• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2019

As the Construction Technology Promotion Act was revised in 2015, the term of Supervision was removed and Construction Management was included instead. The consideration of Construction Management shall be based on the cost plus fee method specified in the Criteria for the Cost of Construction Technology Services of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. Nevertheless, it is based on the construction cost ratio in accordance with the Economy and Finance Ministry's Detailed Guidelines for Preparing the 2018 Budget Plan and Fund Management Plan (Manual for Business Type and Item). As a result, it has been expected that Construction Management consideration will be calculated according to a single government standard and that the Criteria will be applied reasonably. In addition, although the change in the Labor Standard Act has a significant effect on the working environment of the construction site, the nature of the construction site is not considered in this Act. Based on these problems, the study suggested that the government should apply a single standard after consultation with the relevant agencies when calculating the consideration for Construction management, that the scope of the Criteria for the Cost of Construction Technology Services should be clear, that the amount of input by the Construction Manager should be considered for the capability of engineers and the number of working days, and that construction characteristics should be considered when determining the number of working days and hours.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.110-131
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper investigates the implications for facilitating trade in the products of Industry 4.0. To identify the issues caused by the conflicts of policy objectives such as applying the tariff concession under the ITA and imposing the export control, by exploring the case of classification of drones. Design/methodology - We adopted a single case study method to gain a deeper understanding of the complex and multifaceted issues of Customs classification in the context of facilitating trade in the products of Industry 4.0. This study employs the case of drones to explore how these issues of Customs classification affect trade facilitation. We ensured the internal validity of the study by confirming the pattern of the results with the existing theories. Findings - Our main findings can be summarised as follows: the intrinsic nature of the products that converge several technologies causes issues in the classification. The inconsistency in product classification delays customs clearance by hindering the Customs risk-management system that pinpoints products subject to controls. To address the issues, therefore, we proposed fundamental reforms of Customs to empower themselves with management roles. Facilitating trade in the products of Industry 4.0 requires more enhanced Customs capability. Therefore, the reforms should include comprehensive capacity-building activities, such as changes in staff-trainings, promotion system, organisation and culture. Customs also need roles in robust designing of cooperative systems to compensate for the lacks of controls and to ensure concrete risk management for expedited Customs procedures. As well, by equipping the Single Window of Customs with crucial control functions of other ministries, Customs need to support the cooperation. The role of harmonising various preaudits of other ministries with its own is another essential role that ensures predictability of clearance procedure. Originality/value - There are scanty studies in the field of knowledge about what obstacles exist and what solution is available in the course of transforming to 'Industry 4.0'. In filling out the gap of knowledge, this paper is of academic significance in that it applies the research theory on trade facilitation for the specific cases of classification of the product of Industry 4.0 to verify its effectiveness and to extend the subject of the studies to the scope of Industry 4.0. It also has practical significance in that the results have provided implications for reforms of Customs procedures to facilitate trade in the products of Industry 4.0.

• Proceedings of the Korea Association of Crystal Growth Conference
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• 1996.06a
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• pp.75-87
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• 1996

This review is presented under the following headings: 1.Introduction 1.1 Brief review of the properties of AlN 1.2 Historical survey of work on ceramic and single crystal AlN 2.Thermochemical background 3.Crystal growth 4.Doping 5.Potential applications and future work The known properties of AlN which make it of interest for various are discussed briefly. The properties include chemical stability, crystal structure and lattice constants, refractive indices and other optical properties, dielectric constant, surface acoustic wave velocity and thermal conductivity. The history of work in single crystals, thin films and ceramics are outlined and the thermochemistry of AlN reviewed together with some of the relevant properties of aluminium and nitrogen; the problems encountered in growing crystals of AlN are shown to arise directly from these thermochemical relationships. Methods have been reported in the literature for growing AlN crystals from melts, solution and vapour and these methods are compared critically. It is proposed that the only practicable approach to the growth of AlN is by vapour phase methods. All vapour based procedures share the share the same problems: $.$the difficulty of preventing contamination by oxygen & carbon $.$the high bond energy of molecular nitrogen $.$the refractory nature of AlN (melting point~3073K at 100ats.) $.$the high reactivity of Al at high temperatures It is shown that the growth of epitactic layers and polycrystalline layers present additional problems: $.$chemical incompatibility of substrates $.$crystallographic mismatch of substrates $.$thermal mismatch of substrates The result of all these problems is that there is no good substrate material for the growth of AlN layers. Organometallic precursors which contain an Al-N bond have been used recently to deposit AlN layers but organometallic precursors gave the disadvantage of giving significant carbon contamination. Organometallic precursors which contain an Al-N bound have been used recently to deposit AlN layers but organometallic precursors have the disadvantage of giving significant carbon contamination. It is conclude that progress in the application of AlN to optical and electronic devices will be made only if considerable effort is devoted to the growth of larges, pure (and particularly, oxygen-free) crystals. Progress in applications of epi-layers and ceramic AlN would almost certainly be assisted also by the availability of more reliable data on the pure material. The essential features of any stategy for the growth of AlN from the vapour are outlined and discussed.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.83-103
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• 2024

