• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.66-75
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• 2012

The Seoul Metropolitan Government selected the sign designs of cultural heritages through a public prize contest from a public design perspective and applied the selected design format to the signs of the cultural assets that were designated by the central and Seoul governments and located in Seoul Metropolitan area in 2008. For the purpose of monitoring the result, this study analyzed the installation state of the signs of Seoul tangible cultural properties located in Jongno-gu. The scope of the analysis of this study was expanded to cover the surrounding areas of cultural heritages in order to review the arrangement and design of such signs. The result of this study can be summarized as follows; firstly, not only the flow of travelers' movement but also the direction of sight, their locations in relation to the surrounding facilities or other installations and the integration with similar signs or notices were necessary to be considered in the arrangement of the signs; secondly, the current sings had low quality in terms of durability and readability and seemed utterly distance from the cultural assets indicated by the signs because they were finished with tempered glass; thirdly, the size, shape and materials of the signs were not harmonized with their surrounding areas as only one design was used in the entire cultural property sites without considering such natural or artificial backgrounds of individual signs as rocks, plants, walls or buildings. When selecting the design format of the signs of individual cultural properties that are located dispersively as Seoul tangible cultural properties, it is recommended to determine a group of most representative designs based on natural, man-made and cultural landscape rather than one unified design format and to use a unique well-matched sign for each cultural property. For this reason, this study selected alternative exemplary design models and proposed the type of signs appropriate for each cultural site.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.561-571
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• 2019

The Hupo Basin, continental marginal basin, of the East Sea extends to Uljin-gun and Yeongdeok-gun. The Hupo Bank, a terrain that is higher than the surrounding seabed, is located at the eastern boundary of the Hupo Basin. KIOST(Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology) conducted detailed bathymetry surveys in the northern, central and southern areas of the Hupo Basin from 2011 to 2013. The Hupo Basin, bounded by steep slopes of the Hupo Bank, is deepened from the west coast to the east and deepest to a maximum depth of about 250 m. A narrow seafloor channel appears in the northern, central, and southern areas with the deepest depths. Numerous pockmarks appear on the seafloor at depths of about 150 ~ 250 m in all the three areas of the detailed bathymetry surveys. These pockmarks generally have diameters of about 20 to 50 m and depths of about 4 to 6 m, with craterlike submarine topography of various sizes. Seafloor sediments in the pockmark areas consist of fine silt. Comparing the shape and size of the pockmark of the Hupo Basin with that of other regions of the world, it is considered to be classified as a normal pockmark. There are about 7 pockmarks/1 ㎢ in the northern part of the three areas and about 8 pockmarks/1 ㎢ in the central part. The southern part has about 5 pockmarks/1 ㎢. If the area with the possibility of pockmarks is extended to the depth area of about 150 ~ 250 m in the entire Hupo Basin, the number of pockmarks is estimated to be more than about 4800. The pockmark of the Hupo Basin is more likely to be generated by a fluid such as a liquid than a gas. But it is necessary to scrutinize the cause and continuously monitor the pockmark.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.950-955
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• 2007

Non-point source control system which had been designed only for oil-water separation in the fields of oil refinery and garage was upgraded in this research for the removal of runoff pollutants in impervious urban area. Pollutants including oil from driveway and bridge were eliminated by two types of pathway in the system. One is the coalescence mechanism that the oil droplets in the runoff come into contact with each other in the spiral buoyant media surface and form larger coalesced droplets of oil that are carried upstream to the oil layer. The other is the precipitation that solids in runoff were settled by gravity in the system. In this research, coalescing characteristics of oil and water separation were investigated through image analyses, and efficiencies of the non-point source control system were evaluated using dust in driveway and waste engine oil. Media made of high density and high molecular weight polyethylene was indeterminate helical shape and had sleek surface by analysing SEM photographs and BET. Surface area and specific gravity of media which were measured directly were 1,428 $mm^2$ and 45.3 $kg/m^3$ respectively. From the image analyses of the oil droplets photographs which were taken by using microscope, it was proved clearly that the coalescence was the main pathway in the removal of oil from the runoff. Finally, the performances of the non-point source control system filled up with the media were suspended solid $86.6\sim95.2%$, $COD_{Cr}$, $87.3\sim95.4%$, n-Hexane extractable materials $71.8\sim94.8%$ respectively.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.157-165
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• 2007

