• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.119-131
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• 1983

The cluster analysis on the distribution of epiphytic lichens on the north, south, east and west slope of Mt. Hanra was carried out by three methods, sum of square algorithm (SSA), prinicipal component analysis (PCA) and multidimensional scaling method(MDS). Analysis of concentration (AOC) was used for the comparison between the lichen communities of north and south slope. The lichen species was identified 35 species by Hale and Culberson technique. The classification of sites by SSA method was divided into two areas in four slopes, and that of species by SSA, PCA and MDS methods was classified into three clusters in east slope, four clusters in south and west slope, and there clusters in north slope. The comparison between north and south slope of the distribution of lichens indicates that loight elevation of north slope (NH; 1600m~1900m) was similar to that of relative low elevation of south slope (SL; 1000m~1300m). The genus lichen, Anaptychia, Parmelia, Lobaria and peltigera was found as the dominant genus in both slopes.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.81-87
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• 1985

The vegetation on the north and south slopes of Kwanak mountain was assessed and recorded during thesummer of 1976. Recordings were made of 5*5m quadrats placed along the transects running parallel to the slopes. On the north slope, most of large trees such as Alnus sibirica, Sorbus alnifolia, Robinia pseudo-acacia and Pinus rigida make the crown and their mean DBH was conspicuously large, while the vegetation of south slope is dominated by dwarf Juniperus utilis, Pinus densiflora, Weigela florida var. glabra which are considered as a resistant species of dry site. The amount of humus, total nitrogen, soil water content and available phosphorous is higher on the north slope than the south one. However, the soil pH is higher on the south slope. It is assumed that the humus content is a main factor to make difference on the type of vegetation between the north and south slope.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.97-102
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• 1987

To find out the nutrient contents of temperate grasses on the south and north slope, a field experiment was conducted with five forage species of Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, Phleum pratense, Agrostis gigantea and Trifolium repens. It was treated by randomized block design with 4 replications and lasted from September, 1983 to October, 1986 in Suweon. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Mean chemical compositions except NFE and crude fiber of the forage species on the south slope were a little more contented than that of north. But all crude components were significant difference among the species on the south and north exposure. 2. Production of TDN (total digestible nutrient), StE (starch equivalent) ME (metabolizable energy) and NEL (net energy lactation) of different grass species on the north slope were much more increased by 5-30% per ha (Dactylis glomerata by 5-876, Festuca arundinacea by 5%, Phleum pratense by 24-26% and Agrostis gigantea by 25-30%) than that of same grasses on the south, however, those of Trifolium repens were much more increased by 4 1-42% per ha in the south. 3. Mineral contents, Ca/P ratio and K/ (Ca + Mg) equivalent ratio of the species were slightly different between the exposures. But considering the factors of occuring grass tetany, those of the forage species on the north slope were better than that of same species on the south.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.31-37
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• 1985

The decomposition rate of litter and the number of soil microorganisms were measured on various slope directions in deciduous oak forest in Mt. Yongam. And the chemical constitutents of litter and soil were analyzed. The decomposition rate by slope directions followed the order east facing slope>south-east facing slope>north-west facing slope>north-east facing slope>north facing slope>south facing slope>south-west facing slope>west facing slope. Of the chemical constituents analyzed, original concentrations of Ca and carbohydrate were closely correlated with the decomposition rate. There was a close relation between the number of fungi and decomposition rate by slope directions. However, a little relationship existed between the number of bacteria and decomposition rate by slope directions. The number of fungi and concentrations of Ca and carbohydrate correlated to each other. And the number of bacteria is related to concentrations of phosphorus.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.1345-1351
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• 2013

