• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.1535-1544
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• 1989

The overhang structure of photoresist in optical lithography was studied for the metallization of GaAs-related devices throughout lift-off method. Optical contact aligner with a dose of 8.5 m J/cm\ulcornerand with a wavelength of 300mm was used for ultraviolet exposure of single layer of S1400-27 photoresist. The overhang thickness shows a linear relationship with the soaking time in monochlorobenzene, which its magnitude becomes high at elevated softbake temperature. Such process conditions as a low softbake temperature, a long monochlorohbenzene soaking time and a little exposed energy make the development rate of photoresist lower. The optimum process conditions to obtain a target line-width, which include an appropriate overhang structure such as complete separation between the sidewall of photoresist pattern and the deposited metal edge, are determined as the softbake temperature of 64-74\ulcornerC, the monochlorobenzene soaking time of 10-15min, the ultraviolet exposure time of 70-100sec and the development time of 50-80sec.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.664-667
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• 1998

In order to establish scientific foundations for the production of meju, optimum soaking conditions of raw soybean were investigated. 100% hydration of raw soybean by soaking conditions were observed in 17 hrs at 5$^{\circ}C$, 15 hrs at 1$0^{\circ}C$, 11 hrs at 15$^{\circ}C$, 9 hrs at 2$0^{\circ}C$, 7 hrs $25^{\circ}C$, 5 hrs 3$0^{\circ}C$, 4 hrs at 4$0^{\circ}C$ and 3 hrs at 5$0^{\circ}C$. Exudation amounts of total free amino acids and free sugars were the least when soybean was soaked for 2$0^{\circ}C$ for 9 hours.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2008

The performance of positive plates depends on the structure of the lead dioxide active mass. The positive active materials (PAM) consists of a skeleton, built up of agglomerates and macropores. Agglomerates, in their turn, comprise particles and micropores. This paper described a study conducted to determine the effects of different soaking times between the acid fill and formation stages of the tubular plate production. For the positive plates a lead oxide were filled into tubular bag with a red lead. After filling the positive plates were soaked in $H_2SO_4$ solution. X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and electrical testing had been used to study the compositional and morphological aspects of the positive active material(PAM) just prior and after formation. Results indicate that PAM compositions were effected by the soaking time and acid density of $H_2SO_4$ solution. It can be seen that as the soaking time duration increases, $\alpha$-PbO, $Pb_3O_4$, and Pb were all gradually sulphating. Composition of 3BS reached a maximum at around 3 h duration and $H_2SO_4$ of sp. gr. 1.10 on soaking. This results would suggest that the most beneficial conditions for soaking were the $H_2SO_4$ of sp. gr. 1.10 and 2 to 6 h of soaking.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.197-203
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• 2014

Various parameters such as solvent selection, concentration, solid/liquid ratio, soaking time, temperature, stationary, shaking conditions, and repeated extractions were investigated in order to determine the optimum extraction conditions of ${\beta}$-glucosidase from bagasse fermented by mixed culture of Aspergillus niger NRC 7A and Aspergillus oryzae NRRL 447. Among various solvents tested, non ionic detergents gave the best results than the inorganic or organic salt solutions and distilled water. The optimum conditions for extraction of ${\beta}$-glucosidase were 30 min soaking time at $40^{\circ}C$ under shaking condition at 150 rpm, with solid/liquid ratio 1:15 (w/v), which yielded $2882.74{\pm}95.52U/g$ fermented culture (g fc) of enzyme activity. With repeated washes under the above optimum conditions, the results showed that enzyme extracted in the $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ washes represents about 90% of the total activity.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.136-139
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• 2012

This study is part of research to develop the technology for managing major medicinal crops after harvest. We studied the optimal germination conditions of $Cynanchum$ $wilfordii$ (Maxim.) Hemsl. The mean germination time (MGT) of $C.$ $wilfordii$ seeds was higher after soaking for 4 days after storage at $5^{\circ}C$ for 8 weeks, than with germination at $25^{\circ}C$ (3 days). However, the germinative energy (GE) decreased as the number of days soaking increased. The greatest germination rate ($83.3{\pm}8.8%$) was at $25^{\circ}C$ with no soaking of seeds stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ for 8 weeks. Based on these results, we characterized the germination conditions of a major medicinal crop.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.462-467
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• 1997

