• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.5011-5017
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• 2012

Background: Overexposure to sunlight in childhood and the adolescent period and associsated sunburns significantly increase the risk of skin cancer in adulthood. In Turkey, the incidence of skin cancer in the general population is 0.8%. The incidence is 0.6% and the mortality rate is 0.4% for men, while these rates are 1.0% and 0.7%, respectively, for women. If skin cancer is found early, its treatment is facilitated. Therefore, personal skin examination is important for early diagnosis. Objectives: Our aim was to determine the effects of training for raising consciousness among adolescents to protect against skin cancer by influencing skin self examination behavior. Method: This quasi experimental intervention study was conducted between February and April 2012 in Izmir. The study population consisted of students attending $6^{th}$, $7^{th}$ and $8^{th}$ classes of a primary school (n:302). No sampling was performed. Data were collected with a form developed by the researchers based on the literature. The first part of form is aimed to determine demographic characteristics of adolescents (3 questions) and their risk status of skin cancer (6 questions). The second part was prepared for skin cancer risks of adolescents (8 questions) and indications of skin cancer (12 questions). The last part was intended to determine their knowledge about skin self examination (4 questions) and behavioral stages of skin self examination (1 question). Data collection was achieved with a questionnaire form in three phases. In the 1st phase, data about demographic characteristics of students, risk status of skin cancer, knowledge level of skin cancer and behavior stages were collected. In the $2^{nd}$ phase, skin self examination training based on the transtheoretical model was performed within the same day just after obtaining preliminary data. In the $3^{rd}$ phase, adolescents were followed up three times to establish the efficacy of the training (on the $15^{th}$ day after training program and at end of the $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ months). Follow-up data were evaluated by questioning skin self examination performing behavior stages through electronic mail. Results: Half of the adolescents (50.5%) are male, and 58.4% of them are 13 years old with a mean age of $12{\pm}1.15$ years. About 29.4% of adolescents had brown hair color, 37.9% had brown/hazel eye color, 29.4% had white skin, and 47.2% had fewer than 10 moles in their body. The pretest mean score on knowledge level about risks of skin cancer was found to be $4.19{\pm}1.96$, while the post-test mean score was $6.79{\pm}1.67$ (min:0, max:8).The pretest mean score about indications of skin cancer was $7.45{\pm}3.76$, while the post-test mean score was $10.7{\pm}2.60$ (min:0, max:12). The increases were statistically significant (p<0.05). The behavior "I do not perform skin self examination regularly in every month and I do not think to perform it in the next 6 months" was reduced from 52.8 to 35.5% after training. Conclusion: The training program organized to raise consciousness among adolescents for protection against skin cancer increased the knowledge level about risks and indications of skin cancer and it also improved the behavior of performing skin self examination.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.3051-3056
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• 2015

Background: Skin self-examination (SSE) may facilitate early diagnosis of melanoma at a potentially curable stage. Little data are available concerning the SSE frequency and knowledge about the symptoms of melanoma in non-patient populations. The aim of our study was to assess the performance of skin self-examination, recognition of potential melanoma symptoms as well as behavior related to sun exposure among web users in Poland. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among readers of a scientific portal. Invited respondents were asked to complete an online questionnaire. Finally, statistical analysis was conducted on 4,919 surveys towards potential clinical signs of melanoma and SSE performance. Results: Approximately 60% of respondents had ever performed SSE in their life. Only 18.4 % declared performance on a regular, monthly, basis. Factors promoting this activity were established to be bigger place of residence, higher education and sensitive skin phototype, higher level of knowledge concerning melanoma, safe tanning rules and, especially, past surgical excision of naevi. Declared longer use of tanning beds was linked to understanding better the importance of clinical features of melanoma. Awareness of hazardous behavior during sunbathing is associated with the attempts to change them. Conclusions: Regular SSE is not a common practice, whilst the knowledge about the clinical features of melanoma is varied. Therefore, constant pressure should be put on promotion of regular skin self-examination and teaching its proper techniques, including familiarity with the ABCD (asymmetry; border; color; diameter) rule and its extension of "EFG" (elevated, firm, progressive growth) criteria.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.717-730
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of narcissistic personality and self-esteem on the appearance management behaviors(weight, skin care, makeup, hair care, clothing selection) of female college students. The questionnaires were administrated to 362 female college students living in Gwang-ju city, Korea. For analysis of data, descriptive statistics, factor analysis, Cronbach'$\alpha$, regression analysis were applied. The results were summarized as follows. First. the female college students' narcissistic personality was categorized into four factors, need for administration, leadership/self-confidence, need for power/entitlement, and superiority. Second, narcissistic personality significantly influenced appearance management behaviors. The further examination of the effects showed that need for administration appeared to affect clothing selection, hair care, skin care, makeup, and weight. Third, self-esteem turned out to have positive effects on overall appearance management behaviors. The further examination of the effects showed that self-esteem appeared to affect clothing selection, skin care, hair care, makeup, and weight. The results indicated that female college students' narcissistic personality and self-esteem were important factors to their appearance management behaviors and marketing programs for fashion industries.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.449-465
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• 2011

