• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.27-41
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• 2000

The meridian system is the most essential and basic connecting structure that maintains the vital activities of viscera and bowels by connecting them with each part of body's surface. Doctors can understand the healthy condition, and the region and deficiency-excessiveness of disease by observing the condition of Qi flowing. Deficiency and excessiveness could be differentiated by various symptoms expressed in meridian system. Especially there could be several clues like pain, heat-cold, protuberance-depression, change of color and shine in the line of channel leads to the judgment of deficiency-excessiveness The diagnosis of deficiency and excessiveness can be generalized by quantification of elastic status in skin surface along the meridian system. By comparing data from measurement of elastic condition with those from traditional deficiency and excessiveness, it could be utilized for the development of oriental medicine. All biological activities in the human body are based on meridian system according to the oriental medicine. Also the meridian system is viewed as basic and essential structure connecting internal viscera and each part of body. The areas of expressed channel phenomena are muscle to bone, muscle to muscle and bone to bone. These areas are called depression where meridian system is present and any changing state on those points can be measured. It could be difficult in diagnosing the reaction of meridian system because doctor can depend on his own judgment. Therefore, it is necessary to quantify and indexate channel reactions. To quantify the channel reactions, specially manufactured instrument was used to quantify the protuberance and depression to differentiate the deficiency and excessiveness. The results follow as below; 1. The elastic index measurement by the equipment proved a pattern of agreement showing the values that ranged within standard deviation 0.05kgf/cm throughout the experiment except few cases' measurement in CV-17. 2. To evaluate the state of deficiency & excessiveness of elastic index measurements in frontal point, elastic index measurements in the front paint were compared to the elastic index measured surrounding the point within 2.5 cm. Such result of indexing procedure was closely matched to the concept of palpitation. 3. If the elastic index values in the surrounding front point closely located to the elastic index values in the front point, the judgement on the state of deficiency and excessiveness was delayed. Otherwise, it was judged as deficiency or excessiveness. 4. Out of total 12 cases of comparing the elastic index values to the elastic index values in the surrounding front point, Three to nine front points were judged as either in the state of deficiency or excessiveness. 5. Among the nine front points judged as either in the state of deficiency or excessiveness, Four cases were matched to the electric index measured by EAV that evaluating the internal organs by five different phases. If more clinical cases are accumulated, it is expected to systematically theorize and improve the concept of deficiency and excessiveness in the internal organs using the front point.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.112-114
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• 2015

Purpose Vitamin D to Anti- Rickets both steroid compounds showing activity, By acting on bone tissue secretary and the key to maintain serum Ca homeostasis. The blood level of vitamin D is the largest in D3 that the concentration of the metabolite is reflected in the holding state of vitamin D in vivo. Sunlight to change the 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin and through the skin to D3, In the liver in combination with the D2 and D3 D4 changes. The Radioimmunoassay(RIA) method is measuring the D 3, the sensitivity can be measured also difficult trace substance to measure the normal test because it is very sensitive, but recently, a check is possible, for the Total D3 in Chemimicroparticle immunoassay(CMIA) or Chemiluminescent immunoassay(CLIA) measuring using microparticle RIA and CMIA(Architect i2000SR) / use the CLIA(DXI-800) method to compare and evaluate the correlation between the tests in the same test items. Materials and Methods Commissioned from January 2014 to March 2015 patients were enrolled in a total of 273 people. 29 out of 273 people conducted by RIA were compared with CMIA, 244 patients were compared with CLIA. Using reagents and equipment were used RIA(Diasource), CMIA(Architect i2000SR, Abbott Diagnostics) / CLIA( Unicel DXi-800, Beckman coulter). Results Correlation of the RIA and CLIA was a R2 = 0.1844 (y = 0.7303x + 3.9005), and the correlation of RIA CMIA is R2 = 0.2762 (y = 0.8862x + 4.56) respectively. (According to statistics, during the same period RIA is Deficiency 4.31%, Insufficiency 90.53%, Sufficiency 5.16%, was Excess 0%, CLIA / CMIA is Deficiency 17.02%, Insufficiency 75.91%, Sufficiency 7.03%, indicating the distribution of 0.03 % Excess) Conclusion Serum vitamin D and parathyroid hormone that show an inverse relationship, the level above which are not parathyroid hormone and vitamin D reduced the increase. The density is different for each study, at most 20 is reported to be the maximum between 30 ng / ml. In Korea it requires a proposed standard of vitamin D deficiency, reference to the WHO lack the case more than 10ng/ml, 20ng/ml and defined by the lack of, if not more than, the IOM, but looking at 12ng/ml or less to the normal to lack, at least 20ng/ml, the reference do not match the deficit under 20ng/ml, 21-29ng/ml relative lack between, was also defined as a sufficient condition for more than 30ng/ml. Although not statistically is between RIA and CLIA two ways to vitamin D levels change according to season match, when seasonally seen in summer as commonly known (April to September), winter (October to March) relative to the increase measured than it was found. Finally, the study on the correlation between the two methods have been expected to result in a consistent and apply the same view high reference value on the graph is difficult. However, there may be differences between the test equipment and methods, and could be especially the case of RIA method using an organic solvent is difficult to compare different methods and correlated view similar trend in vitamin D deficiency and quarterly aspect ratio.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.120-132
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• 1993

