• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.27 no.spc
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• pp.1-18
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• 2022

A conceptual site model is used to support decision-making of response strategy development, determination, and implementation within a risk-based contaminated site management system. It aims to provide base information of the relevant site characteristics and surface/subsurface conditions in order to understand the contaminants of concern and the associated risk they pose to the receptors. This study delineated the technical details of conceptual site model development, and discussed the possibility of applying it in domestic subsurface contamination management. Conceptual site models can be developed in various formats such as tables, diagrams, flowcharts, and figures. Contaminated sites are managed for a long period of time following the steps of investigation, remediation design, remediation, verification, and post-remedation management. The conceptual site model can be enhanced in each stage of the contaminated site management based on the continuously updated information on the site's subsurface environment. In the process of enhancement for conceptual site model, precision is gradually improved, and it can evolve from a conceptual and qualitative form to a more quantitatvive and three-dimensional model. In soil pollution management, it is desirable to incorporate the conceptual site model into the soil scrutiny system to better assess the current status of the contaminated site and support follow-up investigation and management.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.25 no.2_spc
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• pp.28-54
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• 2020

Even though a systematic sampling approach is very crucial in both the general and detailed investigation phases to produce the best conceptual site model for contaminated sites, the concept is not yet established in South Korea. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued the 'Strategic Sampling Approaches Technical guide' in 2018 to help environmental professionals choose which sampling approaches may be needed and most effective for given site conditions. The EPA guide broadly defines strategic sampling as the application of focused data collection across targeted areas of the conceptual site model (CSM) to provide the appropriate amount and type of information needed for decision-making. These strategic sampling approaches can prevent the essential data from missing, minimize the uncertainty of projects and secure the data which are necessary for the important site-decisions. Furthermore, these provide collaborative data sets through the life cycle phases of projects, which can generate more positive proofs on the site-decisions. The strategic sampling approaches can be divided by site conditions. This technical guide categorized it into eight conditions; High-resolution site characterization in unconsolidated environments, High-resolution site characterization in fractured sedimentary rock environments, Incremental sampling, Contaminant source definition, Passive groundwater sampling, Passive sampling for surface water and sediment, Groundwater to surface water interaction, and Vapor intrusion. This commentary paper introduces specific sampling methods based on site conditions when the strategic sampling approaches are applied.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.12-29
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• 2023

Conceptual site model (CSM) development and enhancement for contaminated sites assists in identifying data gaps during the site investigation process. In this study, CSM was developed and enhanced for a contaminated site in Korea as a case study. Site Y was scrutinized four times previously. The site profiles for each scrutiny were reorganized based on the scrutiny reports, and the relevant data was utilized to develop and enhance CSMs. CSM for the first investigation was developed in various forms including table, flowchart, diagram, and narrative formats. CSM was enhanced in a stepwise manner by incorporating the updated profile information obtained in next investigation to existing CSM. The hypothetical data gap analysis between each investigation step was established to meet the purpose of the follow-up investigation. This case study showed that CSM is a useful tool to identify the history and current status of contaminated sites and thereby help in planning supplementary investigations for better site characterization.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.27 no.spc
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• pp.64-74
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• 2022

The conceptual site model (CSM) is used as a key tool to support decision making in risk based management of contaminated sites. In this work, CSM was applied in Jeonju Industrial Complex where site investigation for groundwater contamination was conducted. Site background information including facility types, physical conditions, contaminants spill history, receptor exposure, and ecological information were collected and cross-checked with tabulated checklist necessary for CSM application. The CSM for contaminants migration utilized DNAPL transport model and narrative CSMs were constructed for source to receptor pathway, ecological exposure route, and contaminants fate and transport in the form of a diagram or flowchart. The component and uncertainty of preliminary CSM were reviewed using the data gap analysis while taking into account the purpose of the survey and the site management stage at the time of the survey. Through this approach, the potential utility of CSM was demonstrated in the site management process, such as assessing site conditions and planning follow-up survey work.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.15-24
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to suggest some alternative on site planning of elementary school through investigating the effects of geographical and urban environment on the site. For this, we selected and surveyed 35 schools in Gwangju. The results of this study are as follows. 1) We cannot find out the differences from the use of elementary schools sites on slopes of sites. However, the sunken space between H type buildings in the site slopes facing east or west and the placing the playground on the north side of the site slopes facing north have some problems 2) The number of adjacent road and surrounding environment didn't show any effect. To separate between cars and pedestrians, we need some plans to block cars on the pedestrian gateway and it is much better to intensify the parking area near the school gate that cars come in and out. 3) The degree of satisfaction on the outdoor facilities of these cases shows low level. Therefore, to use the site of schools efficiently, we should secure the spacious playground and make plans to provide some spaces around school building for the static activities of students and teachers. 4) Most of all, the site which is suitable for educational environment should be selected. and also Special Code on the urban plan should be established to develop this one.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.20-24
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• 2012