Purpose: Ingested foreign bodies are removed by endoscopy, surgery or spontaneous passage, however, the decision of therapeutic modality chosen depends on the type, size, shape and location of the ingested foreign bodies. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the rate and characteristics of foreign bodies that were passed spontaneously out of the intestine. Methods: One hundred and sixty patients who visited Samsung Medical Center for treatment of gastrointestinal foreign bodies between January 2001 to July 2007 were enrolled in this study. Related data was colleted by reviewing the medical records of patients with proven foreign bodies retrospectively, as well as by conducting phone interviews with the parents of the patients. All cases were classified based on the nature and location of the ingested foreign body, as well as whether it was treated by spontaneous passage. Results: Of the 160 cases involving the passage of foreign bodies in children were included in this study (95 boys and 65 girls), endoscopic removals, operative removals or spontaneous passages were conducted in 80, 3 and 77 patients, respectively. The spontaneous passage rates for each type of object were as follows; coins (36.5%), bead and baduk stones (83.3%), long and sharp materials (52.6%), magnets (69.2%) and disc batteries (50.0%). In cases involving round-shaped foreign bodies, such as coins, the diverse spontaneous passage rates were more diverse. When foreign bodies were stuck below esophagus, similar sized coins and baduk stones had spontaneous passage rates greater than 80% regardless of age. Conclusion: It is better for clinicians to wait for spontaneous passage to occur in cases involving coins or round-shaped foreign bodies that are located at or below the stomach.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.347-365
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• 2020

In order to resolve traffic problems in urban areas and to increase the area of green spaces, tunnels in downtown areas are being increased. Additionally, the application of large port smoke extraction ventilation systems is increasing as a countermeasure to smoke extraction ventilation for tunnels with high potential for traffic congestion. It is known that the smoke extraction performance of the large port smoke extraction system is influenced not only by the amount of the extraction flow rate, but also by various factors such as the shape of the extraction port (damper) and the extraction air velocity through a damper. Therefore, in this study, the design standards and installation status of each country were investigated. When the extraction air flow rate was the same, the smoke extraction performance according to the size of the damper was numerically simulated in terms of smoke propagation distance, compared and evaluated, and the following results were obtained. As the cross-sectional area of the smoke damper increases, the extraction flow rate is concentrated in the damper close to the extraction fan, and the smoke extraction rate of the damper in downstream decreases, thereby increasing the smoke propagation distance on the downstream side. In order to prevent such a phenomenon, it is necessary to reduce the cross-sectional area of the smoke damper and increase the velocity of passing air through the damper so that the pressure loss passing through the damper increases, thereby reducing the non-uniformity of smoke extraction flow rate in the extraction section. In this analysis, it was found that when the interval distance of the extraction damper was 50 m, the air velocity passing through damper was 4.4 m/s or more, and when the interval distance of the extraction dampers was 100 m, the air velocity passing through damper was greater than 4.84 m/s, it was found to be advantageous to ensure smoke extraction performance.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.498-513
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• 2007

Since it was reported that incipient enamel caries can be recovered, previous studies have quantitatively evaluated that enamel artificial caries have been, remineralized with fluoride showing simultaneously the increase of width of surface layer and the decrease of width of the body of legion. There is, however, little report which showed that remineralization could occur without fluoride. In addition, the observations on the change of hydroxyapatite crystals also have been scarcely seen. In this study, enamel caries in intact premolars or molars was induced by using lactic acidulated buffering solutions over 2 days. Then decalcified specimens were remineralized by seven groups of solutions using different degree of saturation(0.212, 0.239, 0.301, 0.355) and different pH(5.0, 5.5, 6.0) over 10 days. A qualitative comparison to changes of hydroxyapatite crystals after fracturing teeth was made under SEM(scanning electron microscopy) and AFM(atomic force microscopy). The results were as follows: 1. The size of hydroxyapatite crystals in demineralized area was smaller than the normal ones. While the space among crystals was expanded, it was observed that crystals are arranged irregularly. 2. In remineralized enamel area, the enlarged crystals with various shape were observed when the crystals were fused and new small crystals in intercrystalline spaces were deposited. 3. Group 3 and 4 with higher degree of saturation at same pH showed the formation of large clusters by aggregation of small crystals from the surface layer to the lesion body than group 1 and 2 with relatively low degree of saturation at same pH did. Especially group 4 showed complete remineralization to the body of lesions. Group 5 and 6 with lower pH at similar degree of saturation showed remineralization to the body of lesions while group 7 didn't show it. Unlike in Group 3 and 4, Group 5 and 6 showed that each particle was densely distributed with clear appearance rather than crystals form clusters together.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2021

Purpose This article studies the relationship between the length of a kidney measured by two scanning methods: Kidney Computed Tomography (CT) and ^99mTc-Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scan. Kidney CT provides a better anatomic assessment, while ^99mTc-DMSA renal scan is superior in the kidney function test. Materials and Methods From January to December of 2019, two hundred patients who had Kidney CT and Tc^99m-DMSA renal scan were chosen for this study. SPSS17.0 was selected for statistical analysis. Results Due to the effect of the breathing and resolution of ^99mTc-DMSA renal scan, it showed the kidney's relatively longer length than the length of Kidney CT. For the same kidney, the length comparison among different brands' Gamma cameras was negligible. The length difference within the same age group did not show a noticeable discrepancy. However, there was a length difference between the radio technologists. Kidney CT and ^99mTc-DMSA renal scan indicated a strong positive correlation between the length of the left and right kidney. Conclusion It is necessary to establish a standardized measurement method for measuring kidney length using ^99mTc-DMSA renal scan. The kidney's functional changes and length changes are indications of Kidney diseases. Especially, pediatric patients tend to use ^99mTc-DMSA renal scan for assessing the kidney's shape and the function to avoid potential radiation exposure during the Kidney CT. Therefore, it is significant to provide not only the kidney's functional information but also an anatomic analysis, including the kidney's size, length, and location through the ^99mTc-DMSA renal scan.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.59-65
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• 1981