Leaf characteristics of two representative deciduous-tree species in Korean peninsula were compared to assess directional ridge effect on leaf traits of both species. Leaf mass per unit area (LMA) of Rhododendron schilippenbachii in south-facing ridge slope was significantly higher than that in north-facing ridge slope, while Quercus mongolica did not change LMA. Leaf mass of Q. mongolica was increased depending on leaf size irrespective of slope. However, leaf mass of R. schilippenbachii changed differently in responding to expansion of leaf area between both slopes resulting from retardation of leaf expansion in south-facing slope. R. schilippenbachii showed higher leaf nitrogen concentration per unit area (LNCA) in south-facing slope than that in north-facing slope, while Q. mongolica indicated no difference in LNCA between southand north-facing slopes. However, both species revealed no significant difference in leaf nitrogen concentration per unit mass (LNCM) between south- and north-facing slopes. LNCA of Q. mongolica was about two times higher than that of R. schilippenbachii. These results indicate that there is a difference in leaf characteristics including leaf thickness and nitrogen allocation between Q. mongolica and R. schilippenbachii, suggesting the difference of plasticity.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.52-61
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• 2004

This study has been carried out to classify forest vegetation in south and north slopes of Donghaksa valley for supplying basic data for conservation and restoration of the valley. With the phytosociological method, the forest of the south and north slopes of Donghaksa valley was classified as four groups; Quercus variabilis community, Quercus mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community and Carpinus laxiflora community. The dominant species were found in the order of Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Carpinus laxiflora, and Quercus mongolica. Comparing the north and south slopes, Quercus variabilis were the highest dominant species in the south and Carpinus laxiflora in the north. Pinus densiflora were the next dominant species in both south and north slopes. According to the DBH analysis result, Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis had density of normal distribution style among the entire community. Therefore, their dominance are expected to continue for now. But, Quercus mongolica and Carpinus laxiflora are expected to extend their influence in the future in terms of competition with Pinus densiflora. The correlation between each community and the environment according to DCCA ordination was examined in this study. The result told us that Quercus variabilis is distributed mainly on the south slope in a mid-steep and mid-altitude area. Quercus mongolica community appeared on the north slope in the steep high-altitude area that has high percentage in total nitrogen and CEC. Pinus densiflora community is distributed on both south and north slopes in a gentle slope and low-altitude area. Carpinus laxiflora is distributed on the north slope in a mid-steep and mid-altitude area.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제79권3호
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• pp.245-254
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• 1990

금산(錦山)에 있어 남북(南北) 사면(斜面)에 따른 삼림식생(森林植生)의 변화(變化)를 분석(分析)하기 위(爲)하여 분석(林分)의 구성(構成) 상태(狀態)를 조사(調査) 하였던바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要杓)하면 다음과 같다, 상층(上層), 남사면(南斜面)에 있어 해발(海拔) 100m에서는 해송, 소나무 만으로 구성(構成)되고 있었으며 해발고(海拔高)가 높아짐 따라 해송의 상대우점치(相對優占値)는 점차 감소(減少)되었고 북사면(北斜面)에서는 해발(海拔) 100m에서 해송의 상대우점치(相對優占値)가 매우 높았으나 200m이상(以上)에서는 낮았으며 200m에서 600m까지 졸참나무, 노각나무가 높았다. 양사면(兩斜面)에 있어서 해송과 소나무의 개체수(個體數)는 북사면(北斜面)보다 남사면(南斜面)에서 증가(增加)되었으나 흉고직경(胸高直徑)의 분포(分布)는 유사(類似)하였으며 굴참나무, 졸참나무는 남사면(南斜面)보다 북사면(北斜面)이 큰 경향(傾向)이었다. 상층임분(上層林分) 밀도(密度)는 북사면(北斜面)보다 남사면(南斜面)이 다소(多少) 높았으나 평균면적(平均面積), 평균거리(平均距離)에 있어서는 낮았다. 종다양도지수(種多樣度指數)는 남사면(南斜面)이 북사면(北斜面)보다 대체로 낮았고 최대(最大) 다양도(多樣度)는 남사면(南斜面)이 다소(多少) 높게 보였으며 균재도(均在度)는 남사면(南斜面)과 북사면(北斜面)보다 낮게 나타났으나 그 차이(差異)는 적었다. 유사도(類似度) 指수(指數)를 사용(使用)하여 cluster분석(分析)을 한 결과(結果), 남사면(南斜面)과 북사면(北斜面)으로 각각(各各) 형성(形成)되었다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2016