The DIS process(dewatering and impregnation soaking process) are using for dewatering of food materials at room temperature. And the DIS process are resulted in diffusion process as well as dewatering phenomena. During the DIS process, plasmolysis or cytorrhysis was happened by according to solute size. A tissue state of food material was very important variables for movement of water or solute, and running conditions are important for dewatering and impregnation. And models for DIS process were fundamentally given by Fick's law at unsteady state or mass balance. For example, Bicompartmental Model was given for quantification of water loss and solid gain.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.504-510
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of soaking and ultrasonic extraction by observing the change of contents with extraction time of physicochemical properties (solid content, colorness, caffeine, chlorogenic acid, total polyphenols, DPPH, and ABTS). As a result of the analysis, solid content increased with longer extraction time and the whiteness tended to decrease with longer extraction time. Conversely, the extraction of functional materials showed a tendency to increase as the extraction time increased. Caffeine reached the maximum value after two hours soaking, but showed the same result as one hour for sonication. Chlorogenic acid did not show difference from the content of coffee extracted for one hour soaking only by sonication extraction for 30 minutes. The total polyphenols eluted with approximately two hours of soaking even after 30 minutes of sonication. DPPH and ABTS were insignificant in their concentrations, but their antioxidative effect was more than two hours of soaking with only 30 minutes of sonication. Sonication has a short time extraction from a functional aspect (caffeine content, chlorogenic acid, polyphenol content, and antioxidant capacity) and this experiment can provide basic data for the development of innovative recipes.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.636-644
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• 2013

We examined the effects of soaking, saturation, and aging conditions of raw cowpea seeds, on the yield and growth responses of cowpea sprouts. The absorption caused rapid growth for the first two hours of soaking, then the growth slowed. The longer the soaking period (varied from 1 to 6 hours), the lower the germinability, yield ratio, and lateral root output became. A five-day saturation (moist $96{\pm}1%$, $20^{\circ}C$) treatment led to higher germinability, yield ratio, and lateral root output than no treatment and one- or three-day saturation treatment. High-temperature aging treatment led to lower germinability and yield ratio compared to no such treatment. Taking these findings into account, the optimal treatment conditions of raw cowpea seeds are a five-day saturation (moist $96{\pm}1%$, $20^{\circ}C$) treatment followed by cleaning and growing.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.115-127
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• 2021

This paper investigates the effects of soaking on a lime stabilized high plasticity clay and evaluates the implications for pavement design. In this context, the soil was stabilized by 4%, 6% and 9% hydrated lime. The soil was pulverized in two different gradations so that representative field gradations could be simulated. Both soil pulverization levels passed the relevant field gradation criteria. Curing durations were chosen as 7 days, 28 days and 56 days. Two groups of samples were prepared and were tested in unconfined compression test apparatus to measure the strength and secant modulus at failure values. One of the groups was tested immediately after curing. The other group of samples were first cured and then subjected to soaking for ten days before testing. Visual observations were made on the samples during the soaking period. The results showed the superiority of fine soil pulverization over coarse soil pulverization for unsoaked conditions in terms of strength and modulus values. Soaking of the samples affected the unconfined compressive strength and modulus values based on lime content, curing duration and soil pulverization level. In soaked samples, fine soil pulverization resulted in higher strength and modulus values compared to coarse soil pulverization. However, even with fine soil pulverization, effects of soaking on modulus values were more significant. A new term named as "Soaking Influence Factor (SIF)" was defined to compare the reduction in strength and modulus due to soaking. The data was compared with the relevant design guidelines and an attempt was made to include Soaking Influence Factors for strength and modulus (SIFS and SIFM) into pavement design processes. Two equations which correlated secant modulus at failure to unconfined compressive strength were proposed based on the samples subjected to soaking. The results of this study showed that in order to decrease the diverse effects of soaking for lime stabilized soils, soil pulverization level should be kept as fine as possible in the field. Importance of proper drainage precautions in the pavements is highlighted for better performance of the pavements.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.1081-1085
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• 2012

This study was performed in order to determine the processing conditions (pre-drying at room temperature for 0 or 30 min, frying at $160^{\circ}C$ for 1 min or at $180^{\circ}C$ for 40 sec, and soaking for 0~24 h) of Sasambeong recorded in the "Sumunsasul". The Sasambeong was evaluated for crude lipid content, hardness, Hunter's color values, and sensory characteristics. After pre-drying at room temperature for 30 min, the crude lipid contents and hardness of Sasambeong were significantly increased. In addition, the crude lipid content and hardness of Sasambeong did not differ significantly according to the frying conditions. After pre-drying, the sensory characteristics of Sasambeong showed more improvement. The crude lipid content, hardness, Hunter's color values, and sensory characteristics of Sasambeong, which were prepared according to different soaking times (0, 6, 12, or 24 hr) were investigated. As soaking time increased, the crude lipid content and hardness of Sasambeong decreased with a range of 25.43~24.31% and 525.90~388.98 g, respectively. The sensory characteristics of Sasambeong showed no significant difference according to the soaking time. Overall, we think that the best processing conditions of Sasambeong were pre-drying at room temperature for 30 min and then frying at $160^{\circ}C$ for 1 min.