• Journal of Distribution Research
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.153-172
• /
• 1997

The distribution sector is affected by a wide range of regulations. Many of these are related to health and safety, others are related to urban planning and environmental issues, whereas some mainly have an economic basis. But, regulations many be unduly restrictive, in which case they can drive up costs and ultimately prices, or they may, in some cases, reduce consumer choice. Unduly restrictive regulations could also increase costs indirectly, by reducing competition and thus lead to lower productivity growth. In the past few years, distribution sector has gone through drastic changes due to deregulation and market opening. Implementation of regulatory reforms served as an opportunity to change laws and systems which had been an obstacle to development of distribution sector. Market opening of distribution sector became a turning point to promote competition among domestic and foreign firms. However, for small and medium scale of the typical retail enterprises which were in no position to compete in terms of prices, additional facilities, and services, faced a threat of diminished trading area, and even of their existence. Because, large firms may have greater market power than small firms, as they can more easily extract favorable terms when procuring goods, and may also be able to deter entry by advertising outlays or access to the best sites. In addition, larger chain stores armied with sufficient capital dominated trading area and reduced customer's welfare by abusing their monopoly power when competing with other shops, and are often cited as an example of adverse effects of local monopoly. In order to minimize such adverse effects and to foster competition, regulatory reforms in distribution sector should set its goal to promote sound and stable distribution activities through market principle and restoring competition principle, and ultimately to boost customers welfare. Therefore, deregulation in distribution sector should be implemented in a way to promote customers welfare, eliminate entry barriers, and expand competition principle such as productivity and efficiency competition. However, it should be also recognized that deregulation of system alone is not enough to develop the distribution sector. To compete in a increasingly concentrated industry, small enterprises increasingly engage in co-operative arrangements, such as buying groups, strategic alliances or franchise agreements.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.10 no.9
• /
• pp.13-21
• /
• 2012

Purpose - Korean traditional markets are falling behind the times, because they have not met the demands of social changes including: an overall improvement in standards of living, shift in purchasing form and propagation of cars. It is one of the most indigenous and conventional foods of Korea, taking a seat far in the corner of Korean traditional culture. Research design / data / methodology - Korean traditional rice cakes however have their limits. They are produced and sold by independent shop owners who cannot compete with the brand power of franchise organizations. The leadership of adminstration is needed for these shop owners particularly in visual merchandising related to interior design and display. Results - Additionally, the advent of major company-run rice cake cafe adds fresh fuel to the problem in addition to small but luxurious packaging. Small business owners need packaging technology for overall quality improvement of sales of rice cakes. Additional help is needed with the mode of packing to promote sales and win consumer confidence. Conclusions - Further assistance with marketing for seasonal displays is needed as well as teaching business owners how to read graphic data. Regular specialized education for visual merchandising of rice cakes could help independent market owners win the competition against franchise-based organizations.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.13 no.7
• /
• pp.33-40
• /
• 2015

Purpose - This study aims to find out what impacts large retailers' behaviors appearing when they promote the strengthening of their market dominating power in the trade relations with small and medium suppliers or in the market can have on consumers. Research design, data, methodology - This study analyzed negative information (news) on large retailers (Lotte Mart, E-Mart and Homeplus) based on the monthly data over the past five years from 2008 to 2012 and also analyzed the correlation between dependent variables that are likely to affect sales through large retailer economic index, Results - This study conducted a correlation analysis on the time lag of the factors that have an impact on the negative information and sales of large retailers in order to analyze how consumers respond to the choice of large retailers' store (store sales) when they perceived negative information about the un- ethical behaviors of large retailers. Conclusions - Unfair and negative information on large retailers appeared significant for the hypothesis that sales will be affected by the image of large retailers and change of consumer attitudes.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 2005.10c
• /
• pp.169-171
• /
• 2005

In this paper, a novel type of auxiliary switched capacitor assisted edge resonant soft switching PWM series load resonant high frequency inverter with two auxiliary edge resonant lossless inductor snubbers is proposed for small consumer induction heating appliances. The operation principle of this high frequency inverter is described using the switching mode equivalent circuits. The practical effectiveness of the newly proposed soft switching inverter are discussed as compared with the conventional soft switching high frequency inverters based on simulation and experimental results from an application point of view.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.13 no.6
• /
• pp.79-86
• /
• 2015