Denitrification rate was determined for various freshwater wetland types in the Mississippi River Coastal delta plain. Site 1 and 4 were collected from forested-tupelo dominated wetland, and site 2 and 3 were from floating emergent marsh. The maximum $N_2O$ emission was $7.47mg\;N\;m^{-2}$ for site 1 at day 6 after the addition of nitrate, $6.96mg\;N\;m^{-2}$ for site 2 at day 4, $6.63mg\;N\;m^{-2}$ for site 3 at day 3, and $9.64mg\;N\;m^{-2}$ for site 4 at day 4. The denitrification rate was determined using the acetylene inhibition method $1.24mg\;N\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$ for site 1, $1.93mg\;N\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$ for site 2, $2.24mg\;N\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$ for site 3, and $2.78mg\;N\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$ for site 4. The maximum denitrification rate was in the order of site 4 > site 3 > site 2 > site 1.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.157-162
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• 2013

To deal with the water pollution arising from the construction site, this study raises the issues of management and laws and it suggest the efficient way to reduce water pollution by through the case studies. In order to study, seven cases were selected from "Construction Environmental Management Best Practice Competition" co - sponsored by Construction Association of Korea and Construction Environment Association. As a study result, there are problems that depending on the characteristic of the construction site environment simple alone settling facilities can not handle muddy and dirty water generated by the construction site. However, when the construction site applied improved water pollution control facilities with reflecting the characteristic of muddy and dirty water. The problem can be solved moreover it can achieve exceeded emission standard. Therefore new regulations and management with water pollution control facilities considering characteristic of environment is needed to cope with water pollution arising from the construction site.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.275-285
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• 2017

The architectural site exists in the context of the surrounding environment as the background of architectural design, and the architecture exists in the connection between the site and the surrounding environment therefore, the plan of the building starts from the analysis of the site, and its consequences too meaning can be found in the relation with the surrounding environment. Ironically, however, there are no direct papers describing site analysis with this meaning. Therefore, this paper categorizes the site analysis items around the four environments of Land, Water, Fire, and Wind that constitute the environment of the ecosystem, furthermore, in order to apply the result of the fusion information to the architectural design by synthesizing the organic correlation between the inside and the surrounding environment, i created the '9sectors system', which is a combination of 'horizontal 3 and vertical 3' to provide a more rational and efficient architectural plan. Through the progress of the project using this system, it is considered that it is a more applicable method of the site analysis data than the existing site analysis method.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2012

This study was performed to produce basic data for silty reclaimed tidal lands and to develop techniques of environmentally-friendly utilization in agricultural system. We chose the two sites in Saemangeum reclaimed tidal lands, one (Site I) has been treated with cultivating green manure and conducting the desalinization process through submergence since April, 2007 and the other (Site II) has been under natural condition without artificial treatment. In situ and ex situ physic-chemical properties were determined and comparisons were made for soil profiles examined at these two sites in April 2009. Surface soil of Site I had lower EC and higher field saturated hydraulic conductivity than those of Site II, uncultivated land. Especially, exchangeable sodium content was lowest in Site I Ap1 layer than in other layers. This is probably due to flooding desalination and green manure cultivation. Besides, Ap1 and A2 layers of soil profile in Site I showed brighter soil color and more root observation than those of Site II. This is probably due to green manure cultivation. By the large, for high cash upland crops and intensive agricultural use of silty reclaimed tidal land, site-specific soil ripening such as flooding desalination and green manure cultivation could be useful.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.313-323
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• 2014

Significant alteration in the microbial community can occur across reclamation areas suffering subsidence from mining. A reclamation site undergoing fertilization practices and an adjacent coal-excavated subsidence site (sites A and B, respectively) were examined to characterize the bacterial diversity using 454 high-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing. The dominant taxonomic groups in both the sites were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Betaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Firmicutes. However, the bacterial communities' abundance, diversity, and composition differed significantly between the sites. Site A presented higher bacterial diversity and more complex community structures than site B. The majority of sequences related to Proteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Chloroflexi, Nitrospirae, Firmicutes, Betaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, and Anaerolineae were from site A; whereas those related to Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Gammaproteobacteria, Nitriliruptoria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Phycisphaerae originated from site B. The distribution of some bacterial groups and subgroups in the two sites correlated with soil properties and vegetation due to reclamation practice. Site A exhibited enriched bacterial community, soil organic matter (SOM), and total nitrogen (TN), suggesting the presence of relatively diverse microorganisms. SOM and TN were important factors shaping the underlying microbial communities. Furthermore, the specific plant functional group (legumes) was also an important factor influencing soil microbial community composition. Thus, the effectiveness of 454 pyrosequencing in analyzing soil bacterial diversity was validated and an association between land ecological system restoration, mostly mediated by microbial communities, and an improvement in soil properties in coal-mining reclamation areas was suggested.