• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.517-526
• /
• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find taxi drivers' smoking behavior, self-efficacy and expectation level of success in smoking cessation. It will provide useful information for developing nursing interventions in health promotion programs. Method: The subjects of this study were 271 taxi drivers in Seoul and its metropolitan area. Data were collected using a self-reported questionnaire asking smoking history, smoking behaviors, health problem, stages of change for smoking cessation, self-efficacy and the expectation level of success in smoking cessation. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. Pearson's correlation, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Cronbach's a. Results: Of the taxi drivers, 83.8% were current smokers. Stages of change were as follows: 45.8% were in the precontemplation stage, 26.2% in the contemplation stage, 13.7% in the maintenance stage, 12.2% in the preparation stage and 1.5% in the action stage. In addition. 20.3% of the subjects reported health problems such as hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus and respiratory disease. The expectation level of success in smoking cessation was positively related with self-efficacy. There were statistically significant differences in the expectation level of success in smoking cessation according to the number of cigarettes per day and nicotine dependency. In addition. there were statistically significant differences in self-efficacy according to the number of cigarettes per day, duration of smoking (years) and nicotine dependency. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that taxi drivers' health problems and smoking rate were serious. Therefore more systematic health promotion programs for smoking cessation should be developed and executed by health care specialists at individual taxi companies.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.14
• /
• pp.5685-5689
• /
• 2014

Background: It is well known that smoking is a preventable factor for all-cause mortality; however, it is still questionable how many years after smoking cessation that people will have reduced risk for mortality, in particular in those with a high interest in their own health. We aimed to examine the association between time since quitting smoking and total mortality among past-smokers relative to current smokers. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 36,446 health examinees that voluntarily taken with diverse health check-up packages of high cost burden in 1995-2003 and followed them till death by 2004. The history of cigarette smoking consumption was collected using a self-administrative questionnaire at the first visit time. Mortality risk by smoking cessation years was analyzed using Cox's proportional hazard model. Results: Compared to non-smokers, male smokers over 15 pack-years had higher risk for total mortality (HR=1.60, 95%CI 1.23-2.14). The mortality risk in female smokers with same pack-years was more pronounced than that in male smokers (HR=2.83, 95%CI 1.17-7.04) despite a small number of cases. Compared to current smokers, a decrease of total mortality was observed among those who ceased smoking, and inverse dose-response was found with years after cessation: RR 0.98 (95%CI, 0.64-1.41) (<2 yrs), 0.60 (95%CI, 0.43-0.83) (3-9 yrs), and 0.58 (95%CI, 0.43-0.79) (${\geq}10$ yrs). Conclusions: A reduced risk of total mortality was observed after 3 years of smoking cessation. Our findings suggest that at least 3 years of smoking cessation may contribute to reduce premature mortality among Asian men.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
• /
• v.11 no.5
• /
• pp.695-706
• /
• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to assess oral health perception, oral health behavioral and family smoking status according to smoking experience in a part of high school students. Methods : A survey is conducted with a total of 648 first grader at high school in Dae-Gu city from 1st to 30th September, 2009. The results are as follows. Results : 1. 95.5% of respondents are 'smoking is very harmful for health' and the majority of smoking-related disease are lung cancer, oral disease, and oral cancer. 2. 127 respondents have experience in smoking and 62 respondents are smoking at that time. 59.7% respondents have 1 year smoking history and the majority of respondent are 5 cigarettes/day. 67.8% respondents are under 5 cigarettes/day. 3. In oral health behavioral by smoking, the majority of smokers' teeth brushing are 3 times, 47.2% and 2 times, 27.6%. The majority of nonsmoker's teeth brushing are 3 times, 47.0% and 2 times 26.5%. The results of teeth brushing time are significantly different between smokers and non-smokers(p<.001). The majority of smokers and non-smokers have not experienced about scaling. It is significantly different between 2 groups(p<.05). 4. The smoking rate of father and grandfather in smokers is higher than non-smokers. It is significantly different between 2 groups(p<.005). 5. The need for oral management in oral health education is gum treatment and dental caries treatment. 22.8% smokers and 25.7% non-smokers require to get gum treatment. 18.1% smokers and 20.2% non-smokers required to get dental caries treatment. Conclusions : Also Future longitudinal research is required to develop oral health promotion program contents according smoking-oral health.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.67 no.6
• /
• pp.506-511
• /
• 2009

