• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.325-331
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• 2011

A numerical analysis of reactive flow in a MILD(Moderate and Intense Low oxygen Dilution) combustor is accomplished to elucidate the characteristics of combustion phenomena in the furnace with the change of fuel and air nozzle position and air mass flow rate. For the case with the fuel nozzle located near center position of combustor, the reaction zone started at the fuel nozzle and had inclined shape toward combustor wall when the air mass flow rate was relatively smaller. On the other hand, the end of reaction zone moved toward center of combustor from combustor wall when the air flow rate was relatively larger. For the case with the air nozzle located near center position of combustor, the reaction zone started at the fuel nozzle and had inclined shape toward combustor wall when the air mass flow rate was relatively small, which was similar as the previous case with smaller air mass flow rate. On the other hand, the end of reaction zone moved toward combustor wall when the air flow rate was relatively larger. The maximum temperature increased as the air mass flow rate increasing for both cases, and the concentration of thermal NOx increased also from the previous reason of temperature characteristics. The concentration of NOx for the case with the air nozzle located near center position of combustor was considerably smaller than that for the case with the fuel nozzle located near center position of combustor. From the present study, the case with the air nozzle located near center position of combustor and theoretical air flow rate was the most effective condition for the NOx reduction and perfect combustion.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.18
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• pp.27-62
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• 2002

The international sale contract is the central contracts in export-import transactions. A good sale contract or set of general conditions of sale will cover all the principal elements of the transaction, so that uncertainties are avoided. The parties' respective duties as concern the payment mechanism, transport contract and insurance responsibilities, inter alia, will all be clearly detailed in the contract. The following key clauses should be included in international contracts of sale and general conditions of sale: ${\bullet}$ preamble ${\bullet}$ identification of parties ${\bullet}$ description of goods ${\bullet}$ price and payment conditions ${\bullet}$ delivery periods and conditions ${\bullet}$ inspection of the goods - obligations and limitations ${\bullet}$ quantity or quality variations in the products delivered ${\bullet}$ reservation of title and passing of property rights ${\bullet}$ transfer of risk - how accomplished ${\bullet}$ seller's warranties and buyer's complaints ${\bullet}$ assignment of rights ${\bullet}$ force majeure clause and hardship clause ${\bullet}$ requirement that amendments and modifications be in writing ${\bullet}$ choice of law ${\bullet}$ choice of dispute resolution mechanism Under most systems of law, a party can be excused from a failure to perform a contract obligation which is caused by the intervention of a totally unforeseeable event, such as the outbreak of war, or an act of God such as an earthquake or hurricane. Under the American commercial code (UCC) the standard for this relief is one of commercial impracticability. In contrast, many civil law jurisdictions apply the term force majeure to this problem. Under CISG, the standard is based on the concept of impediments to performance. Because of the differences between these standards, parties might be well advised to draft their own force majeure, hardship, or excusable delays clause. The ICC publication, "Force Majeure and Hardship" provides a sample force majeure clause which can be incorporated by reference, as well as a hardship clause which must be expressly integrated in the contract. In addition, the ICC Model provides a similar, somewhat more concise formulation of a force majeure clause. When the seller wishes to devise his own excusable delays clause, he will seek to anticipate in its provision such potential difficulties as those related to obtaining government authorisations, changes in customs duties or regulations, drastic fluctuations in labour, materials, energy, or transportation prices, etc.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was aimed at elucidating the pathogenesis of talar osteochondral lesion by analyzing the histopathological findings. Materials and Methods: Twenty specimens from 20 patients who underwent surgical treatment for talus osteochondral lesions were studied. Preoperative MRI images including T1, T2, and stir images were taken and cases were classified according to modification of the Anderson's classification. There were 5 cases of MRI group 1, 6 cases of group 2, 7 cases of group 3 and 2 cases of group 4. A full thickness osteochondral plug including the osteochondral lesion of the talus was harvested from each patient and reviewed histopathologic changes of osteochondral fragment using H-E staining. Mean diameter of specimens was 8.5 mm and mean depth was 10.3 mm. Pathologic changes of articular cartilage and subchondral bone were observed. Subchondral bone was divided into superficial, middle and deep zones according to depth. Cartilage formation, trabecular thickening and marrow fibrosis were observed in each zone. Results: There were detachment of the joint cartilage at the tidemark in 16 cases of 20 cases and the separated cartilages were almost necrotic on the histopathologic findings. Cartilage formation within subchondral bone was discovered beneath the tidemark in 12 cases. Trabeculae were increased and thickened in 17 cases. These pathologic changes were similar to fracture healing process and these findings were more conspicuous near the tidemark and showed transition to normal bone marrow tissue with depth. No correlation between the pathological progression and MRI stages was found. A large cyst shown on MRI's was microscopically turned out to be multiple micro-cysts accompanied by fibrovascular structure and newly formed cartilage tissue. Conclusion: The histopathologic findings of osteochondral lesions are detachment of overlying cartilage at the tidemark and subsequent changes of subchondral bone. Subchondral bone changes are summarized as cartilage formation, marrow fibrosis and trabecular thickening that mean healing process following repeated micro fractures of trabecular. These osteochondral lesions should have differed from osteochondral fractures.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 2013