A continuous hollow fiber membrane reactor(CHFMR) was developed and optimized for the production of yellowfin sole(Limanda aspera) skin gelatin hydrolysates using trypsin. The results were summerized as follows: The $K_m$ value of the CHFMR was 2.4 times higher than that of the batch reactor, indicating reduced enzyme affinity for the substrate. The $K_2$ value of the CHFMR was 8.5 times lower than that of the batch process, showing a significant reduction in trypsin activity in the CHFMR. The optimum operating conditions for the CHFMR process were $55^{\circ}C$, pH 9.0, flux 7.79 ml/min, residence time 77min, and trypsin to substrate ratio, 0.01(w/w) After operating for 60min under the above conditions, $79\%$ of the total amount of initial gelatin was hydrolysed. Enzyme leakage was observed through the 10,000 MWCO membrane after the 20min of reactor operation, while none occurred after 5hr. Total enzyme leakage was about $12.95\%$ at $55^{\circ}C$ for 5hrs. However, there was no apparent correlation between enzyme leakage and substrate hydrolysis. The membrane has a significant effect on trypsin activity loss for 60min of the CHFMR operation. The CHFMR operating with the membrane lost $34\%$ of the initial activity versus a $23\%$ loss of activity after 3hr in the continuous reactor lacking the hollow fiber membrane. The measurement of fouling property showed that relative flux reduction was $91\%$ and flux recover rate was $92\%$ at $10\%$ substrate solution. The productivity(378.85mg product/mg enzyme) of the CHFMR was more than 4 times higher than that of the batch reactor at $55^{\circ}C$.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2008

Purpose : Whole blood interferon-$\gamma$ assay was developed and many studies showed its usefulness in diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) including latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). However, assessment in children has been limited. This study was undertaken to evaluate the usefulness of QuantiFERON-TB Gold for the diagnosis of LTBI in children exposed to pulmonary TB. Methods : Children who visited Seoul National University Bundang Hospital with a history of TB exposure were enrolled from January 2006 to December 2007. They were evaluated with chest x-rays, tuberculin skin test (TST) and QuantiFERON-TB Gold test. TST was retested 3 months later for those with initial negative reactivity. Definition of LTBI was made on the basis of the TST reactivity. Results : Among the 103 children with a history of TB exposure, 49 children were tested with chest x-ray, TST, and QuantiFERON-TB Gold. Twenty-two were males. Median age was 7.5 years (range; 3 months to 14.7 years). According to TST reactivity, LTBI was in 8 (19%), no infection was in 21 (50%), possible LTBI was in 13 (31%). QuantiFERON-TB Gold test was positive in 5 of the 49 subjects (10%); 3 of the 13 subjects (23.1%) in unknown status, 1 of the 8 subjects (13%) in LTBI, and 1 of the 21 subjects (5%) without infection. The agreement between the QuantiFERON-TB Gold and the TST was poor (${\kappa}=0.101$). Conclusion : QuantiFERON-TB Gold showed poor sensitivity for the diagnosis of LTBI in children with exposure to TB. QuantiFERON-TB Gold alone does not seem to be useful in the diagnosis of LTBI in children.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.421-429
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• 2007

