• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.53-58
• /
• 1996

Eye irritation, primary skin irritation and skin sensitization tests for Aloewhite were tested in New Zealand White rabbits and Hartley guinea pig. In primary skin irritation test of male New Zealand White rabbits, body weights were not significantly changed and Primary Irritation Index (PII) was O.47, indicating Aloewhite as mildly irritating material. In ocular irritation test, any injury on iris, conjunctival membrane, and cornea in New Zealand White rabbits was not observed. No injuries of the ocular mucous membrane were also recorded. Skin sensitization was tested in guinea pig after intradermal and epicutaneous induction and graded 1 with zero % sensitization rate. These results indicate that Aloewhite was not considered to be irritant in test organs of animals.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.1-4
• /
• 2012

Bee venom (Apis mellifera L., BV) has been used as a cosmetic ingredient for antiaging, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial functions. The aim of this study was to access the skin sensitization of BV, a Buehler test was conducted fifty healthy male Hartley guinea pigs with three groups; Group G1 (BV-sensitization group, 20 animals), group G2 (the positive control-sensitization group, 20 animals), and group G3 (the ethyl alcohol-sensitization group, 10 animals). The exposure on the left flank for induction was repeated three times at intervals of one week. Two weeks after the last induction, the challenge was performed on the right flank. No treatment-related clinical signs or body weight changes were observed during the study period. The average skin reaction evaluated by erythema and edema on the challenge sites and sensitization rate in the BV-sensitization group at 30 hours were 0.0 and 0%, respectively, which are substantially low compared with in positive control group (average skin reaction: 0.55, sensitization rate: 40%) and identical with in vehicle control group, representing a weak sensitizing potential. The average skin reaction and sensitization rate observed at 54 hours were 0.0 and 0% in the BV-sensitization group, respectively, and 0.25 and 20% in the positive control group, respectively. It was concluded that BV classified to Grade I, induced no sensitization when tested in guinea pigs and may provide a developmental basis for a cosmetic ingredient or external application for topical uses.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.61-66
• /
• 2010

Retinoids have many beneficial effects on dermatological applications. But, retinoids cause skin irritation. In this study, the safety of retinoids was clarified via both primary skin irritation test in rabbits and sensitization study using an integrated model for the differentiation of chemical-induced allergic and irritant skin reaction (IMDS), an alternative method to sensitization test. The effects of retinoids on the change of ultraviolet A (UVA)-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in human skin fibroblasts and the modulation of type-1 pN collagen synthesis in hairless mice were examined to clarify the anti-wrinkle effects. Alltrans retinol (t-ROL) and its derivative, all-trans retinoic acid (t-RA), showed mild skin irritation but did not induce the sensitization. t-ROL and t-RA exerted anti-wrinkle effects by inhibiting the UVA-induced MMP-1 in human skin fibroblasts and increasing the type-1 pN collagen synthesis in hairless mice. These findings suggest that retinoids do not induce the allergy, and show anti-wrinkle effects by decreasing MMP-1 activation and increasing collagen synthesis.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.39-44
• /
• 2003

Two local irritation and skin sensitization studies of nonspecific immunostimulator, $BARODON^{\circledR}$ were carried out with New Zealand White rabbits and Hartley guinea pigs. In skin irritation test of male New Zealand White rabbits, body weights were not significantly changed and there were no responses after treatment for 24 or 72 hours and the Primary irritation index (P.1.1.) was '0'. And, in the eye irritation test, there were chemosis in some of rabbits. One of 3 rabbits in washing group was detected chemosis after 24 and 72 h following treatment and 2 of 6 rabbits in non-washing group were detected chemosis after 24h and 7 days following treatment. Therefore, total score is '4' after 24 h and '2' after 72 h following treatment by conforming article "some blood vessel are clearly hyperemic" . However evaluation value is non-irritant because M.O.I. (Mean ocular irritation index) score is below during the all experimental period and no significance through individuals and exposure time. In skin sensitization, the score of skin reaction was graded 1 with 0% sensitization rate. Taken together, these results indicate that $BARODON^{\circledR}$ may be non-irritant material. material.

• 한국산업보건학회지
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.226-235
• /
• 2020

Objectives: This study was to investigate the signs and notations of skin absorption, carcinogenicity, germ cell mutagenicity, and reproductive toxicity in the occupational exposure limits of Korea and of other advanced countries. Methods: Information on occupational exposure limits in Korea, the USA, the UK, Germany, and Japan was investigated through the Internet, and items marked as carcinogenicity and skin absorption were compared by country. Results: Legal occupational exposure limits have been greatly simplified. However, in the case of HSE WEL, skin absorption, carcinogenicity classification, sensitization, and in the case of DFG MAK, skin absorption, carcinogenicity, pregnancy risk group, germ cell mutagenicity, airway and skin sensitization, photo contact sensitization, and vapor pressure were provided. Conclusions: It is desirable to indicate the carcinogenicity and skin absorption within permissible limits, and to include information on critical effects in chemical substance exposure limits to uphold the right to know of industrial hygienists and workers in Korea. It is also necessary to clarify the precautions, limitations and protections for skin absorption.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제38권5호
• /
• pp.562-567
• /
• 1994

