• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.3544-3564
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• 2022

With the development of the NB-IoT (Narrow band Internet of Things) and smart cities, coupled with the emergence of smart smoke sensors, new requirements and issues have been introduced to study on the deployment of sensors in large spaces. Previous research mainly focuses on the optimization of wireless sensors in some monitoring environments, including three-dimensional terrain or underwater space. There are relatively few studies on the optimization deployment problem of smart smoke sensors, and leaving large spaces with obstacles such as libraries out of consideration. This paper mainly studies the deployment issue of smart smoke sensors in large spaces by considering the fire probability of fire areas and the obstacles in a monitoring area. To cope with the problems of coverage blind areas and coverage redundancy when sensors are deployed randomly in large spaces, we proposed an optimized deployment strategy of smart smoke sensors based on the PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) algorithm. The deployment problem is transformed into a multi-objective optimization problem with many constraints of fire probability and barriers, while minimizing the deployment cost and maximizing the coverage accuracy. In this regard, we describe the structure model in large space and a coverage model firstly, then a mathematical model containing two objective functions is established. Finally, a deployment strategy based on PSO algorithm is designed, and the performance of the deployment strategy is verified by a number of simulation experiments. The obtained experimental and numerical results demonstrates that our proposed strategy can obtain better performance than uniform deployment strategies in terms of all the objectives concerned, further demonstrates the effectiveness of our strategy. Additionally, the strategy we proposed also provides theoretical guidance and a practical basis for fire emergency management and other departments to better deploy smart smoke sensors in a large space.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.26 no.6_3
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• pp.1251-1258
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• 2023

Traditional markets are infrastructure with facilities and characteristics of very high population density. Recently, arcades have been installed through traditional market modernization policies, and aging infrastructure has been repaired. However, gas and electrical facilities of traditional markets cannot be easily replaced because of its high density. And because regular inspections are not conducted, management of facilities is on very poor condition. In addition, when a fire occurs in a traditional market, the fire easily spreads to nearby stores and is likely to spread to a large fire because of a lot of highly flammable substances. Smoke detectors and heat detectors are installed in most traditional markets to monitor fires, but malfunctions are frequent due to the nature of smoke detectors and heat detectors, and network facilities are not properly maintained. Therefore, in this study, gas detection sensors and flame detectors are additionally installed in Gwangmyeong Traditional Market, and a digital twin-based traditional market fire monitoring system is implemented in conjunction with existing sensors in the market's 3D model. With this digital twin based fire monitoring system, we can reduce the malfunctions of fire detect sensors, and can easily guide the evacuation route.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.110-116
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• 2024

Despite the continuous advancement of science and technology, fire accidents continue to occur without decreasing over time, so there is a constant need for a system that can accurately detect fires at an early stage. However, because most existing fire detection systems detect fire in the early stage of combustion when smoke is generated, rapid fire prevention actions may be delayed. Therefore we propose an early fire detection system that can perform early fire detection at a reasonable cost using LSTM, a deep learning model based on multi-gas sensors with high selectivity in the early stage of decomposition rather than the smoke generation stage. This system combines multiple gas sensors to achieve faster detection speeds than traditional sensors. In addition, through window sliding techniques and model light-weighting, the false alarm rate is low while maintaining the same high accuracy as existing deep learning. This shows that the proposed fire early detection system is a meaningful research in the disaster and engineering fields.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.76-81
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• 2017

This paper presents a low cost and flexible IoT enabled smart LED controller using Arduino that is used for emergency exit signs. The Internet of Things (IoT) is become a global network that put together physical objects using network communications for the purpose of inter-communication of devices, access information on internet, interaction with users as well as permanent connected environment. A crucial point in this paper, is underlined on the potential key points of applying the Arduino platform as low cost, easy to use microcontroller with combination of various sensors applied in IoT technology to facilitate and establishment of intelligent products. To demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the system, devices such as LED strip, combination of various sensors, Arduino, power plug and ZigBee module have been integrated to setup smart emergency exit sign system. The general concept of the proposed system design discussed in this paper is all about the combination of various sensor such as smoke detector sensor, humidity, temperature sensor, glass break sensors as well as camera sensor that are connected to the main controller (Arduino) for the purpose of communicating with LED exit signs displayer and dedicated PC monitors from integrated system monitoring (controller room) through gateway devices using Zig bee module. A critical appraisal of the approach in the area concludes the paper.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.128-135
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• 2012