Some researchers suggested that tactile sensor system would be useful in evaluating masticatory muscles of TMD patients, but there were few studies on the effects of chewing with time. The aim of this study was to investigate the change of elasticity and stiffness for masseter and temporal muscles of normal subjects before, during and after gum chewing and to obtain the baseline data for further researches on the elasticity and stiffness for masticatory muscles of TMD patients. Stiffness and elasticity of their anterior temporalis and inferior masseter muscle were measured bilaterally by a tactile sensor system. Each subject was instructed to sit on a chair for evaluation of masticatory muscles. Before operating the sensor, the thickest skin area over anterior temporalis and inferior masseter muscles were selected as the points to be pressed by a tactile sensor, and marked with a pen. While the teeth of subjects were lightly contacted, the probe of the tactile sensor was placed perpendicularly over the marked point over the skin, followed by computer-controlled movement including gently pressing straight down on the muscle for a second and retracting. All subjects were instructed to chew gum (Excellent Breath, Taiyo Co., Japan) bilaterally with a velocity of 2 times per second for 40 minutes after the first measurement had been performed for the baseline data of all subjects. The measurements had been repeated during chewing with 10 minutes of interval and continued for 40 minutes with same interval after chewing. Resultantly, the decrease of elasticity and the increase of stiffness in masticatory muscles can be seen significantly within 10 minutes after chewing and those were maintained during chewing without significant change with chewing time. The elasticity of muscles was recovered within 10 minutes after stopping chewing, but the stiffness was recovered more lately than elasticity by about 10 minutes. Based on these results, it can be concluded that elasticity and stiffness of muscles would be good indicators to evaluate the masticatory muscles objectively, when more supported by further researches.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.16-24
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• 2019

The corrosion amounts of steel structures can be different depending on their installation condition and height. Thus, their corrosion maintenance should be considered depending on installation conditions of local structural members. In this study, an atmospheric exposure test was conducted to evaluate the corrosion amount and the corrosion rate depending on the installation condition and height of a steel water gate using monitoring steel plates and corrosion environment measuring sensors. The mean corrosion depth was evaluated using the weight loss method and the galvanic corrosion current was measured by corrosion environment measuring sensors. Local corrosion rate of local structural member in steel water gate was estimated using measured mean corrosion depths and galvanic corrosion currents. From this measurement results, the corrosion damage in horizontal member of the cross beam was highly evaluated than those of other structural member as skin plate, etc. The relative difference in the corrosion rate of a local structural member could be highly affected by local corrosion environments of steel water gate members. Therefore, an appropriate maintenance method should be considered for local corrosion damages of local structural members determined by local corrosion environments of a steel water gate.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 1999

Purpose: TLD experiments were set up to measure the dose distribution and to analyze the influence on dose measurement of thin metal plate and solid water phantom. The aim of the present study was to investigate the build-up effect of metal plate loaded on TLD chip and depth dose in the controlled environment of phantom measurements. Materials and Methods: Measurements were done by using LiF TLD-100 loaded by a thin metal plate with the same surface area (3.2$\times$3.2 $\textrm{mm}^2$) as TLD chip. TLD chips loaded with one metal plate from three different metal plate (Tin, Copper, Gold) of different thicknesses (0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3 mm) were used respectively to measure radiation dose. Using the TLD loaded with one metal plate, surface dose and the depth dose at the build-up maximum region were investigated. Results: Using a metal plate on TLD chip increased the surface dose. Surface dose curve shows the dose build-up against equivalent thickness of metal to water. The values of TL reading obtained by using metal plate at depth of build-up maximum are about 8% to 13% lower than those obtained by normal TLD chip. Conclusion: The metal technique used for TLD dosimetry could provide clinicals information about the build-up of dose up to 4.2mm depth in addition to a depth dose distribution. The results of TLD with a metal plate measurements may help with decisions to boost or bolus certain areas of the skin.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.256-269
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• 2011

