISREL)기법과 2) 나이, 경험, 교육이 변수간의 관계에 미치는 중간역할을 알아보기 위해 상관분석을 이용하였다. LISREL결과를 보면 제시된 모델이 각 내재 변수에 상당한 설명력을 가지면서 자료에 잘 맞는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구에서 가장 뚜렷한 점으로 나타난 것은 개인의 특성보다 환경적 요소로서의 자율성이 직무스트레스와 윤리적 의사결정을 예견하는데 훨씬 중요한 변수로 부각되었다는 점이다. 또한 간호사의 전문적 역할개념과 봉사적 역할개념이 간호사의 윤리적 의사결정을 예견하는 가장 중요한 요소로 나타났다. 중간영향(moderation effect)을 보면, 젊고 경험이 적은 간호사일수록 나이가 많고 경험있는 간호사보다 환경적 요소(자율성)에 더 큰 영향을 받는다는 것을 암시하고 있다. 또한 4년제 대학 이상을 졸업한 간호사의 윤리 적 간호행 위 는 2, 3년제 를 졸업 한 간호사 보다 환경적 요소에 의해 덜 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 자율성의 부족은 2, 3년제 졸업 간호사보다 4년제 졸업 간호사에게 더 심한 스트레스가 되고 있음을 시사하였다. 이 연구의 결과로부터 적어도 다음과 같은 두 가지 실제적인 제언을 도출할 수 있다. 첫째, 이 연구는 환경적요소로서의 자율성이 다른 어떤 개인적인 요소보다 직무 스트레스를 예견하는 데 중요한 요소라는 것을 제시하였다. 이것은 간호행정가들에게, 간호사의 직무 스트레스를 감소시키기 위해선 “자율성”이 아주 중요히 다루어져야 한다는 것을 의미한다. 만일 간호사들의 직무스트레스가 그 개인의 복지에 큰 해가 되고 환자를 간호하는 데 직접적으로 관계된다면, 간호행정가는 그 조직의 직무체계를 다시 평가해서 일에 대한 새로운 설계가 필요한지를 파악해야 한다. 또한 이 연구는 직무를 다시 설계할 경우, 누구에게 먼저 촛점을 두고 시작해야 하는지를 밝혀주고 있다. 즉, 젊고 경험이 미숙한 간호사들에게 촛점을 두고 시작해야 하며, 작업환경의 가장 중요한 차원중의 하나인 사회적 지원(social support)을 조심스럽게 고려해 보아야 한다. 둘째, 간호사의 윤리적 간호행위를 높히기 위해 전문적 역할개념과 봉사적 역할개념이 재강조될 필요가 있다. 이 두 역할개념 들을 교육을 통하여 효과적으로 가르칠 필요가 있다고 본다. 이 두 개념들이 간호사의 바람직한 간호행 위에 영향을 미치는 가장 중요한 요소로 나타났기 때문이다. 또한, 본 연구결과에 따르면, 경험이 많을수록 일에 싫증을 느껴 바람직한 윤리적 간호행위가 감소되는 경향이 있었다. 따라서, 건강관리체제 (health care system) 안에서의 간호사의 역할이-전문직으로서의, 그리고 환자를 위한 옹호자로서의-학교와 임상에서 효과적으로 교육되어져야 한다고 본다. 간호사들의 역할에 대한 계속적인 교육이 학생은 물론 임상 간호사들에게도 실시되어져야 할 것이다. 미래연구의 방향을 제시해 보면 첫째로 연구의 일반화를 높히기 위해 더 많은 대상자를 포함시켜야 한다. 이는 여러 종류의 표본을 반드시 한번에 전부 포함시켜야 한다는 것을 의미하는 것이 아니고, 특정한 여러 표본들을 연속적으로 연구함으로서 이 목표를 성취할 수 있다고 생각한다. 둘째는 여러 construct들(윤리적 간호행위, 직무 스트레스, 간호 역할개념 등)에 대한 적절한 측정도구를 개발해야 한다. 측정도구를 개발하기 위해서는 풍부하고 세세한 통찰력을 제공하는 질적인 정보를 얻는 것이 선행되어야 한다. 셋째, 윤리적 간호행위와 직무 스트레스에 관한 연구를 증진시키기 위해 실험설계 및 종단적 연구(expel-imental, longitudinal design)가 시도될 필요가 있다. 마지막으로, 윤리적 간호행위와 직무 스트레스를 예견할 수 있는 이론적 탐구(theoretical exploration), 즉 이론정립을 위하여, 환경적 요소와 개인의 특성에 대한 자세한 정보를 제공해 줄 수 있는 질적 연구들이 요구된다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.397-407
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• 2009

