• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.1083-1089
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• 2015

Background: Compliance with California's smoke-free restaurant and bar policies may be more a function of social contingencies and less a function of legal contingencies. The aims of this study were: 1) to report indications of compliance with smoke-free legislation in Korean bars and restaurants in California; 2) to examine the demographic, smoking status, and acculturation factors of who smoked indoors; and 3) to report social cues in opposition to smoking among a sample of Koreans in California. Materials and Methods: Data were collected by telephone surveys administered by bilingual interviewers between 2007-2009, and included California adults of Korean descent who visited a Korean bar or restaurant in a typical month (N=2,173, 55% female). Results: 1% of restaurant-going participants smoked inside while 7% observed someone else smoke inside a Korean restaurant. Some 23% of bar-going participants smoked inside and 65% observed someone else smoke inside a Korean bar. Presence of ashtrays was related to indoor smoking in bars and restaurants. Among participants who observed smoking, a higher percentage observed someone ask a smoker to stop (17.6%) or gesture to a smoker (27.0%) inside Korean restaurants (N=169) than inside Korean bars (n=141, 17.0% observed verbal cue and 22.7% observed gesture). Participants who smoked inside were significantly younger and more acculturated than participants who did not. Less acculturated participants were significantly more to likely to be told to stop smoking. Conclusions: Ten years after implementation of ordinances, smoking appears to be common in Korean bars in California.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.1596-1603
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• 2018

화재에 대한 신속한 예측과 경고는 인명 및 재산피해를 최소화시킬 수 있는 필수적인 요소이다. 일반적으로 화재가 발생하면 연기와 화염이 함께 발생하기 때문에 화재 감지 시스템은 연기와 화염을 모두 감지할 필요가 있다. 그러나 대부분의 화재 감지 시스템은 화염 혹은 연기만 감지하며, 화재 감지를 위한 전처리 작업을 추가함에 따라 처리 속도가 느려지는 단점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 다중 레이블 분류(Multi-labeled Classification)를 지원하는 CNN 모델을 구성해서 화염과 연기를 동시에 예측하고, CNN의 특징을 기반으로 클래스에 대한 위치를 시각화하는 Grad-CAM을 이용해서 실시간으로 화재 상태를 모니터링 할 수 있는 화재 감지 시스템을 구현하였다. 또한, 13개의 화재 동영상을 사용해서 테스트한 결과, 화염과 연기에 대해 각각 98.73%와 95.77%의 정확도를 보였다.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.441-453
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• 2012

Purpose: This secondary data analysis study was aimed at identifying the factors related to the patterns of alcohol use (normal alcohol use, hazardous alcohol use, and alcohol dependence) in the Korean adult. Methods: This study analyzed the cross-sectional data from 230,715 Korean adults aged 19 year and older who participated in the 2009 Korean Community Health Survey. Multinomial logistic regression was used to uncover associations between demographic, health related factors and the patterns of alcohol use. Results: The patterns of alcohol use was differentiated from the sociodemographic variables (residential area, gender, age, marital status, educational level, monthly income, and occupation) and with health related factors (smoking status, hours of sleep, body mass index, pain or discomfort, subjective health, stress level, liver disease, cardio/cerebro vascular disease, and depression). Hazardous alcohol use was lower in rural areas and lower among women, but higher among people who smoke, reported severe stress, and/or depression. Similarly, alcohol dependence was lower among women and among those in rural areas, and was more likely associated with those who smoke, have severe stress and depression. Conclusion: A number of factors are associated with patterns of drinking. Smoking, severe stress and depression seems to confound the problems of alcohol use. Additional research is needed to isolate those factors that are the most important influencing the use of alcohol.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.347-365
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• 2020

