• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 1998

Scanning electron microscopic appearance of infant milk formula indicated that mostly agglomerate with few or more diverse number of particles and also apple like as well as typical feature of drying in raw milk. Small particle of infant milk formula become agglomerate progressively. Some sample represent crystalline rectangular among the globular agglomerates which seem to be a different composites or those of solubility. Some sample showed the irregular porosity at central sec-scanning electron microscopic study between Korea and European products.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 2014

The study aimed at determining the feasibility of three portal totally Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in small breed dogs. Four right sided and one left sided abdomen retained testicles in five dogs weighing 2.2~8.7 kg were retrieved successfully. Pampiniform plexus and vas deference were ligated and transected with Hem-o-lock/monopolar electrocauterization (1/5), or ultrasonic scalpel (4/5) and the latter provided more easy, quick and safe hemostasis and transection. The resected testis was easily removed through a insertion site. Mean surgical time was $19.9{\pm}15.2$ minutes and when the abdominal cavity was explored again, there were no major complications. The patient recovered favorably without unwilling events. This is the case report of laparoscopic cryptorchidectomies in small breed dogs weigh less than 10 kg. Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy could be considered as an alternative in small animal surgery.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.36-40
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• 2013

Caval syndrome is a life threatening condition caused by heavy worm burden in right cardiac chambers including right atrium, right ventricle, and vena cava and results in mechanical interference in tricuspid valvular excursion and blood flow to lower pulmonary arteries. A mechanical worm removal is the choice of option for treating this condition in dogs. In this study, we developed a new mechanical worm removal method using modified extraction brushes for treating dogs with caval syndrome. With this newly developed method, we successfully removed heartworms in two dogs with caval syndrome. Although the number of cases applied was small, authors found this method can be a good alternative retrieval method for mechanical worm removal in dogs.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.481-485
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• 2011

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate serial changes of hypoxia-inducible factor $1{\alpha}$ (HIF-$1{\alpha}$), as a key regulator of hypoxic ischemia, and apoptosis of hippocampus induced by bilateral carotid arteries occlusion (BCAO) in rats. Methods : Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to the permanent BCAO. The time points studied were 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after occlusions, with n=6 animals subjected to BCAO, and n=2 to sham operation at each time point, and brains were fixed by intracardiac perfusion fixation with 4% neutral-buffered praraformaldehyde for brain section preparation. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blot and terminal uridine deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay were performed to evaluate HIF-$1{\alpha}$ expression and apoptosis. Results : In IHC and western blot, HIF-$1{\alpha}$ levels were found to reach the peak at the 2nd week in the hippocampus, while apoptotic neurons, in TUNEL assay, were maximal at the 4th week in the hippocampus, especially in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region. HIF-$1{\alpha}$ levels and apoptosis were found to fluctuate during the time course. Conclusion : This study showed that BCAO induces acute ischemic responses for about 4 weeks then chronic ischemia in the hippocampus. These in vivo data are the first to show the temporal sequence of apoptosis and HIF-$1{\alpha}$ expression.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.100-110
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• 2017

Objective: The gastrointestinal tract of sheep contain complex microbial communities that influence numerous aspects of the sheep's health and development. The objective of this study was to analyze the composition and diversity of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract sections (rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, and rectum) of sheep. Methods: This analysis was performed by 454 pyrosequencing using the V3-V6 region of the 16S rRNA genes. Samples were collected from five healthy, small tailed Han sheep aged 10 months, obtained at market. The bacterial composition of sheep gastrointestinal microbiota was investigated at the phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species levels. Results: The dominant bacterial phyla in the entire gastrointestinal sections were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria. In the stomach, the three most dominant genera in the sheep were Prevotella, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, and Butyrivibrio. In the small intestine, the three most dominant genera in the sheep were Escherichia, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcus. In the large intestine, the three most dominant genera in the sheep were Ruminococcus, unclassified Ruminococcaceae, and Prevotella. R. flavefaciens, B. fibrisolvens, and S. ruminantium were three most dominant species in the sheep gastrointestinal tract. Principal Coordinates Analysis showed that the microbial communities from each gastrointestinal section could be separated into three groups according to similarity of community composition: stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum), small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), and large intestine (cecum, colon, and rectum). Conclusion: This is the first study to characterize the entire gastrointestinal microbiota in sheep by use of 16S rRNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing, expanding our knowledge of the gastrointestinal bacterial community of sheep.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.738-748
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• 2012

