• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.489-498
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• 2008

The objectives of this study were to provide fundamental information on how individual phenolic compounds form on the inside of apple slices during cold storage, the changes in the content of four types of phenols, ingredient variation of individual phenolic compounds and the influence of phenolic compounds on enzymatic browning. This study measured the changes in the content of soluble solids, pH and vitamin C in order to investigate the correlations between these variables. HD and FA were the main phenolic compounds found in the apple slices, and HD was the most prevalent phenol. Furthermore, comparison of the CG and EP content revealed that there were more CGs than EPs. The phenol content tended to decrease considerably in the fresh apple slices and water-dipped apple slices but only slightly in the CP from sucrose-dipped apple slices and 0.5% ascorbic acid solution-dipped apple slices. The degree of browning increased in the following order: fresh apple slices, water-dipped apple slices, 0.5% ascorbic acid solution-dipped apple slices and CP from sucrose-dipped apple slices. The vitamin C content tended to decrease in the fresh apple slices, water-dipped apple slices, 0.5% ascorbic acid solution-dipped apple slices and CP from sucrose-dipped apple slices. The pH tended to increase in all sample groups, but the pH of the water-dipped apple slices was lower than that of the comparison group. The CP from sucrose-dipped apple slices had the lowest value of pH. The change in soluble solids tended to increase in all treatment groups, but this increase was less in the CP from sucrose-dipped apple slice. Correlation analysis revealed a high degree of correlation between browning and chlorogenic acid content. The results of the present study show that, when stored in the fridge, the change in phenol ingredient content in apple slices influences the browning of the slices. The results also showed that HD and FA were the main phenolic compounds, while CG was shown to have the greatest influence on browning.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.67-72
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• 2004

Quality of fresh-cut tomato slices was compared during cold storage under various modified atmosphere packaging conditions. Chilling injury of slices in containers sealed with Film A was higher than with Film B; these films had oxygen transmission rates of 87.4 and 60.0 ml $h^{-1}\;m^{-2}\;atm^{-1}$ at $5^{\circ}C\;and\;99\%$ RH, respectively. While slices in containers with an initial atmospheric composition of air, $4\%\;CO_2+1\;or\;20\%\;O_2,\;8\%\;CO_2+1\;or\;20\%\;O_2,\;or\;12\%\;CO_2+20\%\;O_2$ showed fungal growth, slices in containers with $12\%\;CO_2+1\%\;O_2$ did not. Low ethylene in containers enhanced chilling injury. Modified atmosphere packaging provided good quality tomato slices with a shelf-life of 2 weeks or more at $5^{\circ}C$. Experiments were conducted to compare changes in quality of slices of red tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 'Sunbeam') fruit from plants grown using black polyethylene or hairy vetch mulches under various foliar disease management systems including: no fungicide applications (NF), a disease forecasting model (Tom-Cast), and weekly fungicide applications (WF), during storage at $5^{\circ}C$ under a modified atmosphere. Slices were analyzed for firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), pH, electrolyte leakage, fungi, yeasts, and chilling injury. With both NF and Tom-Cast fungicide treatments, slices from tomato fruit grown with hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) mulch were firmer than those from tomato fruit grown with black polyethylene mulch after 12 days storage. Ethylene production of slices from fruit grown using hairy vetch mulch under Tom-Cast was about 1.5- and 5-fold higher than that of slices from WF and NF fungicide treatments after 12 days, respectively. The percentage of water-soaked areas (chilling injury) for slices from tomato fruit grown using black polyethylene mulch under NF was over 7-fold that of slices from tomato fruit grown using hairy vetch under Tom-Cast. When stored at $20^{\circ}C$, slices from light-red tomato fruit grown with black polyethylene or hairy vetch mulches both showed a rapid increase in electrolyte leakage beginning 6 hours after slicing. However, slices from tomato fruit grown using the hairy vetch mulch tended to have lower electrolyte leakage than those grown with black polyethylene mulch. These results suggest that tomato fruit from plants grown using hairy vetch mulch may be more suitable for fresh-cut slices than those grown using black polyethylene mulch. Also, use of the disease forecasting model Tom-Cast, which can result in lower fungicide application than is currently used commercially, resulted in high quality fruit for fresh-cut processing. Experiments were conducted to determine if ethylene influences chilling injury, as measured by percentage of slices exhibiting water-soaked areas in fresh-cut tomato slices of 'Mountain Pride' and 'Sunbeam' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Ethylene concentration in containers without ventilation significantly increased during storage at $5^{\circ}C$, whereas little or no accumulation of ethylene occurred in containers with one or six perforations. Chilling injury was greatest for slices in containers with six perforations, compared to slices in containers with one perforation, and was over 13-fold greater than that of slices in control containers with no perforations. An experiment was also performed to investigate the effectiveness of including an ethylene absorbent pad in containers on subsequent ethylene accumulation and chilling injury. While ethylene in the no-pad controls increased continually during storage of both 'Mountain Pride' and 'Sunbeam' tomatoes at $5^{\circ}C$ under modified atmosphere conditions, no increase in accumulation of ethylene was observed in containers containing ethylene absorbent pads throughout storage. The ethylene absorbent pad treatment resulted in a significantly higher percentage of chilling injury compared with the no-pad control. In studies aimed at inhibiting ethylene production using AVG during storage of slices, the concentration of ethylene in control containers (no AVG) remained at elevated levels throughout storage, compared to containers with slices treated with AVG. Chilling injury in slices treated with AVG was 5-fold greater than that of controls. Further, we tested the effect of ethylene pretreatment of slices on subsequent slice shelf-life and quality. In slices treated with ethylene (0, 0.1, 1, or $10\;{mu}L\;L^{-1}$) immediately after slicing, ethylene production in non-treated controls was greater than that of all other ethylene pre-treatments. However, pretreatment of slices 3 days after slicing resulted in a different pattern of ethylene production during storage. Ihe rate of ethylene production by slices treated with 1 L $L^{-1}$ ethylene 3 days after slicing was greater during storage than any of the other ethylene treatments. With slices pre-treated with ethylene, both immediately and 3 days after slicing, the rate of ethylene production tended to show an negative correlation with chilling injury. Chemical name used: 1-aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG).