도시지역의 교통난 해소와 녹지공간의 확보를 위해 도심지 터널이 증가하면서 차량의 정체 가능성이 높은 터널에 대한 제·배연방식으로 대배기구에 의한 집중배기방식의 적용이 증가하는 추세에 있다. 집중배기방식의 배연성능은 배연풍량 뿐만 아니라 배기구(댐퍼)의 형상이나 배기풍속 등 다양한 인자에 의해서 영향을 받는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 각국의 배연시스템 설계기준 및 설치현황을 알아보고 배연풍량이 동일한 경우에 배연댐퍼 사이즈에 따른 배연성능을 연기 이동거리 측면에서 수치시뮬레이션을 수행하여 비교·평가하였으며, 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 배연댐퍼의 단면적이 증가할수록 배기팬에 근접한 댐퍼에서 배기풍량이 집중되어 화재 하류의 댐퍼의 배연풍량이 감소하여 하류측의 연기 이동거리가 증가하는 현상이 발생한다. 이와 같은 현상을 방지하기 위해서는 배연댐퍼의 단면적을 작게하여 통과풍속을 높게 함으로써 댐퍼통과 시 압력손실이 증가하도록 하여 배기구간에서 배연풍량의 불균일성을 완화할 필요가 있다. 본 해석범위에서는 배연댐퍼의 설치간격이 50 m인 경우에는 설계통과풍속이 4.4 m/s (댐퍼면적: 2.34 ㎡ = 1.25 × 1.85 m) 이상, 댐퍼의 설치간격이 100 m인 경우에는 설계통과풍속이 4.84 m/s (댐퍼면적: 3.38 ㎡ = 1.5 × 2.25 m) 이상일 때 배연성능확보에 유리한 것으로 나타났다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제73권4호
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• pp.210-218
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• 2012

Background: The level of urine cotinine is an indicator of tobacco smoke exposure. The purpose of this study is to investigate urine cotinine for the purpose of assessing the smoking status of Korean smokers and non-smokers exposed to tobacco smoke. Methods: The subjects were identified from the 2007-2009 and the 2010 data sets of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). They were assigned as non-smokers, current smokers and ex-smokers. Non-smokers were also divided into three subset groups according to the duration of smoke exposure. Each group was stratified by gender prior to analysis. Results: The median value of urine cotinine in the male current smokers was 1,221.93 ng/mL which was the highest among all groups. The difference between levels of urine cotinine for male and the female groups was statistically significant (p<0.01). In the female group, passive smoke exposure groups reported higher urine cotinine levels than non-exposure groups (p=0.01). The cutoff point for the discrimination of current smokers from non-smokers was 95.6 ng/mL in males and 96.8 ng/mL in females. The sensitivity and specificity were 95.2% and 97.1%, respectively, in males, 96.1% and 96.5% in females. However, the determination of urine cotinine level was not useful in distinguishing between passive smoke exposure groups and non-exposure groups. Conclusion: Urine cotinine concentration is a useful biomarker for discriminating non-smokers from current smokers. However, careful interpretation is necessary for assessing passive smoke exposure by urine cotinine concentration.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.17-19
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• 1976

1975년 추잠기에 양잠공해중 크게 영향을 미치는 농약, 담배, 매연의 해를 조사 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 양잠공해의 산견피해율은 농약, 담배, 매연 각각 1.4, 0.6, 01.%이었다. 2. 농약의 피해율은 주로 수도농약으로 49.4%를 점하고 과수, 채소농약은 각각 21.2., 12.3%이었다. 3. 담배공해는 뽕밭 근처의 담배밭, 뽕밭 근처의 담배건조장, 잠실근처의 담배건조장, 잠실근처의 담배밭 순으로 점멸하였으며 피해농가비율은 각각 60, 18, 14, 8%순이었다. 4. 공장 매연의 해는 주로 시멘트공장의 석분 해이었다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.137-144
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• 2021