The aim of the study was to evaluate psychosocial impact of non-dental chronic orofacial pain (OFP) on daily living using the graded chronic pain (GCP) scale. It is also investigated the clinical profile such as demographics, event related to initiation of OFP and prior treatments for patients. During previous 6 months since September 2008, 572 patients (M:F=1:1.5, mean age=34.7 years) with non-dental OFP attended university-based specialist orofacial pain clinic (Dankook University Dental Hospital, Cheonan) to seek care although 63% of them already experienced related treatment for their OFP problem. They visited the most frequently general dental practitioner and orthopedic doctors due to their pain problem and medication was the most commonly employed modality. Most of the patients (89.2%) had TMD and the most common related event to initiation of their pain was trauma, followed by dental treatment. Almost half of the patients (46%) suffered from chronic pain(${\geq}6\;M$) and 40% of them exhibited relatively high disability due to chronic OFP. GCP pain intensity and disability days were significantly different for age and diagnosis (p<0.05) but not for gender and duration. GCP grades were affected by all the factors including gender, age, pain duration and diagnosis.(p=0.000) Female gender, elders, and long lasting pain were closely related to high disability. The patients with neuropathic Pain and mixed OFP rather than TMD were graded as being highly disabled. Conclusively, a considerable percentage of chronic OFP patients reports high pain-related disability in their daily, social and work activity, which suggest a need for psychosocial support and importance of earlier referral for appropriate diagnosis and tailored management.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.101-120
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• 2015

This study was conducted to examine the relation between a mother's LOHAS lifestyle propensity, healthy dietary life, and nutrient intake perceived by Chinese university students. The subjects consisted of 376 Chinese university students. The research results are summarized below. The mother's LOHAS attitude index was 76.02 points out of a perfect score of 100 points. High LOHAS attitude factors of mothers were 'health', whereas 'social welfare' scored low. The highest LOHAS attitude items of mothers that Chinese university students perceived was 'My mother uses health food, organic food, clean food'(4.26 points). Males who lived on their own in a large city and have normal BMI ($18.5{\sim}22.9kg/m^2$) perceived a high mother's LOHAS score. The highest food habit variables are 'eating without spilling food' 'cleaning up after meals around' and 'washing my hands before meals'. The highest healthy dietary life item is 'I try to maintain a pleasant and enjoyable life'(3.83 points). The highest nutrient intake attitude score is 'I tend to eat yellowish-green vegetables every day.'(3.92 points). According to mother's LOHAS lifestyle score, it was verified that the higher mother's LOHAS lifestyle score, the higher children's food habit, healthy dietary life, and nutrient intake score are. Mother's environment-friendly LOHAS attitude index has a meaningful impact on the child's food habits, healthy dietary life, and nutrient intake.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.81-93
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• 2020

This study is based on workplace learning, which has revealed its significant influence in the previous enterprise case studies. Why do small business owners have the opportunity to participate in workplace learning based on authenticity? It was intended to clarify whether it was necessary and to increase the growth and development potential of small business owners based on its contents. Moreover, this study is focused on identifying the influence of workplace learning on management performance through this series of processes. In order to investigate the influence of small enterprise workplace learning on management performance, research hypotheses were set based on a review of previous studies, and empirical analysis was carried out. A total of 203 questionnaires were empirically analyzed using SPSS 18.0 program. As a result, first, workplace learning had partially significant positive influence on job satisfaction. Second, workplace learning had significant positive influence on management performance. Third, job satisfaction had significant positive influence on management performance. Fourth, job satisfaction had partial mediating effect in the relationship between workplace learning and management performance. The analysis result showed that among sub-factors of workplace learning, only formal learning did not affect job satisfaction and that job satisfaction did not have mediating effect in the relationship between formal learning and management performance. According to analysis, this was because in poor small enterprise environments, opportunities to participate in formal learning like external training or in-house training were not kept. In other words, poor small enterprise environments were plainly revealed from the managerial, economic and social standpoint. Therefore, there is a need to establish the foundation of growth for them to solve problems and develop win-win development capabilities and an institutional system that can make a contribution to policy and education, and management, by helping small enterprises keep opportunities to participate in workplace learning. In spite of these significant study results, there can be a limitation. For improving this limitation, further research will need to target diverse fields focusing on samples, which can explain relations of many different variables. Also, working-level relation research connected to studies that can highly enhance management performance will be required.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 1985