Purpose: The optimal management for ankle fracture in elderly patients remains controversial. This study was undertaken to review the results of surgical treatment of ankle fracture in the elderly and to compare with other studies. Materials and Methods: The participants in this study were 33 patients over the age of 65(average 71.5 years) who underwent surgical treatment of ankle fracture from January 2004 to December 2011. The study was a retrospective review of outcomes after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of ankle fractures. To measure the clinical outcomes, we assessed postoperative complications, the pre- and post-operative mobility status, fracture union status, the time of fracture union and the AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society) Ankle-Hindfoot scale. The level of patient satisfaction was also identified. Results: Delayed wound healing occurred in three patients(9.1%) but their wounds healed with repeated dressings without additional surgical treatment. Malunion occurred in one patient(3%). One patient(3%) had postoperative infection but healed with antibiotic treatment. 24 patients(96%) returned to preoperative mobility status. VAS score was lower than 2 in all patients. Bone union occurred with the 3.8 months (average months) after the surgery in all patients. Average AOFAS score was 87.4 and these were similar results as other studies of young patients. All patients were satisfied with surgical outcomes according to interviews. Conclusion: Surgical treatment of ankle fractures in the elderly can carry a significant risk of delayed wound healing and infection but incidence is relatively low. Internal fixation of ankle fractures in the elderly can be undertaken safely and the majority of patients can expect good outcome.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.139-161
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• 2002

This study investigates the characteristics of Nordic sweaters works from a historical perspective. Specifically, this study deals with the following research topics: 1) development of Nordic sweaters, 2) the characteristics of Nordic sweaters industry according to the change of times, 3) the comparison of local knitting patterns, 4) the symbolic meaning of the designs in the Nordic sweaters and patterns. The results of the study are summarized as follows. 1. Knitted work developed mostly in Northern Europe, a cold area, and the barren, mountainous coastal areas where people frequently used woolen materials for clothes. It was also developed in Scandinavian regions which lead the fashion in modern days. Scandinavian knitting techniques have been diffused into the east coast of England and Northern Europe by Vikings. 2. Scandinavian countries are distinguished from other countries by their conservative but creative cultural tradition. Their knitting patterns are characterized by small geometric figures such as dots, triangles, squares, rhombuses, and crosses used often with stars and roses. Scandinavian knitting is also salient for its vertical stripes and simple motifs repeating at short intervals. 1) Norway ; Simple and geometric Norwegian patterns are classified into three groups of motifs: (a) the motifs of cross, diamond, X, and swastika (equation omitted). (b) the motifs of human figures, animals and birds, (c) floral motifs (especially eight-petal roses). Their use of color is also simple, and is limited to more than two colors. (2) Sweden ; Swedish patterns are colorful and geometric. They are characterized by features such as brocade, complex embroidery, and contrast of red and black colors. They also show Guernsey patterns. Initials and production years were knitted in sweaters which have different patterns in their trunks and sleeves. 3) Denmark ; The Danish pattern is the purl stitch knitted against the stockinette stitch. The technique is used to copy woven damask motifs. The patterns are seen most clearly when they are knit with smooth yarn. The Faeroe sweaters are the representative work of Danish knitting. Faeroe knitting, incorporates stranded pattern and is knit in the round, either with circular needles. 4) Finland ; Finnish patterns are similar to Norwegian patterns. Finnish knitted work show very colorful, variety and free-flowing geometric patterns. 5) Iceland ; Icelandic knitting shows original ribbon pattern. Lope sweater is the representative work. 3. The traditional knitting patterns not only carried symbolic meanings but also served as means of communication. First of all, patterns had incantatory meanings. Patterns were symbolic of one's social standing, too. The colors, motifs and their arrangements were very important features symbolizing one's social position or family line. People often communicated by certain pieces of knitted work or patterns. In short, the knitted work in the Nordic sweaters served the function of admiring the beauty of nature and symbolizing various meanings. The unique designs and colors of the knitted work reflected the characteristics of the culture those works belonged to. This study also turns our attention to the issue of how the traditional colors and designs of the knitted work can contribute to the development of modern designs, and by doing so, if makes us realize the importance of knitted works in modern society.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.161-164
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• 2006