In this paper, we proposed a system and a scenario to raise efficiency of gas safety management by developing wireless ZigBee communication modules, smart-home gas safety appliances and the system suitable for gas safety. Our designed system consists of a micom gas meter, an automatic extinguisher, sensors, and a wall-pad. A micom-gas-meter monitors gas flow, gas pressure, and earthquake. An automatic fire extinguisher checks combustible gas leaks and temperature of $100^{\circ}C$(cut off) and $130^{\circ}C$(fire). Sensors measure smoke and CO gas. In our novel system, a micom-gas meter cut off inner valve with warnings, an automatic fire extinguisher cut off middle valve and spray extinguishing materials, and sensors generate signals when detecting smoke and CO and then take a next action. Gas safety appliances and sensors automatically takes measures, and transmit those information to a wall-pad. The wall-pad again transmits real time information to server. Users can check and manage gas safety situations by connecting BcN server through web or mobile application. We hereby devised scenarios for gas safety and risk management based on the smart, and demonstrated their efficiency through test applied to filed.

• Journal of Convergence Society for SMB
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.37-41
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• 2016

In this paper, we propose a fire alarm system that utilizes Wi-Fi to alarm multiple people at once. This system, based on Arduino, uses smoke, flame and temperature sensor units to sense fire and send detection data to a server via wireless communication system. The server uses stored data to relay current fire situations gathered from nearby sensors to smartphones. It also automatically reports the fire using location data from sensors. Using this system, we were able to retrieve fire alarm from sensors via push notification of our smartphone. We also confirmed the establishment of linkage with sensors and automatic report of fire via SMS. From this result, the possibility of sending real-time notifications via the Internet toward nearby smartphones about disasters such as conflagration has been proven to be feasible.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.9-16
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• 2020

In this paper, we propose a prototype design and implementation of a fire detection algorithm using multiple sensors. The proposed topic detection system determines fire by applying rules based on data from multiple sensors. The fire takes about 3 to 5 minutes, which is the optimal time for fire detection. This means that timely identification of potential fires is important for fire management. However, current fire detection devices are very vulnerable to false alarms because they rely on a single sensor to detect smoke or heat. Recently, with the development of IoT technology, it is possible to integrate multiple sensors into a fire detector. In addition, the fire detector has been developed with a smart technology that can communicate with other objects and perform programmed tasks. The prototype was produced with a success rate of 90% and a false alarm rate of 10% based on 10 actual experiments.

• Journal of Digital Policy
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.11-15
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• 2023

Recently, a fire suddenly broke out in a crowded theater, and many people were unable to find an escape route, becoming entangled, injured, and suffocating from smoke inhalation, resulting in a large-scale fire accident. Even though most of the people were young, they were unable to evacuate. If they had been elderly, it could have resulted in greater casualties. In particular, since it is difficult to receive accurate location information from GPS indoor, there is an urgent need for location-based services using beacons and an emergency evacuation system that intuitively shows evacuation routes in augmented reality using smart-phones. In this paper, an augmented reality-based emergency evacuation smartphone app was developed based on identifying fire locations and evacuation routes using beacons and fire sensors (IoT). In the future, if the proposed system is applied to indoor spaces where people are crowded, rapid evacuation will be possible even in a sudden fire accident, minimizing human damage.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.50-58
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• 2017

Recently, some methods of converging heterogeneous fire sensor data have been proposed for effective fire detection, but the rule-based methods have low adaptability and accuracy, and the fuzzy inference methods suffer from detection speed and accuracy by lack of consideration for images. In addition, a few image-based deep learning methods were researched, but it was too difficult to rapidly recognize the fire event in absence of cameras or out of scope of a camera in practical situations. In this paper, we propose a novel fire detection system combining a deep learning algorithm based on CNN and fuzzy inference engine based on heterogeneous fire sensor data including temperature, humidity, gas, and smoke density. we show it is possible for the proposed system to rapidly detect fire by utilizing images and to decide fire in a reliable way by utilizing multi-sensor data. Also, we apply distributed computing architecture to fire detection algorithm in order to avoid concentration of computing power on a server and to enhance scalability as a result. Finally, we prove the performance of the system through two experiments by means of NIST's fire dynamics simulator in both cases of an explosively spreading fire and a gradually growing fire.