Femur neck fracture is well known as one of the major death cause after trauma in elderly patients, and unsolved fracture due to its frequent association with complications such as avascular necrosis and nonunion. Through meticulous evaluation of the patient, hip and surgeon's experiences, reduction of mortality and morbidity as well as rapid recovery of the patient to the preinjury social and ambulatory status without local complications and revision after treatment is urgently needed. Many factors about this fracture In itself were noted, but we have analyzed 18 femur neck fractures of the patients older than 50 years preliminarily according to age, fracture pattern, osteoporosis, etiology and method of treatment with its delay in association with major complications especially avascular necrosis and nonunion. The results are as follows; 1. Of these 18 fractures, 11 were in females, 8 were caused by minor trauma such as slip-down accident and 4 were associated with definite osteoporosis according to the Sing's classification. 2. Fracture pattern of these 18 are undisplaced in 4, displaced subcapital in 11, displaced transcervical in 3. 11 fractures in the patients older than 60 year are composed of 3 undisplaced or impacted fractures and 8 displaced subcapital fractures. 3. These 18 fractures were treated by closed reduction and Internal fixation with multiple pins in 13, and hemiarthroplasty in 4, but one was not treated to die after discharge from hospital. 4. 4 undisplaced or impacted fractures and 3 displaced transcervical fractures were not associated with any complications such as avascular necrosis or nonunion. But 4 of 6 displaced subcapital fractures were complicated by avascular necrosis, 3 of which were reduced in the varus position within 1 week, and the other was reduced in the good position on 1 week after trauma. There was no complication in 2 displaced subcapital fractures reduced in valgus position within 3 days after trauma. According to the above results, the prognosis of the femur neck fracture is dependent upon the fracture pattern and delay in its treatment. So it is inevitable to reduce the fracture in anatomical or valgus position as early as possible. But the arthroplasty may be needed in displaced subcapital fractures delayed for several days, with its reluction in extreme varus position or impossible and with pre-existing disease in the same hip Joint (total hip replacement).

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 2003

Objectives: The oriental medical care has been getting popular in community health centers because of uniqueness, changing of disease patterns, and increasing of elderly population. From 1998, oriental medical doctors has been working in several rural community health centers for their military obligations. At this point of time, it is necessary to evaluate the oriental public health doctors system. This study was performed to investigate the utilization patterns, the degree of satisfactions, needs of oriental medical care service provided by community health center in a designated Gun area. This study focused on the need for extending over Myun area of community health center's oriental medical care services. Methods: Person-to-person interview survey method through a structured questionnaire was done by a personnel at a oriental medical care service room in a Gun community health center. The major statistical method used for the analysis were the t-test, ANOVA, and logistic analysis. Results: The total number of responded subjects in this study was 163 residents. Among these 65.0% were aged 61 or over, and only 13.5% recognized themselves were healthy. 73.7% of the respondents demanded establishment of more oriental medical care services provided by community health center to other Myun area. Factors affecting the need for enlargement of oriental medical care service room were education level, subjective awareness of access to community health center, and cost satisfaction of oriental medical service provided by community health center. Thus, a resident who had graduation of middle school achievement or above(OR=3.35), had a long way to center(OR=2.47), satisfied with oriental medical service cost(OR=2.78) had demonstrated increased chance of need by logistic regression analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.64-79
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• 2010