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1463-1467
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• 2003

In the present study, the effects of Ginseng radix and Ophiopogonis tuber on field potentials in rat hippocampal slices and cardiac muscle slices were investigated by multi-channel extracellular recording using MED64 system. The field potentials in the brain slices represent synaptic transmission and nerve excitability, and the field potentials in heart muscles represent muscle contractility. The present results show that the aqueous extract of Ginseng radix enhanced field potentials in the both hippocampal slices and cardiac muscle slices. In contrast, the aqueous extract Ophiopogonis tuber exerted no significant effect on the field potentials in the hippocampal slices and cardiac muscle slices. These results suggest the possibility that Yin-Yang theory could be studied in relation with excitability in neurons and muscles.

• Food preservation and processing industry
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.42-46
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• 2004

Quality of fresh-cut tomato slices was compared during cold storage under various modified atmosphere packaging conditions. Chilling injury of slices in containers sealed with Film A was higher than with Film B; these films had oxygen transmission rates of 87.4 and 60.0 ml h-1 m-2 nun-1 at $5^{\circ}C$ and $99\%$ RH, respectively. While slices in containers with an initial atmospheric composition of air, $4\%$ CO2 + 1 or $20\%\;O_2, \;8\%\;CO_2+1$ or $20\%\;O_2$, or $12\%\; CO_2+\;20\%\;O_2$ showed fungal growth, slices in containers with $12\%\;CO_2 +\;1\%\;O_2$ did not. Low ethylene in containers enhanced chilling injury. Modified atmosphere packaging provided good quality tomato slices with a shelf-life of 2 weeks or more at $5^{\circ}C$. Experiments were conducted to compare changes in quality of slices of red tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 'Sunbeam') fruit from plants grown using black polyethylene or hairy vetch mulches under various foliar disease management systems including: no fungicide applications (NF), a disease forecasting model (Tom-Cast), and weekly fungicide applications (WF), during storage at $5^{\circ}C$ under a modified atmosphere. Slices were analyzed for firmness, soluble solids content (SCC), titratable acidity (TA), pH, electrolyte leakage, fungi, yeasts, and chilling injury. With both NF and Tom-Cast fungicide treatments, slices from tomato fruit grown with hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) mulch were firmer than those from tomato fruit grown with black polyethylene mulch after 12 days storage. Ethylene Production of slices from fruit grown using hairy vetch mulch under Tom-Cast was about 1.5- and 5-fold higher than that of slices from WF and NF fungicide treatments after 12 days, respectively. The percentage of water-soaked areas (chilling injury) for slices from tomato fruit grown.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.236-248
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• 1986

Alterations of renin-angiotensin system have been suggested as one of the mechanisms increasing arterial blood pressure in experimental and clinical hypertension. But the exact nature of high blood pressure in the early and late phase of renal hypertension is still controversial. To clarify the nature of renin release in both unclipped and clipped kidney of two kidney one clip Goldblatt lypertensive rat, experiments have been done in kidney slices, which were obtained from the rats of 3 and 7 days of operation. Basal rate of renin release was suppressed in unclipped kidney slices compared to clipped kidney Norepinephrine increased renin release from unclipped kidney slices, but not from clipped kidney slices. Suppressions by angiotensin Il and arginine vasopressin of renin release were attenuated in the clipped kidney slices compared to unclipped and sham-operated kidney slices. Increases by verapamil and trifluoperazine of renin release were attenuated in the clipped kidney slices compared to unclipped and sham-operated kidney slices. These results suggest that the negative feedback control mechanism of the renin-angiotensin system by angiotensin Il and arginine vasopressin is attenuated in the clipped kidney of two kidney one clip Goldblatt hypertensive rat, and that one of the altered mechanisms may be caused by certain regulatory changes of intracellular calcium and/or calcium-calmodulin complex in the juxtaglomerular cells.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.231-241
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• 2005