This study was performed to investigate the effects of food habits and life style on the skin health of young Korean females in their late teens and twenties. The study focused on facial skin and used a self-administered questionnaire survey, an examination of skin type, and pH tests. More than half of the females had combination skin type or pH level higher than 5.8 which is regarded as normal. The variables that turned out to significantly (p<0.05) effect their facial skin types were body mass index (BMI), the type of residence, the amount of water intake, whether or not they intake drinks, the frequency and amount of alcohol drinking, favorite foods as side dishes at meals, intake frequency of fruit, the dairy, seaweed, and fast food, the frequency of washing their faces per day, the method of how they used water during face washing, whether or not they had professional skin care, and whether or not they wore color make up. The variables of the females' age, BMI, the amount of alcohol drinking, the frequency and duration of exercise, the controlling methods of stress, their favorite foods as side dishes at meals, and the intake frequency of soy products or animal foods significantly affected their facial pH levels (p<0.05). The results of this study indicate that some food habits and life styles are significantly related with facial skin health. More importantly BMI and favorite foods as side dishes during daily food intake could have remarkable effects on facial skin health.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.4723-4726
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• 2014

Background: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world and by far the most frequent cancer among women. Objective: The present study was undertaken to assess the awareness of breast cancer warning signs and screening methods among the women of Pokhara valley, Nepal. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out in a community setting with the female population. The questionnaire was administered in face-to-face interviews by trained research assistants. Results: Nepalese women demonstrated poor awareness of warning signs like a breast lump, lump under the armpit, bleeding or discharge from the nipple, pulling of the nipple, changes in the position of the nipple, nipple rash, redness of the breast skin, changes in the size of the breast or nipple, changes in the shape of the breast or nipple, pain in the breast or armpit, and dimpling of the breast skin. While 100% of nurses were aware about breast self-examination(BSE), mammography and warning signs of breast cancer. Levels of knowledge were significantly poorer in women with other occupations. Graduates were more aware about BSE, mammogram and warning signs of breast cancer compared to those with other educational levels. Conclusions: The findings indicated that the level of awareness of breast cancer, including knowledge of warning signs and BSE, is sub-optimal among Nepalese women.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.207-216
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• 2021

This study was conducted on 315 women in their 20s and 40s living in Changwon, South Gyeongsang Province, and recorded in a self-recorded format using the questionnaire survey method. In this study, the skin type according to the skin condition was not applied for 30 minutes after washing and checking the cheek area through the examination method to distinguish it by intelligence, neutral, dryness and boredom to see the interaction with each condition. The X2-test was conducted to find out the relevance between each factor and the data processing was done using PC/SAS. We reached at following conclusions. We can find some connections between skin condition and age, job, marriage by statistics(p<0.01). Each value of X2-TEST was 42.961(p<0.001) and 7.345(p<0.05). The pimples are shown after stress on cheek, chin and around neck easily. We also find some connections between skin trouble reaction and the beginning of pimple shown time(p<0.01).

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.77-89
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• 2014