Students with intellectual disabilities typically have great difficulties communicating their needs and wants and may get frustrated, anxious or show signs of aggressive behaviour. They are often unable to understand the concept of relationships with other people as well. This lack of social communication and interaction leads to poor motivation which increases other areas of difficulty in their lives. Therefore, to teach students with intellectual disabilities, it is essential to find special teaching methods to support their positive behavior. This paper proposes that special educational curriculum for students with intellectual impairments utilize natural environments(forests) and materials. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Educational Programs Utilizing Forests on maladjusted behavior of students with mental retardation and to examine the positive effects of such planning practices. The subjects were middle school students who attended a special school for mentally-retarded students. They were divided into two separate groups- an experimental group and a control group. All subjects received the pre and post test using the same method. This program was applied to the formal educational process of middle school from March 1st to October 30th, 2009. In this experiment the results indicate that the effect of using a natural environment(forest) and the materials within a formal educational curriculum was positive as a type of horticultural therapy and that it supports positive behavior strategies in students with intellectual impairments. The usage of various natural materials including plants and flowers within the natural environments provide students with increased opportunities to participate. Teaching methods including natural materials help teachers engage with their students more easily during routine activities as their interest is already stimulated. This project will help students with intellectual impairments to build skills which enable effective participation and increase independence throughout their lives. This should be embedded into both routine and planned activities of the classroom Also, it offers a needed interior plan for the treatment space through an analysis of psychological factors of how the environment affects students.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.117-136
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• 1994

Contemporary global space economy is so dynamic that any one specific structural force can not explain the whole dynamic processes or trajectories of spatial industrial development. The major purpose of this paper is extending the traditional notion of industrial districts to functioning and development of new industrial districts with relation to the development of high technology industries. Several dynamic forces, which are dominated in new industrial districts in the modern space economy, are incorporated in the formation and dynamic aspects of new industrial districts. Even though key forces governing Marshallian industrial district are localization of small firms, division of labor between firms, constructive cooperation, and industrial atmosphere, Marshall points out a possibility of growing importance of large firms and non-local networks in the districts with changes of external environments. Some of Italian industrial districts can be regarded as Marshallian industrial districts in broader context, but the role of local authorities or institutions and local embeddedness seem to be more important in the Italian industrial districts. More critical implication form the review of Marshallian industrial districts and Italian industrial districts is that the industrial districts are not a static concept but a dynamic one: small firm based industrial districts can be regarded as only a specific feature evolved over time. Dynamic aspects of new industrial districts are resulting from coexistence of contrasting forces governing the functioning and formation of the districts in contemporary global space economy. The contrasting forces governing new industrial districts are coexistence of flexible and mass production systems, local and global networks, local and non-local embeddedness, and small and large firms. Because of these coexistence of contrasting forces, there are various types of new industrial districts. Nine types of industrial districts are identified based on local/non-local networks and intensity of networks in both suppliers and customers linkages. The different types of new industrial districts are described by differences in production systems, embeddedness, governance, cooperation and competition, and institutional factors. Out of nine types of industrial districts, four types - Marshallian; suppliers hub and spoke; customers hub and spoke; and satellite - are regarded as distinctive new industrial districts and four additional types - advanced hub and spoke types (suppliers and customers) and mature satellites (suppliers and customers) - can be evolved from the distinctive types and may be regarded as hybrid types. The last one - pioneering high technology industrial district - can be developed from the advanced hub and spoke types and this type is a most advanced modern industrial district in the era of globalization and high technology. The dynamic aspects of the districts are related with the coexistence of the contrasting forces in the contemporary global space economy. However, the development trajectory is not a natural one and not all the industrial districts can develop to the other hybrid types. Traditionally, localization of industries was developed by historical chances. In the process of high technology industrial development in contemporary global space economy, however, policy and strategies are critical for the formation and evolution of new industrial districts. It needs formation of supportive tissues of institutions for evolution of dyamic pattern of high technology related new industrial districts. Some of the original distinctive types of new industrial districts can not follow the path or trajectory suggested in this paper and may be declined without advancing, if there is no formation of supportive social structure or policy. Provision of information infrastructure and diffusion of an entrepreneurship through the positive supports of local government, public institutions, universities, trade associations and industry associations are important for the evolution of the dynamic new industrial districts. Reduction of sunk costs through the supports for training and retraining of skilled labor, the formation of flexible labor markets, and the establishment of cheap and available telecommunication networks is also regarded as a significant strategies for dynamic progress of new industrial districts in the era of high technology industrial development. In addition, development of intensive international networks in production, technology and information is important policy issue for formation and evolution of the new industrial districts which are related with high technology industrial development.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.83-96
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• 2000