New methods to register multiple hemispheric slices of the postmortem brain to anatomically corresponding in-vivo MRI slices within a 3D volumetric MRI are presented. Gel-embedding and fiducial markers are used to reduce geometrical distortions in the postmortem brain volume. The registration algorithm relies on a recursive extraction of warped MRI slices from the reference MRI volume using a modified non-linear polynomial transformation until matching slices are found. Eight different voxel similarity measures are tested to get the best co-registration cost and the results show that combination of two different similarity measures shows the best performance. After validating the implementation and approach through simulation studies, the presented methods are applied to real data. The results demonstrate the feasibility and practicability of the presented co­registration methods, thus providing a means of MR signal analysis and histological examination of tissue lesions via co­registered images of postmortem brain slices and their corresponding MRI sections. With this approach, it is possible to investigate the pathology of a disease through both routinely acquired MRls and postmortem brain slices, thus improving the understanding of the pathological substrates and their progression.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.367-372
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• 2009

Apple, persimmon, and strawberry slices were dehydrated after treating with 30, 50, and 80% (w/w) maltodextrin solution. The dried apple, persimmon, and strawberry slices were compared with hot air-dried and freeze-dried samples in terms of rehydration ratio, ascorbic acid, color, and sensory evaluation. The rehydration ratio of maltodextrin-treated samples was greater than that of hot-air or freeze-dried samples. Maltodextrin-treated samples had higher content of ascorbic acid than other dried samples. Additionally, maltodextrin-treated apple, persimmon, and strawberry slices had better color and sensory evaluations than those of freeze-dried or hot-air dried samples. These results suggest that, compared to other drying methods, dehydration of apple, persimmon, and strawberry slices using maltodextrin is very efficient, resulting in good rehydration capacity, minimal destruction of ascorbic acid, and good color and sensory evaluation.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.341-346
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• 2004

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or its mRNA expression are increased in acute nephrosis of various types including ischemia/reperfusion injury. This study was undertaken to determine whether pentoxifylline (PTX), an inhibitor of TNF-α production, provides a protective effect against hypoxia-induced cell injury in rabbit renal cortical slices. To induce hypoxia-induced cell injury, renal cortical slices were exposed to 100% N₂ atmosphere. Control slices were exposed to 100% O₂ atmosphere. The cell injury was estimated by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and p-aminohippurate (PAH) uptake. Exposure of slices to hypoxia increased the LDH release in a time-dependent manner. However, when slices were exposed to hypoxia in the presence of PTX, the LDH release was decreased. The protective effect of PTX was dose-dependent over the concentrations of 0.05∼1 mM. Hypoxia did not increase lipid peroxidation, whereas an organic hydroperoxide t-butylhydroperoxide (tBHP) resulted in a significant increase in lipid peroxidation. PTX did not affect tBHP-induced lipid peroxidation. Hypoxia decreased PAH uptake, which was significantly attenuated by PTX and glycine. tBHP-induced inhibition of PAH uptake was not altered by PTX, although it was prevented by antioxidant deferoxarnine. The PAH uptake by slices in rabbits with ischemic acute renal failure was prevented by PTX pretreatment. These results suggest that PTX may exert a protective effect against hypoxia-induced cell injury and its effect may due to inhibition of the TNF-α production, but not by its antioxidant action.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.325-333
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• 1996

Potato slices were dipped in calcium choreide ar chitosan solutions or and preheated in each of these solutions. In order to prevent the quality deterioration while they were refrigerated for 4 weeks at 5$^{\circ}C$ Changes in degree of browning and other quality factors were determined while they were refrigerated for 4 weeks at 5$^{\circ}C$ During refrigeration, L values were decreased and optical density (A420) were increased. But L values were increased and A420 were decreased by dipping or preheating. The contents of vitamin C were decreased. however, the loss of vitmin C were the lowest in calcium chloride treaed potato slices(CaPS). And there were no combined effects of dipping and preheating during refrigeration. However, protein content of CaPS increased but that of other treated potato slices were decreased compared to that of control. With respect to changes in other physicochemical qualit, pH increased in chitosan treated potato slices(ChPS) and loss of weight was the lowest in combined with preheating. From these results, it was considered that the shelf-life of potato slices could be increased by dipping or-and preheating.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2006

3 Slices of Zingiber officinale and 2 pieces of Zizyphus jujuba in BangYakHapPyun play a proper role in herbal prescription. Zingiber officinal is roled in protection force(衛) and Zizyphus jujuba is roled in management force(營). 3 Slices of Zingiber officinal and 2 pieces of Zizyphus jujuba in upper location of BangYakHapPyun harmonize management and protection forces(營衛氣). 3 Slices of Zingiber officinale and 2 pieces of Zizyphus jujuba in middle and lower location of BangYakHapPyun compromise and treat inner and outer body condition. 5 or 7 Slices of Zingiber officinale purge noxious vapor and alleviate Pinellia ternata(半夏). Arisaema amurense (南星) poison. Todays, 3-Yangs and 2- Yins an apriority world(先天). use 3 Slices of Zingiber officinale and 2 pieces of Zizyphus jujuba. In the future. 2-Yangs and 3-Yins in a posterior world(後天) may use 2 Slices of Zingiber officinale and 3 pieces of Zizyphus jujuba.