Omega-3 fatty acids are a specific type of unsaturated fat that the body cannot manufacture on its own, so they must be obtained from food which is essential fatty acids (EFAs). Omega-3 fatty acids consist of three types which are a-Linolenic Acid (ALA), Eicosapentaenoic (ELA), and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA). Especially, EFAs help to prevent skin and hair drying, acne, eczema, prevention from allergies, brittle nails, rashes, and tiny lumps. The aim of this study is to investigate improvement and protection for hair damaged by chemical treatment with omega-3 formulated shampoo. We selected virgin hair sample and divided into two groups for bleaching once and three times and then damaged hair by changing the number of hair bleaching (twice with interval of 15 minutes). Each bleached hair was treated by five different kinds of shampoo (Control, Horse shampoo, DHA shampoo, EPA shampoo, Omega-3 shampoo mixture). Apart from this, EPA/DHA 2, 5, 8, 10 and 12% shampoo were prepared and treated to hair for comparing rate of progress in damaged hair. To quantify improved condition of damaged hair, we performed Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for ultrastructure of damaged hair fraction, measurement of thickness change and BCA Protein Assay for recovery rate of damaged hair. The moisture in hair was measured by Thermal analysis machine. In results, we observed the particle of hair surface damaged by bleaching treatment were well improved with treatment with EPA and DHA shampoo. Also, quantity of protein was lowered with higher concentration of EPA & DHA i.e., 8 and 12 % then compared with horse oil shampoo in three times treatment group. It shows that bleached hair have been recovered by treating rapidly and get protective coat. In conclusion, EPA and DHA shampoo improved damaged hair, especially with EPA / DHA 12% shampoo. Also, EPA shampoo could protect the damaged hair depending on increasing concentration of EPA. Therefore, we conclude omega-3 shampoo could make damaged hair protect and get healthy hair environment.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.416-420
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• 2012

The increasing use of recycling products results in the need for assessing the risk to human health. In this study heavy metals's contents of playground flooring were compared with rubber powder which is row material. And it is reviewed characteristics of heavy metals's exposure from absorption of skin, checking amount of dermal uptake for each heavy metal. Despite its high content, Zn had a very low migration rate with 0.1 $mg/cm^2$. This indicates that Zn is not easily released by surface contact. However, the contents of Fe and Al in flooring were 12 times higher than that of Zn and Fe, and Al showed migration rate 5 times higher than that of Zn. This implies that Fe and Al were derived from pigment in flooring. The measurement of dermal exposure to heavy metals at 6 playgrounds found higher level of exposure in Ba than in other heavy metals. It is assumed that despite high content of Zn, Ba had a higher exposure rate because five times as much Ba as Zn was darmal absorptionactor ($AF_{darmal}$).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1526-1526
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• 2001

To improve the accuracy of sweetness sensor in automated sorting operations, it is necessary to clarify unevenness of the sugar content distribution within fruits. And it is expected that the technique to evaluate the content distribution in fruits contribute to the development of the near-infrared (NIR) imaging spectroscopy. Sugiyama (1999) had succeeded to visualize the distribution of the sugar content on the surface of a half-cut green fresh melon. However, this method cannot be applied to red flesh melons because it depends on information of the absorption band of chlorophyll (676 nm), which is affected by the color of the fresh. The objective of this study was to develop the universal visualization method depends on the absorption band of sugar, which can be applied to various kinds of melons and other fruits. The relationship between the sugar contents and absorption spectra of both green and red fresh melons were investigated by using a NIR spectrometer to determine the absorption band of sugar. The combination of 2$\^$nd/ derivative absorbances at 902 nm and 874 nm was highly correlated with the sugar contents. The wavelength of 902 nm is attributed to the absorption band of sugar. A cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) imaging camera which has 16 bit (65536 steps) A/D resolution was equipped with rotating band-pass filter wheel and used to capture the spectral absorption images of the flesh of a vertically half-cut red fresh melon. The advantage of the high A/D resolution in this research is that each pixel of the CCD is expected to function as a detector of the NIR spectrometer for quantitative analysis. Images at 846 nm, 874 nm, 902 nm and 930 nm were acquired using this CCD camera. Then the 2$\^$nd/ derivative absorbances at 902 nm and 874 nm at each pixel were calculated using these four images. On the other hand, parts of the same melon were extracted for capturing the images and squeezed for the measurement of sugar content. Then the calibration curve between the combination of 2$\^$nd/ derivative absorbances at 902 nm and 874 nm and sugar content was developed. The calibration method based on NIR spectroscopy techniques was applied to each pixel of the images to convert the 2$\^$nd/ derivative absorbances into the Brix sugar content. Mapping the sugar content value of each pixel with linear color scale, the distribution of the sugar content was visualized. As a result of the visualization, it was quantitatively confirmed that the Brix sugar contents are low at the near of the skin and become higher towards the seeds. This result suggests that the visualization technique by the NIR imaging spectroscopy could become a new useful method fer quality evaluation of melons.