• Fiber Technology and Industry
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.490-508
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• 1998

One of the latest fields of research in the area of output devices is tactual display devices [13,31]. These tactual or haptic devices allow the user to receive haptic feedback output from a variety of sources. This allows the user to actually feel virtual objects and manipulate them by touch. This is an emerging technology and will be instrumental in enhancing the realism of wearable augmented environments for certain applications. Tactual displays have previously been used for scientific visualization in virtual environments by chemists and engineers to improve perception and understanding of force fields and of world models populated with the impenetrable. In addition to tactual displays, the use of wearable audio displays that allow sound to be spatialized are being developed. With wearable computers, designers will soon be able to pair spatialized sound to virtual representations of objects when appropriate to make the wearable computer experience even more realistic to the user. Furthermore, as the number and complexity of wearable computing applications continues to grow, there will be increasing needs for systems that are faster, lighter, and have higher resolution displays. Better networking technology will also need to be developed to allow all users of wearable computers to have high bandwidth connections for real time information gathering and collaboration. In addition to the technology advances that make users need to wear computers in everyday life, there is also the desire to have users want to wear their computers. In order to do this, wearable computing needs to be unobtrusive and socially acceptable. By making wearables smaller and lighter, or actually embedding them in clothing, users can conceal them easily and wear them comfortably. The military is currently working on the development of the Personal Information Carrier (PIC) or digital dog tag. The PIC is a small electronic storage device containing medical information about the wearer. While old military dog tags contained only 5 lines of information, the digital tags may contain volumes of multi-media information including medical history, X-rays, and cardiograms. Using hand held devices in the field, medics would be able to call this information up in real time for better treatment. A fully functional transmittable device is still years off, but this technology once developed in the military, could be adapted tp civilian users and provide ant information, medical or otherwise, in a portable, not obstructive, and fashionable way. Another future device that could increase safety and well being of its users is the nose on-a-chip developed by the Oak Ridge National Lab in Tennessee. This tiny digital silicon chip about the size of a dime, is capable of 'smelling' natural gas leaks in stoves, heaters, and other appliances. It can also detect dangerous levels of carbon monoxide. This device can also be configured to notify the fire department when a leak is detected. This nose chip should be commercially available within 2 years, and is inexpensive, requires low power, and is very sensitive. Along with gas detection capabilities, this device may someday also be configured to detect smoke and other harmful gases. By embedding this chip into workers uniforms, name tags, etc., this could be a lifesaving computational accessory. In addition to the future safety technology soon to be available as accessories are devices that are for entertainment and security. The LCI computer group is developing a Smartpen, that electronically verifies a user's signature. With the increase in credit card use and the rise in forgeries, is the need for commercial industries to constantly verify signatures. This Smartpen writes like a normal pen but uses sensors to detect the motion of the pen as the user signs their name to authenticate the signature. This computational accessory should be available in 1999, and would bring increased peace of mind to consumers and vendors alike. In the entertainment domain, Panasonic is creating the first portable hand-held DVD player. This device weight less than 3 pounds and has a screen about 6' across. The color LCD has the same 16:9 aspect ratio of a cinema screen and supports a high resolution of 280,000 pixels and stereo sound. The player can play standard DVD movies and has a hour battery life for mobile use. To summarize, in this paper we presented concepts related to the design and use of wearable computers with extensions to smart spaces. For some time, researchers in telerobotics have used computer graphics to enhance remote scenes. Recent advances in augmented reality displays make it possible to enhance the user's local environment with 'information'. As shown in this paper, there are many application areas for this technology such as medicine, manufacturing, training, and recreation. Wearable computers allow a much closer association of information with the user. By embedding sensors in the wearable to allow it to see what the user sees, hear what the user hears, sense the user's physical state, and analyze what the user is typing, an intelligent agent may be able to analyze what the user is doing and try to predict the resources he will need next or in the near future. Using this information, the agent may download files, reserve communications bandwidth, post reminders, or automatically send updates to colleagues to help facilitate the user's daily interactions. This intelligent wearable computer would be able to act as a personal assistant, who is always around, knows the user's personal preferences and tastes, and tries to streamline interactions with the rest of the world.