Purpose: Meniscal injuries are very common sports problems and indications for knee surgery. We analyzed the effectiveness of joint line tenderness retrospectively. Materials and Methods: From May 2005 to June 2006, 76 knees which were diagnosed meniscal injury and performed arthroscopic surgery by same surgeon at military hospital were included. We analyzed sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of joint line tenderness in meniscal diagnosis. Results: The joint line tenderness gave such results (78.8%, 32.6%, 52.6%, 47.3%, 66.7% for sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, negative predictive value respectively). We got similar results in analyses with medial meniscal lesion, lateral meniscal lesion, and combined instability patients. Conclusion: The joint line tenderness is a easy and comfortable maneuver but, it's effectiveness is low when it is used lonely The composite examinations including MRI and diagnostic arthroscopy for meniscal injuries of the knee perform much better than joint line tenderness alone.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.372-379
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect on antibacterial activities and wound healing effect of silver containing dressings with which of Betadine against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: One full thickness skin defects in rats(n=72) were developed on the back and were given rise to infection with S. aureus(n=36) and P. aeruginosa(n=36). The 72 mice were divided into 6 groups : Acticoat$^{(R)}$, Aquacel$^{(R)}$-Ag, Medifoam silver$^{(R)}$, Polymen silver$^{(R)}$, Ilvadon$^{(R)}$ and Betadine(control group) dressing groups. Five silver containing dressings and Betadine were assesed on infected wound. Measurement of wound size change, bacterial colonies count and histologic findings was applied. Antibacterial activity was analyzed with bacterial restricted zone in Mueller Hinton agar. Results: On S. aureus, wound size was more decreased in all treated groups as compared with betadine, however Ilvadon$^{(R)}$ was less decreased on P. aeruginosa. In histologic findings, experimental group showed more effective findings than others on S. aureus, however on P. aeruginosa, which was showed similar. Acticoat$^{(R)}$ was best effective in wound healing against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The bacterial colonies count was increased in all treated groups except Acticoat$^{(R)}$ as compared with the control group on S. aureus, which was decreased in Acticoat$^{(R)}$ and Ilvadon$^{(R)}$ group on P. aeruginosa. There were not statistical differences. The restricted zone was shown in Mueller - Hinton agar of all groups except Medifoam silver$^{(R)}$ group on S. aureus, which was shown of all groups on P. aeruginosa. There were statistical differences. Conclusion: This study suggests that silver containing dressings may have not better potential than Betadine in assisting management of wounds at risk of infection on S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. However, which have better antibacterial activity on S. aureus and P. aeruginosa.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.155-162
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• 2010