The pars distalis of the Korean frogs (Rana dybowskii Guenther) during hibernating and active periods was observed with the electron microscope. Seven cell types were classified according to the size and shape of secretory granules and to the ultrastructural characteristics. There were many differences between hibernating and active frogs in type 5 cells. Therefore the following results were observed. Cell type 1; This type cell contains spherical secretory granules, $375{\sim}687m{\mu}$ in diameter. Cell type 2; This type cell contains various secretory granules, $250{\sim}437m{\mu}$ in diameter Cell type 3; Spherical and rod-shaped granules, $l25{\sim}187m{\mu}$ in diameter were observed. Cell type 4; In this type cell, the electron density is the lowest and the density of granules is the highest of all type cells. This type cell contains various secretory granules and large secretory granules, $2l0{\sim}420m{\mu}$ in diameter, were also observed. Cell type 5; The electron density of this cells is similar to that of type 4 cells. The density of granules is lower than that of type 4 cells. And the shapes of the secretory granules are similar to those of type 4 cells. But many rod shaped granules, $200{\sim}863m{\mu}$ in diameter, were also observed. Cell type 6; This type was similar to type 2. The electron density of cytoplasm is very low. Spherical granules, $232{\sim}316m{\mu}$ in diameter, were observed. Cell type 7; This type of cell has no secretory granules. This cell is not developed very well. The type 5 cells in hibernating frogs are different from cells in active frogs. In type 5 cells, many secretory granules were observed during active period. But the number of secretory granules were greatly declined and there were many vacuoles in cytoplasm during hibernating period.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.86-91
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• 2013

The optical properties of InAs quantum dots (QDs) grown on GaAs substrates grown by molecular beam epitaxy have been studied using photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved PL measurements. InAs QDs were grown using an arsenic interruption growth (AIG) technique, in which the As flux was periodically interrupted by a closed As shutter during InAs QDs growth. In this study, the shutter of As source was periodically opened and closed for 1 (S1), 2 (S2), or 3 s (S3). For comparison, an InAs QD sample (S0) without As interruption was grown in a pure GaAs matrix for 20 s. The PL intensity of InAs QD samples grown by AIG technique is stronger than that of the reference sample (S0). While the PL peaks of S1 and S2 are redshifted compared to that of S0, the PL peak of S3 is blueshifted from that of S0. The increase of the PL intensity for the InAs QDs grown by AIG technique can be explained by the reduced InAs clusters, the increased QD density, the improved QD uniformity, and the improved aspect ratio (height/length). The redshift (blueshift) of the PL peak for S1 (S3) compared with that for S0 is attributed to the increase (decrease) in the QD average length compared to the average length of S0. The PL intensity, PL peak position, and PL decay time have been investigated as functions of temperature and emission wavelength. S2 shows no InAs clusters, the increased InAs QD density, the improved QD uniformity, and the improved QD aspect ratio. S2 also shows the strongest PL intensity and the longest PL decay time. These results indicate that the size (shape), density, and uniformity of InAs QDs can be controlled by using AIG technique. Therefore the emission wavelength and luminescence properties of InAs/GaAs QDs can also be controlled.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.479-488
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• 2002

In recent years the amount of digital video used has risen dramatically to keep pace with the increasing use of the Internet and consequently an automated method is needed for indexing digital video databases. Textual information, both superimposed and embedded scene texts, appearing in a digital video can be a crucial clue for helping the video indexing. In this paper, a new method is presented to extract both superimposed and embedded scene texts in a freeze-frame of news video. The algorithm is summarized in the following three steps. For the first step, a color image is converted into a gray-level image and applies contrast stretching to enhance the contrast of the input image. Then, a modified local adaptive thresholding is applied to the contrast-stretched image. The second step is divided into three processes: eliminating text-like components by applying erosion, dilation, and (OpenClose+CloseOpen)/2 morphological operations, maintaining text components using (OpenClose+CloseOpen)/2 operation with a new Geo-correction method, and subtracting two result images for eliminating false-positive components further. In the third filtering step, the characteristics of each component such as the ratio of the number of pixels in each candidate component to the number of its boundary pixels and the ratio of the minor to the major axis of each bounding box are used. Acceptable results have been obtained using the proposed method on 300 news images with a recognition rate of 93.6%. Also, my method indicates a good performance on all the various kinds of images by adjusting the size of the structuring element.