Background: The smoking prevalence in asthma patients are similar to those in the general population. Asthma and active cigarette smoking can interact to create more severe symptoms, an accelerated decline in lung function and impaired therapeutic responses. Accordingly, asthmatics with a history of smoking were examined to define the clinical characteristics and lung function of smoking asthmatics. Methods: The medical records of 142 asthmatics with a known smoking history were reviewed. The patients were divided into three groups according to their smoking history - current smokers, former smokers and non-smokers. The clinical characteristics, lung function, and annual declines of the forced expiratory volume in one second ($FEV_1$) were compared. Results: Fifty-three of the 142 patients (37%) were current smokers, 24 were former smokers (17%) and 65 were non-smokers (45%). The patients with a hospital admission history during the previous year included 16 current smokers (30%), 4 former smokers (17%) and 7 non-smokers (11%) (p=0.02). The mean $FEV_1$ (% predicted) was 76.8${\pm}$19.8%, 71.6${\pm}$21.1% and 87.9${\pm}$18.7% for current smokers, former smokers and non-smokers, respectively (p< 0.001). The $FEV_1$/forced vital capacity (FVC) (ratio, %) values were 63.6${\pm}$12.6%, 59.3${\pm}$14.9% and 72.1${\pm}$11.8% in current smokers, former smokers and non-smokers, respectively (p<0.001). The corresponding mean values for the individual $FEV_1$ slopes were not significant (p=0.33). Conclusion: Asthmatic smokers demonstrated higher hospital admission rates and lower lung function. These findings suggest that the smoking history is an important predictor of a poor clinical outcome in asthma patients.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.11-16
• /
• 2004

Objective : In this study, we aimed to produce basic data on the prenatal environmental risk factors of low birth weight infants at a community level. Methods : In 2000, we conducted the direct interview using questionnaire about prenatal environmental risk factors with low birth weight infant-delivered mothers and normal weight infant-delivered mothers in Asan-city, Chungcheongnamdo Province, Korea. The questionsgiven to the mothers included past pregnancy history, menstrual status, disease history before and during the pregnancy, family history, environmental risk factors and exposure history. The responses of the twogroups were compared to calculate the prenatal environmental risk factors of each group. Results : Mothers' smoking was significantly associated with low birth weight infants (adjusted odds ratio(AOR) 3.27; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-8.56) and preterm baby (AOR 4.20; 95% CI, 1.21-14.61). Other environmental risk factors were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: Smoking of mothers can be a risk factor for the delivery of low birth weight infants. These results could provide the basic data on prenatal environmental risk factors of mothers of low birth weight infants and suggest research topics for further community-based evaluation.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.25 no.3 s.39
• /
• pp.238-246
• /
• 1992

We performed case-control studies for the 1,138 Korean adult men. According to the results of UGIS, we classified the gastritis into the erosive gastritis, superficial gastritis, and hypertrophic gastritis. And then, we selected controls among non-gastritis group after matching. Alcohol intake and smoking history was obtained by questionnaire. And we observed the effects of alcohol intake and smoking to the each gastritis. The results obtained were as follows : 1. Smokers had a risk of getting erosive gastritis more than twice(2.6) than non-smokers and there was dose-response relationships between smoking and erosive gastritis. Alcohol intake, however, had no significant relation with the erosive gastritis. 2. Both smoking and alcohol intake had no significant relations with superficial gastritis. 3. Smoking had no significant relation with hypertrophic gastritis, but dividing between those who drank more than 100gm of alcohol a week and those who drank less, we obtained the odds ratio of 3.4 suggesting that there existed a significant relation between moderate or excessive alcohol intake and hypertrophic gastritis. 4. Among the gastritis patients, those who had erosive gastritis smoked most heavily, and those who had hypertrophic gastritis drank most excessively.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.17-33
• /
• 2000

The aim of this study is having the status, knowledge and attitude of the high school attendees toward smoking be analyzed, helping to make effective health education methods to diminish adolescent smoking habits. The field self-questionnaire investigation has been performed from Oct 10th through 23rd in 1999. The whole 427 cases were distributed to 1st and 2nd grade students of randomly selected men's high school in Seoul. And 414 cases (97%) were finally selected for analysis after exclusion of cases with insufficient information. The main contents of questionnaire are composed of several sectors; the general characteristics of the interviewees, the relationship with parents, the life style and the peer relationship in school. And smoking-related characteristics are taken into consideration, too. The major findings of the study are as follows: The smoking/non-smoking related factors are, in socio-demographical terms, the grade, average spending per month of the interviewees. And the degree of satisfactory relationship with parents is significant on smoking behavior. The higher, the degree of satisfaction on school life and relationship with designated teacher, the more chances of non-smoking habit. Poor academic grades and peer group dependability of interviewees cause higher smoking habit rate in other way. The self-interviewees grade and cohabitation with parents are also significant on both the attitude toward smoking habit and the knowledge on smoking statistically. The academic history and vocations of the parents and the academic grades of interviewees are also effective variables, but don't make any gap between groups knowledge on smoking. Smoking groups used to have positive attitude toward smoking habit. Both the attitude and knowledge on smoking by the consideration of Quit-smoking have statistically significance. The groups which have negative attitude and high knowledge on smoking quit-smoking into consideration. And the primary cause of quit-smoking is on health by smoking. Depression, stress, adult smoking in the house, peer group pressure, cigarettes advertisements on papers and magazines and smoking scenes on TV have positive correlation on forming smoking habit (p〈0.001) But the knowledge on diseases triggered by smoking has negative correlation on forming smoking habit. (p〈0.05, p〈0.001). Social factors as monthly spending, relationship and communication with parents, the degree of satisfaction in school life, academic grades and student-teacher relationship have crucial negative correlation on smoking habit. That is to say, the higher, the monthly spending is, the worse, the relationship with parents and teachers is, the lower, the academic grades of the student is, the percentage of the interviewees who have smoking habit seems to get higher.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.14 no.12
• /
• pp.7277-7281
• /
• 2013