Bone is a hierarchically structured composite material which has been well studied by the materials engineering community because of its unique structure and mechanical properties. Bone is a laminated organic-inorganic composite composed of primarily hydroxyapatite, collagen and water. The main mineral that gives bone's hardness is calcium phosphate, which is also known as hydroxyapatite. Light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to study the structure of femurs from chicken and rabbit. The elemental analysis was used to search variation in the distribution of calcium, potassium and oxygen in the femur. Current investigation focused on two structural scales: micro scale (arrangement of compact bone) and nano scale (collagen fibril and apatite crystals). At micro scale, distinct difference was found in microstructures of chicken femur and rabbit femur. At nano scale, we analyzed the shape and size of apatite crystals and the arrangement of collagen fibril. Consequently, femurs of chicken and rabbit had very similar chemical property and structures at nano scale despite of their different species.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.209-216
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of our study was to compare treatment results of two different surgical techniques for chronic acromioclavicular joint dislocations. Materials and Methods: Fifty consecutive patients diagnosed as chronic acromioclavicular joint dislocations between January 1997 and June 2009 were included in the study. Patients were randomized into two different groups. Patients in the first group (n=20) were treated using a modified Weaver and Dunn method using a simple coracoacromial ligament transfer method. Patients in the other group (n=30) were treated with acromial bone-block transfer containing coracoacromial ligament. Mean follow-up times for the two groups were 13.1 and 14.9 months, respectively. Results: At 1 year postoperatively, mean coracoclavicular distance, the VAS score and the ASES score for the Weaver-Dunn method group; for the bone block transfer method group were 3.8 mm (-3 to 6 mm), 3.5 (1.0 to 7.0) and 91.1 (81.66 to 95); 3 mm (-2 to 6 mm), 4.2 (1.0 to 7.5) and 79.6 (31.66 to 95). There were no significant differences in radiologic (p=0.377) and functional (p=0.093) results between the two groups. Failures in the former and latter group were, respectively, two and one. Conclusion: The bone block transfer method shows a tendency to maintain coracoclavicular distance and appeared to yield similar results as the modified Weaver Dunn method.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.289-299
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• 2004

Background : Although the pathophysiology of asthma has been reported, its mechanism has not been fully elucidated. The mast cell is an effector cells in allergic inflammation and secretes a number of chemokines. Chemokines are important for the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of infection, which is essential in host defense. Chemokines also contribute to the pathogenesis of several disorders such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Objective : In this study, the aim was to identify the effect of Baekryunchihyo-tang(白蓮治哮湯) on expression of chemokines. This was examined by RT-PCR using the human mast cell line (HMC-l) Materials and Methods : HMC-l cells were used, which is known to secrete and express chemokines. In order to investigate the protective effect of Baekryunchihyo-tang(白蓮治哮湯), HMC-l cells were incubated with pretreatment of Baekryunchihyo-tang(白蓮治哮湯) for 24 hrs. RT-PCR analyses of chemokine genes of cells pretreated with Baekryunchihyo-tang(白蓮治哮湯) showed that expressions of IL-8, $MIP-l{\beta}$, and RANTES genes in these cells were lower and $MIP-l{\alpha}$ showed a similar pattern compared to the calcium ionophore-treated group. In addition, cell cytotoxicity concentration measurements were performed by MTT assay method. Results : After stimulation with 1 uM calcium ionophore A23178 for 2 hrs, IL-8, major one of CXC chemokines, was highly expressed, and expression of $MIP-l{\beta}$ and RANTES (CC chemokines) increased, while expression of $MIP-l{\alpha}$ did not change. The cell cytotoxicity of Baekryunchihyo-tang(白蓮治哮湯) with treatments at various concentrations and times was not observed, respectively. Conclusion : This study suggests that Baekryunchihyo-tang(白蓮治哮湯) has dose-dependent effects on mRNA expression of IL-8(CXC chemokines), $MIP-l{\beta}$ and RANTES(CC chemokines) in human mast cellline(HMC-l). So these herbal medicines may inhibit the inflammatory process of asthma. Advanced studies are required to investigate the mechanism of inhibition by herbal medicine in the asthma model. This study provides basic data on the possibility of the clinical treatment of Baekryunchihyo-tang(白蓮治哮湯) for allergic disorders.