Purpose - The cosmetics industry is a traditional high value-added industry in terms of the domestic demand, small batch production systems, exclusive competition, and raw materials highly dependent on overseas countries as well as an oligopolistic market structure. However, new foreign brands and growing consumer awareness of inexpensive products, has triggered a shift. In line with changing lifestyles and the polarization of consumption, the industry faces a new market structure. Among its key characteristics is the cosmetics industry's numerous distribution channels (i.e., department stores, door-to-door sales, online shopping malls, brand shops, and discount stores). Therefore, the study of its distribution channels is essential. Research design, data, and methodology - The study analyzed channel distribution power divided into coercive and non-coercive power. The factors of coercive power included: unilateral request of an increase in commissions, interference in sales by taking advantage of a superior status, unilateral buck-passing at the time of a problem, unilateral request to stop sales activities, and a unilateral business contract; the factors of non-coercive power included favorable payment conditions, offers of various kinds of information, policy on commission reduction, pride in market entrance, and promotion support. In addition, the mediating variable "interdependence" was applied to the execution of department store (or mart) power and their shop conflicts and satisfaction to examine direct and indirect influential power. The methodology was a survey of managers of cosmetics shops in department stores (or marts). The questionnaire, based on a five-point Likert scale, included questions about basic personal information, execution of power, interdependence, conflict, and satisfaction. The study distributed 198 questionnaires and collected 131. Ten questionnaires with missing or hard to analyze data were excluded. Thus, 121 copies were analyzed. Results - According to the analysis, the execution of coercive power by department stores (or marts) did not affect interdependence, but the execution of non-coercive power did. Interdependence did not influence conflict, but did affect satisfaction. Additionally, the analysis revealed direct influential power: the execution of coercive power positively affected conflict and negatively influenced satisfaction; the execution of non-coercive power positively affected satisfaction. Conclusions - To offer suggestions for distribution business relations in the cosmetics industry, this study investigated how the execution of power by department stores (or marts) affected their shops. More specifically, it examined how much the execution of both coercive power and non-coercive power influenced conflict and satisfaction, and analyzed the mediating role of interdependence. In line with previous study results in various areas, coercive power was shown to be the source of conflict, leading to a decrease in satisfaction, whereas non-coercive power significantly positively influenced satisfaction. Moreover, non-coercive power increased interdependence, which led to greater satisfaction. As a result, interdependence had a mediating effect on non-coercive power and satisfaction. Based on the results, department stores (or marts) should look for improvements plans that increase interdependence. Such plans could alleviate conflict with the shops, increasing their satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
• /
• v.15 no.8
• /
• pp.23-30
• /
• 2010

Flash memory is non-volatile and can retain data even after system is powered off. Besides, it has many other features such as fast access speed, low power consumption, attractive shock resistance, small size, and light-weight. As its price decreases and capacity increases, the flash memory is expected to be widely used in consumer electronics, embedded systems, and mobile devices. Flash storage systems generally adopt a software layer, called FTL. In this research, we proposed a new FTL mechanism for overcoming the major drawback of conventional block mapping algorithm. In addition to the block mapping table, a index block mapping table with a small size is used to indicate sector location. The proposed indexed block mapping algorithm by adding a small size. By the simulation result, the proposed FTL provides an enhanced speed than a conventional hybrid mapping algorithm by around 45% in average, and the requirement of mapping memory is also reduced by around 12%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.14 no.1 s.33
• /
• pp.3-12
• /
• 1990

The purposes of this study were to determine the consumer dissatisfaction factors in the process of purchase and use of clothing, and to investigate the relationships between the dissatisfaction factors and selected variables-clothing importance, evaluative attributes, price, shopping stores. The research questionnaires selected from the pilot study were administered to 547 female subjects in the age of twenties. The dissatisfaction factors identified as a result of the factor analysis were as follows: (1) 'price' factor ($21.6\%$ of the total explained variance), (2) 'product assortment' factor ($21.5\%$), (3) 'purchase decision-making' factor ($19.9\%$), (4) 'quality' factor ($18.6\%$), (5) 'informa­tion and service' factor ($18.4\%$). By these five factors, the $34.7\%$ of the total variance were explained. The factors were validated by the multiple regression analysis. The purchase decision­making factor has the greatest explanatory power suggests that psychological aspects are more important to clothing dissatisfaction than any other objective aspects. The relationships between the dissatisfaction factors and the selected variables were found to be as follows: 1) The higher clothing importance scores, the higher product assortment related dissatisfac­tion score. 2) The higher the purchase price, the lower the price related dissatisfaction, but the higher the product assortment related dissatisfaction scores. 3) The department store and the national brand chain store shoppers had higher product assortment related dissatisfaction compared to the small retail store and discount store shoppers.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
• /
• 2001.10a
• /
• pp.457-461
• /
• 2001

Advantages of switched reluctance motor(SRM) drives make it an attractive candidate for replacing adjustable speed ac and dc drives in both industrial and consumer applications. Furthermore, a simple, low cost and robust SRM drive can be efficiently operated in the hostile environment of an automobile. Generally, the speed control of SRM has a large step change or large torque reference, the output of its PI controller is often saturated. When this happens, the integral state is not consistent with the SRM input, while may give rise to the windup phenomenon. This paper proposes anti-windup control method for SRM speed control system by hysteresis current controlled asymmetry bridge converter. The experimental results show that the speed response has much improved performance, such as a small overshoot and fast settling time at the acceleration and particulary deceleration period with braking mode.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.38 no.5
• /
• pp.769-785
• /
• 2003

The regional distribution of the selling amount on the internet shopping is divided into urban areas and rural areas. In the urban areas, a large amount of selling and various commodity groups are purchased. In the rural areas, a small amount of selling simple clothing goods, home kitchen goods, and the others commodity groups are purchased. The regional distribution is considered dependent upon the size of population, the development degree of the education and service industry in the region, and the buying power of women in the 25 to 49 year group. This regional trend shows the difference of each population composition between urban and rural areas during the period of economic growth in our country affects internet shopping. Therefore consumer's limited purchase behavior is apparent in rural areas.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.1 no.3
• /
• pp.83-85
• /
• 2015

It has been increased that communicate each other things such as consumer electronics, mobile equipments and wearable computer with serial communication protocol. The conventional method of SPI and I2C high speed serial communication is widely used with 2 pin of clock and data pin. It has been more important than the speed of data transfer to simplify the hardware structure because the IoT components is reduced the hardware complexity. In this paper, we describe the protocol and implementation of serial data transfer with only one pin. The proposed protocol is suitable for the mobile products that send and receive the small amount of data with low speed and low power consumption.