Background: Globally, there have been important changes in trends amongst gender, histology and smoking patterns of lung cancer cases. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 466 patients with lung cancer who were registered in Regional Cancer Center, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Manipur from January 2008 to December 2012. Results: Most were more than 60 years of age (67.8%) with a male: female ratio of 1.09:1. Some 78.8% of patients were chronic smokers with male smoker to female smoker ratio of 1.43:1. Consumption of alcohol was found in 29.4%, both smoking and alcohol in 27.5%, betel nut chewing in 37.9% and tobacco chewing in 25.3%. A history of tuberculosis was present in 16.3% of patients. The most frequent symptom was coughing (36.6%) and most common radiological presentation was a mass lesion (70%). Most of the patients had primary lung cancer in the right lung (60.3%). The most common histological subtype was squamous cell carcinoma (49.1%), also in the 40-60 year age group (45.9%), more than 60 year age group (51.6%), males (58.1%) and females (41.8%). As many as 91.9% of squamous cell carcinoma patients had a history of smoking. About 32.5% of patients had distant metastasis at presentation with brain (23.8%) and positive malignant cells in pleural effusions (23.1%) as common sites. The majority of patients were in stage III (34.4%), stage IV (32.5%) and stage II (30.2%). Conclusions: Our analysis suggests that the gender gap has been narrowed such that about half of the patients diagnosed with lung cancer are women in this part of India. This alarming rise in female incidence is mainly attributed to an increased smoking pattern. Squamous cell carcinoma still remains the commonest histological subtype. Most of the patients were elderly aged and presented at locally or distantly advanced stages.

• Clinical Pain
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.111-115
• /
• 2020

We report a case of a healthy 38-year-old man presenting with insufficiency fracture of proximal tibia associated with unrecognized osteoporosis. Radiologic bone DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) assessment revealed osteoporosis, but the patient displayed no apparent risk factors for insufficiency fractures and osteoporosis except for a history of smoking. Following right proximal tibial open reduction and internal fixation, the patient commenced smoking cessation and began taking alendronate. The patient was treated for gait rehabilitation, which included quadriceps strengthening exercises and his condition improved with independent walking. This report highlights an unusual site of proximal tibial insufficiency fractures and the potential effect of smoking on low bone mineral density in a young male patient.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.13 no.11
• /
• pp.5539-5543
• /
• 2012

Objective: The smoking prevalence in Malaysia is high, especially among men and adolescents. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors towards cigarette smoking among school teachers in Malaysia. Methodology: This study was a school-based cross-sectional study conducted among 495 secondary school teachers. The questionnaire used in this study consisted of 29 questions categorized into two sections: socio-demographic characteristics and smoking behaviour. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program 13.0. ANOVA; t-tests were used in univariate analysis; multiple linear regression was applied for multivariate analysis. Results: The majority of the participants were female (81.6%), in the age group ranged between 30-39 years (44%), Malay (90.1%), married (89.7%), degree holders (85.1%), with monthly income ranged between 3000-3999 Ringgit Malaysia (33.5%), from urban areas (94.7%), their specialty is social studies (33.9%) and with no family history of cancer (83.6%). The prevalence of smoking among school teachers in Malaysia was found to be 7.8%. Regarding reasons to start smoking among school teachers: the major reason was found to be relaxation (33.3%), followed by stress-relief (28.2%). Univariate analysis showed that sex, educational status, monthly income and residency were significantly associated with smoking among school teachers (p<0.001, p=0.004, p=0.031, p=0.010; respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that gender and marital status were significantly associated with smoking among school teachers (p<0.001, p=0.033; respectively). Conclusion: The prevalence of smoking among school teachers in Malaysia was found to be relatively low. Sex, marital status, educational status, monthly income and residency were significantly associated with smoking among school teachers.