Adhesive bonding is currently widely used in many industrial fields, particularly in the aeronautics sector. Despite its advantages over mechanical joints such as riveting and welding, adhesive bonding is mostly used for secondary structures due to its low peel strength; especially if it is simultaneously exposed to temperature and humidity; and often presence of bonding defects. In fact, during joint preparation, several types of defects can be introduced into the adhesive layer such as air bubbles, cavities, or cracks, which induce stress concentrations potentially leading to premature failure. Indeed, the presence of defects in the adhesive joint has a significant effect on adhesive stresses, which emphasizes the need for a good surface treatment. The research in this field is aimed at minimizing the stresses in the adhesive joint at its free edges by geometric modifications of the ovelapping part and/or by changing the nature of the substrates. In this study, the finite element method is used to describe the mechanical behavior of bonded joints. Thus, a three-dimensional model is made to analyze the effect of defects in the adhesive joint at areas of high stress concentrations. The analysis consists of estimating the different stresses in an adhesive joint between two 2024-T3 aluminum plates. Two types of single lap joints(SLJ) were analyzed: a standard SLJ and another modified by removing 0.2 mm of material from the thickness of one plate along the overlap length, taking into account several factors such as the applied load, shape, size and position of the defect. The obtained results clearly show that the presence of a bonding defect significantly affects stresses in the adhesive joint, which become important if the joint is subjected to a higher applied load. On the other hand, the geometric modification made to the plate considerably reduces the various stresses in the adhesive joint even in the presence of a bonding defect.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.587-593
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• 2008

Microbial exopolysaccharide (EPS) is a biothickener that can be added to a wide variety of food products, where it serves as a viscosifying, stabilizing, emulsifying, and gelling agent. The objective of this study was to investigate the optimum conditions of pH, incubation temperature, and whey protein concentration (WPC) for EPS production by Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 9595. We found that maximal EPS production was achieved at a pH of 5.5 and temperature of $37^{\circ}C$. At the same fermentation conditions, EPS production was affected by the addition of L. rhamnosus GG (a weak-EPS producer). After growth for 24 hr, total EPS production was $583{\pm}15.4mg/L$ in the single culture system, and $865{\pm}22.6\;mg/L$ in the co-culture system with L. rhamnosus GG. Based on the presence of WPC, EPS production dramatically increased from $583{\pm}15.4$ (under no WPC supplementation) to $1,011{\pm}14.7\;mg/L$ (under supplementation with 1.0% WPC). These results suggest that WPC supplementation and the co-culture systems coupled with small portions of weak-EPS producing strain can play an important role in the enhancement of EPS production.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2005

In this study, messages from on-line discussions of 28 preservice teachers were analyzed based on social constructivist learning theory. After preliminary discussion session for a week, small group discussions were conducted every single week with different topics during 4 weeks. One transcript with most frequent messages in each topic was selected, and a total of 72 messages were analyzed. Discussion topics were the issues related to the nature of science. The Interaction Analysis Model for Examing Social Construction of Knowledge in Computer Conferencing was used for the analysis. Analysis of the messages indicated that 'sharing information' was the most frequent, and that 'discovering/exploring dissonance' and 'negotiation of meaning/co-construction of knowledge' were the nex. However, messages of 'testing and modification of proposed synthesis' and 'testing and application of newly constructed meaning' were found to be rare. This result indicated that students' interaction through on-line discussion did not reach to the social construction of knowledge.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.62-70
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• 2005