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with quitting smoking in Indonesia Methods: Data on 11 115 individuals from the fifth wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey were analyzed. Quitting smoking was the main outcome, defined as smoking status based on the answer to the question "do you still habitually (smoke cigarettes/smoke a pipe/use chewing tobacco) or have you totally quit?" Logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with successful attempts to quit smoking. Results: The prevalence of quitting smoking was 12.3%. The odds of successfully quitting smoking were higher among smokers who were female (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.08 to 3.33), were divorced (aOR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.82 to 3.29), did not chew tobacco (aOR, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.79 to 5.08), found it difficult to sacrifice smoking at other times than in the morning (aOR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.46), and not smoke when sick (aOR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.54). About 59% of variance in successful attempts to quit smoking could be explained using a model consisting of those variables. Conclusions: Female sex, being divorced, not chewing tobacco, and nicotine dependence increased the odds of quitting smoking and were associated with quitting smoking successfully. Regular and integrated attempts to quit smoking based on individuals' internal characteristics, tobacco use activity, and smoking behavior are needed to quit smoking.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.26-33
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• 2002

Adolescents exposed chronically to tobaccotobacco smoke have been found to have reduced pulmonary function as well as an increased risk of lung cancer and a serious heart disease. Consequently, reducing exposure to tobacco smoke is an important public health goal. This study was conducted to develope the exact evaluation method of student smoker or heavy exposure from ETS, and the change on smoking behavior and attitude after a stop-smoking program. From the study, we concluded that the cotinine concentrations in saliva from students indicate exactly whether they are smoker or not. Also, it was found that the more and exact informations from both the cotinine analysis and the questionnaire were obtained than from only the questionnaires. The non-smokers had more positive effects on the changes of cog-nitions, behaviors and attitude about passive-smoking after a stop-smoking program than the smokers. The results of this study show that through both the accurate determination of cotinine in saliva and the questionnaires, the smoking status and the tobacco education effectiveness can be predicted.

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.65-76
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• 2022

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that affect the smoking type among those who have used regular cigarettes, liquid or cigarette-type e-cigarettes. Methods: The subjects of analysis were 6,081 people who had smoked regular cigarettes or e-cigarettes. For data analysis, SPSS ver.25.0 statistical package program was used. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to find out the factors affecting smoking type. Results: Factors affecting the experience of using e-cigarettes compared to regular cigarette smoking are gender and class. Academic performance, living with family members, drinking experience, and secondhand smoke in school. The factors influencing dual use compared to regular cigarette smoking were gender, class, academic performance, economic status, living with family, drinking experience, and experience of secondhand smoke in school. Smoking cessation attempts had an effect on dual use compared to regular cigarette smoking. Conclusion: Smoking cessation experience had a greater effect on e-cigarette use than regular cigarette smoking.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.281-292
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• 2000

This study was conducted from Nov. 15 to Dec. 20. 1999, covering 3.214 fourth. fifth, and sixth graders in 25 schools. one from each Ku in Seoul. in order to provide basic data for developing smoking prevention program. The results of the study were as follows : 1. Among the students under inquiry. $10.2\%$ answered they had the experience of smoking, while $6.3\%$ said they are current smokers. 2. With regard to smokers' smoking behavior. about 90% of them smoke one or two cigarettes a day. A lot of them was their own or friends' homes to smoke. but not at specific time. Many students who smoke say they was cigarettes stored and/or picked up at home. $28.9\%$ of them have friends who know that they smoke and $27.7\%$ of them have siblings are aware they are smokers. $24.2\%$ of them said no one around them is aware of the fact they. smoke. 3. Forth grade is the most frequent year students start smoking$(23.5\%)$. Most of them had their first smoking experience at their homes out of curiosity. 4. Profile of a typical smoker would; be male; from miscellaneous religions; have very few friends: have hard time to fit in at school and he/she has a poor academic record. 5. Environmental profile of a smoker consists of: commercial area resident: single-parented; lacks attention from parents; has hard time at home; has someone who smokes within the family. 6. Regarding the experience of smoking prevention education. the rate of current smokers who have learned about smoking prevention was lower than that of who have not learned. 7. Among the non-smoking students. $81.3\%$ of them said they would keep away from smoking and $1.6\%$ of them said they would like to smoke in the future. while $17.1\%$ were undecided. Among the students who smoke. $93.7\%$ wish to quit smoking.