One of the main goals of small, medium and large farms is to improve the reproductive performance of rabbit does. Stocks of lower productivity can be improved by crossing with intensive breeds. A better nutritional status of both foetuses and suckling kits has a positive effect on their later productivity. Overfeeding young females before first mating can lead to conditions of fattiness. Using restricted feeding or higher fibre content in the feed and changing it for a higher level ad libitum feeding about one week prior to first mating leads to longer lifespan and higher productive level. Intensive reproductive rhythm creates a negative energy balance in does : they are unable to consume enough feed (energy) for the nutritional requirements of foetus and lactation, and therefore lose most of their fat reserves. Furthermore, primiparous does also expend energy because they are still growing. Under intensive conditions, the 42-d reproductive rhythm (re-mating 11 days after parturition) is recommended. Under extensive conditions, the 18 or 25-d mating interval with 35 to 42-d weaning could be suitable. On small farms, natural mating is favoured; on large farms AI is commonly employed. The main advantage of AI is the all-in, all-out system. Hormonal (PMSG) treatment is used with AI to increase receptivity on d 11. Frequent and high level PMSG use can lead to higher anti-PMSG antibody rates. Lower level (max. 20 IU) and less frequent PMSG injection or non-hormonal alternative methods (short dam-litter separation, changing nursing method or lighting programs) are recommended for this reason.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.350-356
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• 2015

The aim of this study is to perform simulations to design the detector module with crystal array by Monte Carlo simulation. For this purpose, a small animal PET scanner, employing module with 1~8 crystal array discrimination scheme, was designed. The proposed scanner has an inner diameter of 100 mm with detector modules in crystal array. Each module is composed of a 5.0 mm LSO crystal with a $2.0{\times}2.0mm^2$ sensitive area with a pitch 2.1 mm and 10.0 mm thickness. The LSO crystals are attached to the SiPM which has a dimension of $2.0{\times}2.0mm^2$. The detector module with crystal array of the designed PET detector was simulated using the Monte Carlo code GATE(Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission). The detector is enough compensation for the loss of data in sinogram due to gaps between modules. The results showed that the high sensitivity and effectively reduced the problem about the missing data were greatly improved by using the detector module with 1 crystal array.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.319-321
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• 2014

A 12-year-old mixed breed male dog was referred to Chonbuk National University Animal Medical Center with unilateral left epiphora. Magnified ophthalmic examination revealed a very small tissue mass on the palpebral conjunctiva of the left eye. The mass was surgically removed and microscopic examination confirmed moderate papillary hyperplasia of the squamous epithelium without viral cytopathic effects. Based on the histology, the mass was diagnosed as a non-viral squamous papilloma. After removal of the mass, the epiphora was completely solved. This case report describes the non-viral squamous papilloma arising from the conjunctiva in a dog with epiphora.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.203-206
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• 2012

Treatment for heart failure is directed to reduce atrial volume overload by diuretic agents, to lessen ventricular pressure overload by vasodilatory agents and to increase myocardial performance through inotropic agents. Of those cardiac therapeutics, diuretic agents are the most important to control heart failure in dogs, although long-term use often causes detrimental side-effects such as acute renal failure and electrolyte abnormalities. Thus, this study was designed to find a new diuretic agent from medicinal herbs which has better diuretic effect and less unfavorable complications in dogs. In a preliminary study performed with 5 normal healthy dogs, the extract from Akebia quinata Decaisne showed mild to moderate diuretic effect (0.3-0.5 potency of furosemide 2 mg/kg) and minimal changes in serum chemistry and electrolyte. Although the study population was not large enough and study period was not sufficient enough, this study found a good alternative diuretic agent which can replace or reduce the use of furosemide in dogs with heart failure.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.277-282
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate whether plasma homocysteine levels were related to obesity or its contributing factors (e.g., lipids, insulin, glucose, glucagon, and fructosamine) in dogs without systemic diseases such as diabetes or renal failure. For achieving our study goal, 100 client-owned dogs without systemic diseases were enrolled in this study. Fasting glucose concentration; lipid profile (i.e., total triglycerides [TG], total cholesterol [TC], highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C]); and fructosamine, insulin, and glucagon levels were determined. The dogs were subdivided by the body condition score (BCS). The median levels of homocysteine were considerably higher in obese dogs than in lean and normal dogs. Interestingly, not only was homocysteine positively associated with the level of HDL-C, but also found to have a significant positive association with TG, TC, plasma glucagon levels, and fructosamine. In contrast, LDL-C, fasting glucose and insulin did not show any association with homocysteine. The findings presented, suggest that elevated levels of homocysteine may play a biological role in obesity in dogs.