• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2010

As nuclear power plants are getting older, interests on a decontaminating process are increasingly attracting more attention. Chemical decontamination is crucial to lower the production of radioactive waste and radiation dose rate. Prior to this, oxidizers and detergents for target material should be chosen so as to decontaminate major systems and components of a nuclear power plant chemically. In order to decontaminate it properly, it is crucial to have information about the chemical composition and crystalline structure of CRUD, analyzing its samples from the target or the decontamination system with components. However, there is no program which enables the extraction of samples directly from the object or the decontamination system with components carrying genuine radioactivity. Therefore, it is limited to samples from corrosion products carrying partial radioactivity as a resource. The composition of CRUD varies considerably depending on refueling cycle because it is closely related to the constituent of basic material. After settling a target, it is crucial to analyze and obtain analytical information about CRUD as a decontamination target. In this paper, various technologies for manufacturing simulated CRUD are introduced as alternatives to unattained samples. A metal oxide or metal hydroxide was used to synthesize simulated cruds having chemical compositions and crystalline stricture similar to the actual one by 12 different methods. CRUD 4(metal oxides in the autoclave vessel) and CRUD 10(metal oxides in a crucible after hydrazing pretreatment)were chosen as the best method for Type 1 and Type 2.respectively. As these CRUD can be synthesized easily without using any specialized equipment or reagents in a short time and in large quantities, they are expected to stimulate the development of decontaminating agents and processes.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.1 s.129
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• pp.77-86
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• 2005

In order to investigate the ability of log wood for oak mushroom production as a source of an alternative energy, both chemical and physical characteristics of log wood were investigated according to the cultivation periods. Also, both chemical and physical characteristics of material that treated by steam explosion were investigated to confirm the pretreatment effect by remaining enzyme as a control. The contents of ash, water-, alkali- and organic soluble extracts have been increased after the inoculation. It appeard that holocellulose contents substantially decreased and the contents of lignin as another main component of wood remained constant after the inoculation. However this result implied that indeed, a sufficient amount of lignin has been degraded paritially by enzymes of oak mushroom Lentinus edodes if we consider that the amount of holocelulose was substantially reduced. It also indicated that the degree of degradation gradually progressed but crystallinity decreased after the inoculation. The contents of water-, alkali- and organic soluble extracts have been increased by steam explosion. Holocellulose contents increased within narrow limits and lignin contents remained constant. However the contents of holocellulose and lignin have been decreased by steam explosion, considering that the amount of other extractives was relatively increased. The degree of crystallinity and lignin contents reduction by steam explosion was almost similar to the result obtained by increasing cultivation periods. According to the results, log woods for mushroom production have a potential as material for developing alternative energy.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.139-153
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• 2012

Objectives : NK cells are spontaneously cytotoxic lymphocytes. These are not only important parts in the first line of defence against bacterial and viral infections of outside, but they may also play a critical role in chronic viral diseases. NK cells kill their targets spontaneously, without the need for prior sensitization and class I MHC restriction by the regulation of cytolytic functions and secretion of a variety of cytokines, such as interleukin-12(IL-12), MCP-1, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, IFN-${\gamma}$. In addition, macrophage and NK cells cooperate through the production of cell mediates. These cooperation and modulation are one of major factors to prevent for evading immune surveillance of cancer. Hence, it could be assumed that if any candidate to enhance activities of macrophage and NK cell, it is considered as a potentially useful agents against cancer. Methods : In our study, to investigate effect of fermented soybean extracts by Lactic acid bacteria (SFE, soybean fermented extracts) work on intestinal immune cell to maintain general immune modulating and anti-cancer activity. We analyzed NK cytotoxicity assay and gene expressions of cytokine related with macrophage and NK cell activity. Results : In vitro experiment, SFE was verified as safety material for cell toxicicty to tumor cell strain without any toxicity of tumor growth inhibition and various cell strain. Effects of macrophage activity stimulating directly by SFE measured induced cytokine. The studies showed that IL-12 production by stimulation of SFE depended on concentration from 0.16mg/mL to 0.63mg/mL with non toxicity to cell, and it was the best activity at 0.63mg/mL. Besides, the effective concentration of SFE producing TNF-${\alpha}$ is similar to IL-12, but it was the best activity at 1.25mg/mL. The level of MCP-1, IL-6 and IFN-${\gamma}$ depended on concentration from 0.16mg/mL to 10mg/mL, IFN-${\gamma}$ showed the best activity at the effective concentration of 0.63mg/mL. With the result of NK cell activity measurement, the spleen cell of mouse injected SFE had 1.5 times higher killing effect than non injected cell. Conclusions : The result of this studies is that Soybean fermetated extracts(SFE) has possibility to immune aided material for the function not only inhibition of microbial infection to macrophage but also activity of adaption immune and cellular immune system.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.641-648
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• 2019