Erosional basins formed in middle and upper reaches of Korean great rivers have been main life space of local small and middle cities, but previous studies on erosional basins are widely apart from residents' life and are in shortage with the endeavor to elucidate the man and environment relationship. This paper analyzes the factors and the modes of land-use changes of hills in the erosional basin. In this paper four erosional basins with different geological conditions are selected to elucidate the effect of geological factor(Geochang: granite, Chogye: metamorphic rock, Angye: gravelly sedimentary rock, Maseong: limestone). And the distribution of land use on the transverse and longitudinal cross-section map of the hill is described. The landscape of erosional basin is consisted of surrounding mountains, hills, dissected valleys, and incoming river's floodplain. Dissected valleys and incoming river's floodplain were reclaimed early as paddy field and hills have been used as woodland up to recently. Residents have a new appreciation of hills as a productive hill out of a traditional holy space[mountain] by influence of capitalistic thought that 'natural environment is a sort of productive resource'. Population increase is the another pressure of hill reclamation. The modes of landscape changes due to natural conditions are as follow: (1) In Geochang basin with dense tectolineament spacing, the gentle part of hill is used as field, orchard and agricultural-industrial complex site and the steep part is as woodland. (2) Hills in Angye basin with sparse tectolineament spacing are relatively flat because of maintaining a part of original denudational surface, and are used as orchids, field, paddy fields and agricultural-industrial complex site. The dissection valleys between hills are gentle concave and are used as paddy fields. (3) Hills in Maseong basin are wide and flat, and are used as fields, orchards, and agricultural-industrial complex site. (4) Because hills in Chogye basin, a closed type, are weared by affluents and are narrow and short. Hills are used as woodland and wide dissected valleys are reclaimed as paddy fields.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.159-168
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• 2006

Rodents and many other mammals have two chemosensory systems that mediate responses to pheromones, the main and accessory olfactory system, MOS and AOS, respectively. The chemosensory neurons associated with the MOS are located in the main olfactory epithelium, while those associated with the AOS are located in the vomeronasal organ(VNO). Pheromonal odorants access the lumen of the VNO via canals in the roof of the mouth, and are largely thought to be nonvolatile. The main pheromone receptor proteins consist of two superfamilies, V1Rs and V2Rs, that are structurally distinct and unrelated to the olfactory receptors expressed in the main olfactory epithelium. These two type of receptors are seven transmembrane domain G-protein coupled proteins(V1R with $G_{{\alpha}i2}$, V2R with $G_{0\;{\alpha}}$). V2Rs are co-expressed with nonclassical MHC Ib genes(M10 and other 8 M1 family proteins). Other important molecular component of VNO neuron is a TrpC2, a cation channel protein of transient receptor potential(TRP) family and thought to have a crucial role in signal transduction. There are four types of pheromones in mammalian chemical communication - primers, signalers, modulators and releasers. Responses to these chemosignals can vary substantially within and between individuals. This variability can stem from the modulating effects of steroid hormones and/or non-steroid factors such as neurotransmitters on olfactory processing. Such modulation frequently augments or facilitates the effects that prevailing social and environmental conditions have on the reproductive axis. The best example is the pregnancy block effect(Bruce effect), caused by testosterone-dependent major urinary proteins(MUPs) in male mouse urine. Intriguingly, mouse GnRH neurons receive pheromone signals from both odor and pheromone relays in the brain and may also receive common odor signals. Though it is quite controversial, recent studies reveal a complex interplay between reproduction and other functions in which GnRH neurons appear to integrate information from multiple sources and modulate a variety of brain functions.