This study looked into the effect of the life style of single females in 20s and 30s on beauty behavior recognition, and spss 17.0 is used for data analysis method. As for the statistical analysis method in order to validate the measurement tools, reliability verification is conducted and life style groups are sampled using K-means taking into account factor scores by life style. To find out the difference between general beauty behavior recognition and life style, descriptive statistics and One Way ANOVA were carried out, and Duncan Test was implemented for the post examination method. Multiple regression analysis was also carried out to figure out the effect of life style on beauty behavior recognition. The result is as follows. First, according to the results of reliability verification and factor analysis for the lifestyle type and the recognition of the behavior for beauty, the types of the life style of the subjects were divided into Economic Utility, Convention Conservatism, Self Development, Showy Consumption, and Appearance Oriented, and the recognition of the behavior for beauty was named as Makeup and Hair, Cosmetic Surgery, Body Care, and Skin Care. Second, as to the recognition of the behavior for beauty based upon the lifestyle, the Appearance Oriented in Showy Consumption recorded the highest. Third, the analysis of the influence of the style on the recognition of the behavior for beauty showed that the behavior recognition for Makeup and Hair and for Skin Care was affected by the life style of Self Development, Showy Consumption, and Appearance Oriented; the behavior recognition for Cosmetic Surgery was affected by the life style of Conventional Conservatism, Showy Consumption, and Appearance Oriented; and again the behavior recognition for Body Care was by that of Economical Utility and Showy Consumption.

• Medical Lasers
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.96-105
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• 2021

Background and Objectives Skin aging is reportedly associated with regulation in collagen and elastin synthesis. This study investigated the potential of combining light-emitting diode (LED) treatments using a 630-nm and 850-nm LED with simultaneous microcurrent application. Materials and Methods The dorsal skin of female pigs was treated with a home-use device. We examined the treatment effects using photography, thermocamera, microscopic pathology, and histological examination to determine the mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety of the procedure. A histological observation was performed using hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, Victoria blue, and immunohistochemical staining. We also used the Sircol soluble collagen and elastin assay kit to measure the amounts of collagen and elastin in the porcine back skin tissue after 2 and 6 weeks. Results Evaluation by visual inspection and devices showed no skin damage or heat-induced injury at the treatment site. Histological staining revealed that accurate treatment of the targeted dermis layer effectively enhanced collagen and elastin deposition. Collagen type I, a protein defined by immunohistochemical staining, was overexpressed in the early stages of weeks 2 and 6. Combined therapy findings showed the superior capability of the 630-nm and 850-nm LED procedures to induce collagen; in contrast, elastin induction was more pronounced after microcurrent treatments. Conclusion The home-use LED device, comprising a combination of 630-nm and 850-nm LEDs and microcurrent, is safe and can be used as an adjunctive treatment for self-administered facial rejuvenation.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.136-145
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to verify the educational effectiveness of the Objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) module development activities on nursing students in the areas of performance skill, knowledge, self-directed learning readiness, and problem solving ability for medication skill. Methods: This study was a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized post-test design. The subjects (N=47), who agreed to participate in this study, were assigned to either the experimental (n=24) or control group (n=23). The experimental group was trained with OSCE module development activities for four days. The control group was trained with a traditional demonstration and practice class for the same amount of time as the experimental group. Medication performance skill and knowledge tests and surveys were done to measure self-directed learning readiness, and learning satisfaction after the experimental treatments. Results: The experimental group which participated in the OSCE module development activities showed significantly higher performance skill, self-directed learning readiness, and problem solving ability for skin test and insulin medication than that of the control group of traditional education. Conclusion: It is recommended to use the OSCE module development activities for nursing students in nursing education-learning in order to improve nursing skills.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.1285-1296
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• 2011

This study examines the effects of fashion and beauty consumption behavior on self-satisfaction. A questionnaire method was used for the study method and the subjects of the study were females in their 20s- 50s. A total of 580 sets of questionnaires were distributed and 554 sets were used for the final analysis; in addition, SPSS 12.0 statistics program was utilized for factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, one-way ANOVA, Duncan test and multiple regression analysis. The results of this study were: First, the factors of fashion consumption behavior are composed of physical supplementation, social symbolism, appearance styling, sexuality and conformity and those of beauty involvement consisted of hair styling, skin management, make-up and body shaping. Self-satisfaction was divided into living satisfaction, appearance satisfaction, economic satisfaction and interpersonal relations satisfaction. Second, (because of the examination of the effects of fashion consumption behavior on self-satisfaction) fashion physical supplementation and appearance styling of fashion consumption behavior influenced living satisfaction and interpersonal relations satisfaction for females in their 20s. However, fashion consumption behavior did not influence satisfaction for those in their 30s. It was shown that the social conformity factor of fashion consumption behavior influenced appearance satisfaction of self- satisfaction for those in their 40s and the conformity factor of fashion consumption behavior gave a negative influence on life satisfaction and economic satisfaction of self-satisfaction for those in their 50s. It was found (for beauty consumption behavior) that the body-shaping factor influenced economic satisfaction and interpersonal relations satisfaction of self-satisfaction for all age levels.