South Korea and North Korea, which have been separated for 70 years, are getting closer and closer. This is very good news for Christians in South Korea who have long wanted to contact with the North Koreans. But it is not easy for Christianity to find contact points for North Koreans who have lived in a society that does not accept religion. First of all, it is necessary to grasp their ideological background, to find similarities with the message of Christianity, to search the Bible for cases of contact with Christianity in similar situations, and to appropriately contextualize them according to the present situation of North and South Korea. The ideological background of the North Korean people is the materialism which is the basic philosophy of communism, and the Juche idea based on materialism. Christianity is negative about the world view that spiritual things are good and material things are evil. Some contact points between Materialistic thinking and Christianity can be found in recognizing the material world as an important element of God's creation. The contact between materialism and Christianity also can be found in dialogue with the Greek philosophy in early Christian era, particularly in the conversation between Paul, who were at the forefront of non-Jewish contact, and Athenians.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.522-532
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• 2015

In the present study, a tunnel type soundproof wall with partial opening is proposed to reduce the environmental noise caused by railway vehicles traveling on bridges, which affects residents of high-rise apartment buildings; the study also attempts to minimize load due to wind and the weight of the wall. Applying the principles of computational fluid dynamics and structural mechanics, and the ray tracing method, a reduction in noise as well as of the overall weight of the soundproof walls is estimated. Analysis results show that the proposed soundproof wall with a partial opening weighs less, while reducing the wind loading by up to 30%. To prevent direct propagation of sound through openings in the wall, an acoustic louver, which is a type of silencer, could be considered for the opening. In order to achieve a similar noise effect with existing insulation material, the fluid flow and the insulation effect of the acoustic louver are analyzed. As the considered opening is in the range of 30~40% of the total length of the soundproof wall, the noise effect and wind load are reduced by 10dB and 25% respectively. Consequently, opening some part of tunnel type soundproof walls and installing louvers on the wall openings can have the effects of weight-reduction and reduced wind load. If a partial opening is applied with proper sound material application, a gain of an additional 5~10dB of noise reduction can be achieved.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.78-85
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• 2005

This study, combining geophysical and environmental approaches, was undertaken to investigate the causes of secondary salinity in the Goondoola basin, in southwestern Queensland. Airborne radiometric, electromagnetic and ground electromagnetic datasets were acquired, along with data on soils and subsurface materials and groundwater. Relationships established between radiometric, elevation data, and measured material properties allowed us to generate predictive maps of surface materials and recharge potential. Greatest recharge to the groundwater is predicted to occur on the weathered bedrock rises surrounding the basin. Electromagnetic data (airborne, ground, and downhote), used in conjunction with soil and drillhole measurements, were used to quantify regolith salt store and to define the subsurface architecture. Conductivity measurements reflect soil salt distribution. However, deeper in the regolith, where the salt content is relatively constant, the AEM signal is influenced by changes in porosity or material type. This allowed the lateral distribution of bedrock weathering zones to be mapped. Salinisation in this area occurs because of local-andintermediate-scale processes, controlled strongly by regolith architecture. The present surface outbreak is the result of evaporative concentration above shallow saline groundwater, discharging at break of slope. The integration of surficial and subsurface datasets allowed the identification of similar landscape settings that are most at risk of developing salinity with groundwater rise. This information is now being used by local land managers to refine management choices that prevent excess recharge and further salt mobilisation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.585-592
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• 2021