Since the announcement of the Rio Earth Charter in 1992, the Environmental Policy of each country has changed a lot. That is, it aims at compatibility of nature and humans, and preservation and development of environment. It has changed a goal from the past direct regulation and post-treatment to 'sustainable development'. To overcome world-wide environmental problems such as changing global climate, various political means such as economic incentives and pre-prevention policy such as environmentally-friendly productive process, effective use of resources, minimized generation of waste have been developed. As environmental problems which are growing serious began to threat survival of human beings, they must be globally managed rather than by a single country. Therefore, this study is to speculate the EIA System of each country for environmental protection based on such recognition of problems.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.433-438
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• 2013

Background: Surgical repair of post-infarct ventricular septal defect (VSD) is considered one of the most challenging procedures having high surgical mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of the surgical repair of post-infarct VSD. Methods: From May 1991 to July 2012, 34 patients (mean age, $67.1{\pm}7.9$ years) underwent surgical repair of post-infarct VSD. A retrospective review of clinical and surgical data was performed. Results: VSD repair involved the infarct exclusion technique using a patch in all patients. For coronary revascularization, 12 patients (35.3%) underwent concomitant coronary artery bypass graft, 3 patients (8.8%) underwent preoperative percutaneous coronary intervention, and 9 patients (26.5%) underwent both of these procedures. The early mortality rate was 20.6%. Six patients (17.6%) required reoperation due to residual shunt or newly developed VSD. During follow-up (median, 4.8 years; range, 0 to 18.4 years), late death occurred in nine patients. Overall, the 5-year and 10-year survival rates were $54.4%{\pm}8.8%$ and $44.3%{\pm}8.9%$, respectively. According to a Cox regression analysis, preoperative cardiogenic shock (p=0.069) and prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time (p=0.008) were independent predictors of mortality. Conclusion: The early surgical outcome of post-infarct VSD was acceptable considering the high-risk nature of the disease. The long-term outcome, however, was still dismal, necessitating comprehensive optimal management through close follow-up.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.345-350
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• 2010

In the Vinous-throated Parrotbill Paradoxornis webbianus, potential intraspecific nest parasitism was observed in four nests (0.38%, n=1,062) during twelve breeding seasons between 1988 and 2007. At first, a nest involved 9 white eggs was found in Puyong-ri, Yangpyong-gun, Kyonggi Province in 1995. This nest would be parasitized by the same species, given that this is out of range of normal clutch size (5 eggs) in Vinous-throated Parrotbills. The second and third cases were recorded in 2001 and 2005 in Sa-dong, Ansan City, Kyonggi Province, respectively. In these nests, two eggs were added to the clutch in a single day. The final observation was made in Puyong-ri in 2007, in which one white egg was laid in the nest at the pre-laying stage. The color of the egg was different from that of the original clutch (blue). The above four things suggest that intraspecific nest parasitism can occur in Vinous-throated Parrotbills although it is an uncommon phenomenon in their life history.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.16
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• pp.257-272
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• 2013

This paper analyzes six different ways of articulating the relationship between art and politics. It calls attention to the differences that lurk behind the seemingly simple phrase-everywhere in vogue today-the "politics of aesthetics." Five of these models are drawn from contemporary discussions regarding the politics of art. The last model is the attempt to develop an account of the politics of aesthetics that is faithful to the difficult and ambiguous dimensions of the aesthetic experience that were hinted at by the texts of classical philosophical aesthetics. Most notably, this paper is concerned with the idea that the aesthetic experience can be understood as a form of disinterested contemplation-one that is not reducible to cognitive or moral considerations-and with some of the consequences that this entails. It explores some of the political significance that can be attributed to this idea of disinterested contemplation, arguing that the aesthetic should be understood as a withdrawal from the world's pre-established meanings. Unlike some of the other thinkers discussed in this paper, this author doubts that a single, uniform meaning can be ascribed to the aesthetic experience. I thus argue that we need to approach the aesthetic through the networks of textual significance that have been built up around it. Throughout this paper, I attempt to explain how the efforts to link art and aesthetics to politics simultaneously give rise to ideas about the nature of the human community. In looking at the sixth and final model, what I have called the "anarchical politics of aesthetic ambiguity," I argue that the aesthetic tradition offers a rather unique way of understanding the relationship between the individual and the community. Here, we see that the aesthetic is prone to a number of paradoxes, central among them the one that makes art the bearer of a solipsistic pleasure in which we nevertheless discover our capacity for genuinely communicating with others, outside of cliches and banalities.