The objectives of this study were to establish the slope criteria and analyze the forest land restoration plan in North Korea. Reviewing the literature of the countries, the relationships among the climate, erosion controls, and slope criteria with forest restoration programmes, implemented were analyzed. Comparison of forest land management policies was conducted between South and North Korea. The soil erosion controls using biological barriers were at $15{\sim}20^{\circ}$slopes in arid climate regions and $25{\sim}30^{\circ}$ in humid climate regions. In the case of South Korea, an afforestation policy from the "Act on Clearance Project of Slash-and Burn Agriculture" of 1966 was enforced on mountains with slope greater than $20^{\circ}$, however, at present, the "Marginal Cropping Land Policy" recommends cropping lands with slope bigger than $8.5^{\circ}$ to forest land. In 1961, in "Land Reclamation of One Million Hectare", North Korea reclaimed additional cropping lands with slope bigger than $8.5^{\circ}$, and currently, the "Act on Forestry" states to enforce reforestation with slope bigger than $20^{\circ}$. This study recommends that South Korea aids for forest land restoration in North Korea based on the different stages of their development on reconciliation and cooperation between South and North Korea.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.177-184
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• 2018

The frost heave process from repeated freezing and thawing actions in winter on forest road cut-slopes is important for forest road maintenance and management. This study investigated the damages of the forest heave process on forest road cut-slopes by measuring the changes in the road-cut surface elevation and sediment production and by conducting vegetation surveys which were aimed at providing information for forest road maintenance plans. The temperature and humidity differences were determined between the north and south cut-slopes. T-test showed that the north slope had a lower temperature and humidity than that of the south slope. Field observations also confirmed frozen soils on the north slopes, indicating that the north slopes are susceptible to frost heave. Sediment was converted to dry weight per unit area ($g/m^2$). T-test showed that the north slope produced more sediment than that of the south slope. The study confirmed that more frost heave occurred on the north cut-slopes than on the south cut-slopes. Vegetation surveys were conducted on five cut-slope plots. Considering the dominant species found above the cut-slopes, vegetations in all the plots are expected to succeed to pine and oak in the future. The dominant species appearing on the cut-slopes of the study area were exotic species because the elapsed time of the site was only 2 - 4 years.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.247-259
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• 2011

본 연구는 중요한 문화역사와 다양한 생태환경을 갖추고 있는 팔공산(주로 화강암 구역)을 대상으로 지형자원을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 남사면(화강암)은 북사면(화강암과 변성퇴적암)에 비해 지질적 경계가 뚜렷하게 나타난다. 특히 단층선(남사면의 화강암 지대와 변성퇴적암 지대 사이)으로 인한 차별침식 결과 소규모 분지가 발달한다. 2) 국지적인 기후, 지형 및 지질적 차이로 인해 남사면보다 북사면의 계곡이 비교적 크게 발달한 것으로 판단된다. 3) 토르, 판상절리지형, 거터, 등은 남·북사면 모두에서 잘 발달한다. 그러나 다각형균열바위와 암괴류 등은 남사면상에서, 계곡 발달이 현저한 북사면상에서는 하식애, 소, 폭포 등의 지형발달이 상대적으로 우세하다. 4) 비교적 수려한 지형경관은 팔공산 남사면에 위치하는 동산계곡과 치산계곡에 주로 발달한다. 5) 팔공산지에 발달하는 지형자원 중에는 스토리텔링에 활용할만한 자원이 많아 활용을 위한 계획이 필요하다.