This study compared the quality characteristics of commercial Cheddar cheese of dairy types (DT) and vegan types (VT) using electronic sensory evaluation (nose and tongue) and texture profile analysis (TPA). The electronic nose detected acetaldehyde, 2-methylbutanal, and n-butanol in all samples, whereas 2,3-pentanedione and pentan-2-one were detected in DT1, VT1, and VT3. The electronic tongue detected various intensities of six tastes in the two types, regardless of the raw material. Principal component analysis by electronic sensory evaluation revealed the differences between the pattern for VT. The TPA results showed that the textures of DT and VT were not classified according to the raw material. However, the protein content affecting texture was <0.6% for VT compared with that for DT. These results are expected to be useful for establishing quality indicators in developing vegan cheese products with characteristics similar to those of dairy cheese.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.17-24
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• 2021

The development of a new sorbent for carbon dioxide depends on several factors, such as fast adsorption/absorption velocity, hydrophobicity, and lower regeneration temperature than commercial sorbent. In this study, aminosilane grafted activated carbon was synthesized to capture CO2. Methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) and 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES) were used as the grafting precursor of the amine functional group. The APTES grafting activated carbon showed higher sorption property than MTMS used one. The characteristics of the separation mechanism of carbon dioxide were examined by measuring the adsorption capacity according to temperature and carbon dioxide partial pressure. The absorption capacity of carbon dioxide was similar to amine grafting activated carbon and activated carbon at 25℃, but amine-grafted activated carbon was higher at 75℃. The amine functional group-grafted activated carbon showed higher absorption capacity than activated carbon with a 1% carbon dioxide partial pressure. Aminosilane grafting of activated carbon was chemically absorbed but also showed the characteristics of physical adsorption. The reforming activated carbon with an amine functional group grafted solid absorption/adsorption sorbent would significantly impact the material engineering industry and carbon dioxide adsorption process. The functionalized sorbent is a high-performance composite material. The developed sorbent may have applications in other industrial processes of absorption/adsorption and separation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1424-1431
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• 2018

We prepared flocculated detritus-like organic marine snow originating from various organisms by fermentation using microorganisms; this fermented organic material was fed to the leptocephali of the eel (Anguilla japonica) to investigate whether or not such organic matter was an appropriate food source for the larvae. A strain was isolated from a biofloc technology system used to culture fish, and seven types of organic material from hen's egg, eel muscle, tuna muscle, lugworm, shrimp, manila clam, mussel, and sea squirt were fermented using isolated bacteria (Bacillus sp.). The fermented matter did not show any specific form and was larger than $10-20{\mu}m$ but no more than $100{\mu}m$ in size. Four diets (A-D) were prepared using the various fermented products, and the larvae were fed the prepared food from 20 days after hatching. The leptocephali fed the A, B, and C diets survived until 37, 39, and 37 days after hatching, respectively. However, the leptocephali fed the D diet survived for 60 days after hatching. The protein content of each diet was very similar, but the n-3 HUFA concentration in the D diet was approximately twice as high as that of the others.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.174-193
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• 2012

This study focused on distribution ratio of stone properties based on material characteristic analysis, provenance presumption and transportation route interpretation of the Sungnyemun stone block foundation. The stone block foundation is composed of pinkish granite (56.0%), reddish granite (4.5%) and leucocratic granite (26.2%) of original stones and pinkish granite of new stones(13.3%). The rock-forming minerals for granites are consisted mainly of quartz, alkali-feldspar, plagioclase and biotite, and are similar geochemical evolution trend of major, rare earth, compatible and incompatible elements. Therefore, it is clear that the rocks are genetically same origin. As a result of magnetic susceptibility measurement, the pinkish and reddish granite of original stones and pinkish granite of new stones showed normal distribution around about 4.00(${\times}10^{-3}SI\;unit$). But the leucocratic granite of original stones were confirmed ilmenite series under about 1.00(${\times}10^{-3}SI\;unit$). As a result of provenance interpretation and transportation route analysis based on the petrological results, the provenance of pinkish granite and reddish granite of original stones are presumed the north slope in Namsan mountain and Naksan mountain. Also, the leucocratic granite of original stones and the pinkish granite of new stones are strongly possible furnished from the south and north slope in Namsan mountain and Naksan mountain, respectively.