• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.80-86
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• 1999

Since the quality of the coated wires is in various applications dependant on the coating depth, accuracy of hole size of dies used for coating wires must be maintained precisely, in general within one micron. This paper proposes a new vision system which measures automatically the size and shape of small holes having diameters less than 1mm within an error limit of 1 micron. To quickly obtain the focused image, this paper proposes an estimation method of the camera position using only a couple of defocused hole images. It measures the distributions of light intensity around the image boundary and decides the direction and distance of a camera motion. The proposed system measures the size, shape distortion, inclination of the hole against the axis of the dies structure, to decides the acceptability of the dies for use. The proposed algorithm has been implemented using a cheap 640${\times}$480 image system and has shown an average size error of 1micron when measuring the dieses having 0.1mm to 1.0mm diameters. It can be applied to the inspection of the size and position of holes in PCB, too.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 2019

In this study, we investigated the grain size, lithological type, and shape of coarse bed materials in the upper and middle reaches of Gongneungcheon River. For this purpose, 11 sampling points were selected along the river. For 100 samples of the coarse bed materials at each point, three axes (long, intermediate, and short) of samples were measured, and their lithological types were also identified. By measuring grain size, the sphericity and flatness of samples were calculated. Finally, every particle was classified into four shape categories: sphere, disc, blade and rod. We found that the grain size in incised meandering reach is the largest. This is mainly due to the supply of coarse materials from steep valley sides along the meandering channel. According to the lithological analysis, all samples were identified as granite, gneiss and schist, and quartz. The proportion of granite decreased, whereas the proportion of gneiss and schist increased downstream. These patterns indicate that the bedrock distribution within the study area accounts for the downstream lithological variation of coarse bed materials. With regard to the grain shape, sphericity gradually decreased while flatness gradually increased downstream. In the case of the shape classification, unlike the general downstream pattern of grain shape, the proportion of the sphere type decreased and the proportion of the blade type increased downstream. Such a reversal change in the downstream direction turns out to be determined by the lithology (such as foliation, bedding and the pattern of weathering) of coarse bed materials.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.95-108
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• 2019

This study aims to determine the characteristics of new senior women's torso shapes. The data was collected from the 7th Size Korea, which analyzed 412 women between the ages of 55-69. A factor analysis was performed based on 20 indices, including eight based on circumference, eight based on height and length measurements, and four based on torso flattening. The results of the factor analysis suggest five main factors: torso silhouette, longitudinal size of the body, torso flattening rate, abdominal shape, and posterior longitudinal size. The results of the cluster analysis suggest three overall types: Type 1 is the inverted triangular obese shape which is characterized by large breasts, small buttocks, a short height, and a forward-bending posture; Type 2 is the rectangular, slim shape which is characterized by a forward neck and a flat front and back of the torso, and is the most slender among the three types; Type 3 is the large rectangular, overall obese shape, which is characterized by a round shape with large breasts, waist, and buttocks, and a forward-bending posture with a protruding back, and this is the most obese type. According to the results of the cross-tabulation, women aged 55-59 showed no trend in body shape; women aged 60-64 showed an increases in the inverted triangular obese shape and the large rectangular, overall obese shape; women aged 65-69 showed an increase in the large rectangular, overall obese shape and a decrease in the rectangular slim shape. In summary, new senior women showed body shape characteristics of being short, more obese having, a bent over posture. As they grew older, the curves disappeared, and the body becomes rounder. The study found that variation in body shape exists among new senior women in the aged society.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.141-163
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• 2009

Using the extensive datasets, I analyze the effect of tick size changes on the intraday patterns of spread and depth. I show that intraday variations in spread (depth) are greater (smaller) with smaller tick size during the early hour of trading and become smaller (larger) during the last hour of trading. And the standardized spreads (depths) are quoted at the lower (higher) levels as the tick size becomes smaller. I also find that U-shaped intraday spread pattern changes to the reverse flat S-shape while inverted U-shaped depth pattern does to the flat S-shape.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2017

Accurate prediction of size, shape and velocity of a bubble rising through a liquid pool is very important for predicting the particulate removal efficiency in pool scrubbing, for designing engineering safety features to prepare for severe accidents in nuclear power plants, and for predicting the emission of fission products from MCCI (molten core-concrete interaction) process during severe accidents. In this review article, previous studies on the determination of the size, shape and rising velocity of a bubble in liquid are reviewed. Various theoretical and parameterization formulas calculating the bubble size, shape and velocity from physical properties of liquid and gas flowrate are compared. Recent studies tend to suggest simple parameterizations that can easily determine the bubble shape and rising velocity without iteration, whereas iteration has to be performed to determine the bubble shape and velocity in old theories. The recent parameterizations show good agreement with measured data obtained from experiments conducted using different liquid materials with very diverse physical properties, proving themselves to be very useful tools for researchers in related fields.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.219-225
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to make an ideal dummy for adult Maltese with proper investigation of its character and direct measurement of dog body-shape. The results of the study are as follows; First, there were 6 factors to affect the characteristics of Maltese body in the analysis, which are size of body, leg shape, chest shape, leg thickness, body length, length between fore-legs. In the cluster analysis with the 6 factors there were two types of Maltese body. Type 1 has body characteristics with large body, thick leg, and small distance between front legs. Type 2 has average size of all factors including body size, leg thickness, and length between fore-legs. Second, type 2 was selected as a representative one to make a dummy reflected body shape of characteristics because it took 67.71% from entire considered factors and has average value in the measured size. The first dummy pattern was planned by copying the surface area of the representative body shape with the method of surgical tape. A dummy of single body with trunk and legs was made using 30's cotton cloth, polyester inside batting, compressed form PVC and metallic wire on the joint of trunk and legs to support dummy shape. The second pattern was made by correcting size difference of the pattern and adding the pattern of neck covering plate, metal magnetic button was inserted on the center of joint area of trunk and legs to make detachable legs for easy slip on and off the pet's wear.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.240-246
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• 2013