Now para-phenylenediamine(PPDA) is generally used as component of most hairdyes because it can be used more conveniently and effectively than the others. But PPDA become known to cause side effects such as skin sensitization, contact dermatitis and eye irritation. So this study was done to restudy the safety of hairdyes containing PPDA. The results of experiment were as follows. 1. As a result of primary skin irritation test and eye irritation test in white rabbits, the solution containing 5% PPDA(in saline) were classified as weak irritant but four kinds of commercial hairdyes containing PPDA were proved not to have any irritation. 2. As a result of skin sensitization test in guinea pig, four kinds of commercial hairdyes were classified as Calss I(week irritant) but three kinds of commercial hairdyes induced skin sensitization for guinea pig to 5% in test groups. These results indicate that the actual toxicity of commercial hairdyes(four kinds) is negligible. But based on the results of experiment, it is thought that there is possibility of some commercial hairdyes to induce skin sensititization.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.388-394
• /
• 2023

Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in numerous cellular physiological processes. In the skin, NO is produced by keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells and is involved in skin functions such as vasodilation, pigmentation, hair growth, wound healing, and immune responses. NO modulates both innate and adaptive immune responses. As a signaling molecule and cytotoxic effector, NO influences the function of immune cells and production of cytokines. NO is a key mediator that protects against or contributes to skin inflammation. Moreover, NO has been implicated in skin sensitization, a process underlying contact dermatitis. It modulates the function of dendritic cells and T cells, thereby affecting the immune response to allergens. NO also plays a role in contact dermatitis by inducing inflammation and tissue damage. NO-related chemicals, such as nitrofatty acids and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, have potential therapeutic applications in skin conditions, including allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). Further research is required to fully elucidate the therapeutic potential of NO-related chemicals and develop personalized treatment strategies for skin conditions.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.285-291
• /
• 2003

The use of skin whitening agents has been recently increased in various kinds of cosmetic products, although there were some reports that whitening agents might cause allergic contact dermatitis. A murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been developed as an alternative to guinea pigs for contact sensitization potential. This study was carried out to investigate the skin sensitization potential of three whitening agents, arbutin, azelaic acid, and kojic acid, by LLNA using a non-radiois-topic endpoint. Female Balb/c mice were exposed topically to a weak allergen, $\alpha$-hexylcinnamalde-hyde (HCA), and three whitening agents following LLNA protocol. Lymph node (LN) weight and cell proliferation in ears and auricular lymph node using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry were evaluated. LN weights were significantly increased at the HCA group compared to the vehicle control. A weak allergen, HCA elicited 3-fold or greater increase in cell proliferation of lymph nodes as well as increase in cell proliferation of ear as measured by BrdU immunohistochemistry. However, in the case of skin whitening agent groups, there were no significant changes in LN weight and cell proliferation in the ear and lymph node of mice treated with 5, 10 and 20% of three whitening agents compared to the vehicle control. These results show that these three skin whitening agents may not have contact sensitization potentials at tested concentrations in Balb/c mice by LLNA.

• 농약과학회지
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.79-85
• /
• 2010

2000년 이후 국내에 등록된 농약제품을 대상으로 원제 및 그 원제로 제조된 농약의 자극성 및 감작성에 대한 연관성을 연구하여 농약재등록, 신규등록 및 농약관리시 자극성 예측, 시험성적서 요구 결정 등에 대한 이용 가능성을 타진하고 농약관리의 기초 자료로 활용하기 위해 수행되었다. 농약의 자극성 및 감작성성적은 농약시험성적 정보집 및 농약등록 시 제출된 자료 등을 참고하여 원제 148성분 및 제품 149종의 자극성 및 감작성의 양성반응 빈도, 제형 간 반응차이, 원제와 제품간의 연관성 등을 조사 분석하였다. 원제 148성분 중 피부 자극성 133종, 안구 자극성 132종, 피부 감작성 97종의 성적이 이용되었으며, 항목별로 피부자극성 25(18.8%)종, 안구자극성 62(47%)종, 피부감작성 20(20.6%)종이 경도 이상의 양성반응을 보였다. 또한 149 품목 중 피부자극성 148종, 안구자극성 149종, 피부감작성 140종의 성적으로 분석한 결과 피부자극 22(14.9%), 안구자극 58(38.9%), 피부감작성 33(23.6%)품목이 경도 이상의 양성반응을 나타내었다. 동일제형 10품목 이상이 조사된 10종을 제형별, 독성반응별로 조사 분석하였다. 분석결과 원제와 제품간의 연관성은 피부자극성 73.1%, 안구자극성 44.7%, 피부감작성 66.2%로 분석되었으며, 성분함량간의 자극성 및 감작성은 아무런 상관성이 없는 것으로 판단되었다. 이상 원제와 제품간의 자극성 및 피부감작성에 관여하는 몇 가지 요인을 조사 분석한 결과 피부자극성 및 피부감작성은 원제와 제품간 각각 73.1%, 66.2%의 높은 상관성을 보였으나, 안구자극성은 제형 의존적인 것으로 판단되어 추후 더 많은 농약에 대하여 원제의 자극성성적, 제형특성 등을 참고하여 분석하면 자극성시험 수행 여부 결정을 위한 스크리닝 단계에 이용 가능할 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국응용약물학회 1996년도 춘계학술대회
• /
• pp.250-250
• /
• 1996

Eye irritation, primary skin irritation and skin sensitization tests for Aloewhite were tested in New Zealand White rabbits and Hartley guinea pig. In primary skin irritation test of male New Zealand White rabbits, body weights were not significantly changed and primary Irritation Index(PII) was 0.47, indicating Aloewhite as mildly irritating material, In ocular irritation test, any injury on iris, conjunctival membrane, and cornea in New Zealand White rabbits was not observed. No injuries of the ocular mucous membrane were also recorded. Skin sensitization was tested in guinea Peg after intradermal and epicutaneous induction and graded I with zero % sensitization rate. These results indicate that Aloewhite was not considered to be irritant in test organs of animals.