Data from 540 subjects (included in the obesity group whose BMI was over 25) was selected from 2,445 subjects in the $6^{th}$ Korean Body Size Survey. A total of 25 direct measurements were selected for the relevant literature lower body size measurement analysis, that included 9 components related to BMI, height and circumferences, 3 components related to width and thickness, 5 components related to length, 3 components related to height, and 2 other components. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis, cluster analysis and variance analysis were executed using PASW 18.0 to analyze the data. In accordance with the factor analysis results to classify the lower body shape of overweight women in their 20s to 60s whose BMI was over 25, 4 factors were identified (lower body volume, leg volume, lower body length and leg length). A total of 4 lower body shapes of overweight women were found through cluster analysis using 4 factor scores from the factor analysis. Body Shape 1 had the largest lower body and leg volume. It was the heaviest group. Leg length was at a normal level. Body Shape 1 was 22.2% (122 subjects). Body Shape 2 had the longest legs and the smallest body shape; however, Body Shape 2 was the leg obesity group with the largest leg volume. It was 39.8% (215 subjects). Body Shape 3 had a smaller leg volume in proportion to the lower body thickness and a long lower body length. It comprised 27.8% (150 subjects). Body Shape 4 comprised 9.8% (53 subjects) with the shortest leg. Its lower body obesity was at a normal level.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.175-180
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• 2013

Carbon nanofilaments (CNFs) could be synthesized using $C_2H_2/H_2$ as source gases and $SF_6$ as an incorporated additive gas under thermal chemical vapor deposition system. Ni powders were used as the catalyst for the formation of the CNFs. During the initial deposition stage, the initiation of the CNFs on the Ni catalyst was investigated. The geometries of the as-grown CNFs on Ni catalyst were strongly dependent on the size and/or the shape of Ni catalyst. Small size catalyst (<150 nm in diameter) gives rise to the unidirectional growth of the CNFs. On the other hand, large size catalyst (150~500 nm), the bidirectional growth of the CNFs could be observed. Particularly, the well faceted parallelogram-shaped Ni catalyst could give rise to the bidirectional growth of the CNFs having the symmetrically opposite direction. Eventually, these bidirectional growths of CNFs were understood to form the well-developed carbon microcoils (CMCs). Based on these results, the optimal shape and the size of the Ni catalyst to form the CMCs were discussed.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2001

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of coating pigments on the printability by investigating the pore structure of casting layer such as the number, size and distribution of pores and the pore rate. The coating structure was mainly determined by the interaction between pigment and binder. It means that the structure of pores was chiefly affected by the shape and size distribution of pigments and their packing rate. The physical properties of pore have close relationships with ink set-off, the speed of ink penetration and printing gloss. The results suggested that the rate and number of pores were greatly affected by the particle size distribution and shape of pigments. The rate of pore increased with the reduction of particle size distribution of pigments. Calcite was effective to improve greatly the printability of coated paper.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.211-217
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• 2014

The self-assembled strain-induced sub-micrometric islands and nanostructures are grown from In-As-Sb-P quaternary liquid phase on InAs (100) substrates in Stranski-Krastanow growth mode. Two samples are under consideration. The first sample consists of unencapsulated islands and lens-shape quantum dots (QDs) grown from expressly inhomogeneous liquid phase. The second sample is an n-InAs/p-InAsSbP heterostructure with QDs embedded in the p-n junction interface. The morphology, size and shape of the structures are investigated by high-resolution scanning electron (SEM) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopy. It is shown that islands, as they decrease in size, undergo shape transitions. Particularly, as the volume decreases, the following succession of shape transitions are detected: sub-micrometric truncated pyramid, {111} facetted pyramid, {111} and partially {105} facetted pyramid, completely unfacetted "pre-pyramid", hemisphere, lens-shaped QD, which then evolves again to nano-pyramid. A critical size of $5{\pm}2nm$ for the shape transformation of InAsSbP-based lens-shaped QD to nano-pyramid is experimentally measured and theoretically evaluated.