• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.323-331
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• 2005

Fatty acid compositions of the seed oils of P. schinseng, A. continentalis and A. sessiliflorus, were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) equipped with a capillary column. A large unusual peak was observed just before the peak corresponding to oleic acid $(cis-9-C_{18:1})$. This unknown fatty acid was isolated by silver ion chromatography and then derivatized into the picolinyl ester. The mass spectrum of the picolinyl ester showed molecular ion at m/z=373 with other diagnostic ions such as m/z=178, 218, 232, 246, 274, 288, 302 and 344. Characteristic absorption peaks at $720\;cm^{-1}$, $1640\;cm^{-1}$ and $3010\;cm^{-1}$ in IR spectrum indicated the presence of cis-configurational double bond in the molecule. The $^1H-NMR$ spectrum of this acid gave two quintets centered at ${\delta}1.638$ (2H, C-3) and ${\delta}1.377$ (2H, C-4), and two multiplets centered at ${\delta}2.022{\sim}2.047$ (2H, C-5) and ${\delta}2.000{\sim}2.022$ (2H, C-8), and multiplet signals of olefinic protons centered at ${\delta}5.3015{\sim}5.3426$ (C-6, J=9.5 Hz) and ${\delta}\;5.3465{\sim}5.3877$ (C-7, J=9.5 Hz). The $^13C-NMR$ spectrum showed 18 carbon resonance signals including an overlapped signal at ${\delta}29.7002$ for C-12 and ${\delta}29.6520$ for C-13 (or they can be reversed), and other highly resolved signals at ${\delta}33.950$, ${\delta}24.558$, ${\delta}26.773$ and ${\delta}27.205$ due to C-2, C-3, C-5 and C-8 of a ${\Delta}^6-octadecenoic$ acid, respectively. From analysis results this unknown fatty acid could be identified as cis-6-octadecenoic acid. The seed oils of P. schinseng and A. sessiliflorus contained petroselinic acid (59.7%, 56.0%), oleic acid (18.3%, 6.1%) and linoleic acid (16.2%, 30.4%) with small amount of palmitic acid (3.0%, 3.1%) while the seed oil of A. continentalis comprised mainly oleic acid (30.2%), petroselinic acid (29.0%), linoleic acid (24.1%) and palmitic acid (13.1%).

• BMB Reports
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.100-106
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• 1995

S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthetase was purified to homogeneity from soybean (Glycine max) axes. The enzyme was purified 216-fold with a 1.5% yield by ammonium sulfate fractionation, acetone fractionation, ion exchange chromatography with DEAE-sephacel, gel filtration with Sephacryl S-300, and afffinity chromatography with ATP-agarose. The enzyme activity reached a maximum 3 days after germination. SAM synthetase had a subunit molecular weight of 57,000 daltons from a silver stained single band on SDS-PAGE. The molecular weight of the enzyme was 110,000 daltons from Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration. The enzyme was composed of two identical subunits. The $K_m$ values of the enzyme for L-methionine and ATP were 1.81 and 1.53 mM, respectively. The enzymatic activity was not affected by polyamines, agmatine, or SAM analogues, but was inhibited by SAM. The inhibition pattern was showed non-competitive for L-methionine and uncompetitive for ATP. The activity of SAM synthetase was inhibited by thiol-blocking reagents. The enzyme was induced by treatment with $10^{-3}$ M putrescine at germination. Experimental data revealed a possible novel regulation mechanism of polyamine biosynthesis through several endogenous intermediates.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.85-91
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• 1996

B-amylase(EC 3.2.1.2) was isolated from the root of arrowroot(Peuria thunbergiana Bentham) with distilled water and then fractionated with ammonium sulfate. Crude extract was partially purified by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The enzymatic properties of partially purified $\beta$-amylase were as follows, the enzyme was fractionated with ammonium sulfate between 0.2 and 0.4 saturation, and showed the typical reaction properties of B-amylase producing only maltose from starch. Optinum pH and temperature were pH 6.5, $50^{\circ}C$ respectively. The activity of the enzyme had proportional relations with enzyme protein concentration below 4mg, and had Michaelis constant of 66.7mg% for soluble starch. The enzyme was inhibited by some metal louts such as silver, cadmium, mercury, aluminum, iron and copper.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.57-65
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• 1993

The fatty acid, all $cis-{\Delta}^{5,11,14}-C_{20:3}$, in the Gingko nuts oils, was isolated and, purified by urea-adduct method, silver ion silica gel chromatography and HPLC equipped with reversed phase ${\mu}-Bondapak$ $C_{18}$ column. Its structural elucidation was conducted by IR and $^1H$-, $^{13}C$-NMR technique. The fatty acid composition of seed oils mainly consists of linoleic acid(37.73%), vaccenic acid(18.30%), oleic acid(15.18%), palmitic acid(3.37%), palmitoleic acid(3.37%) and ${\Delta}^5$ NMDB fatty acids(8.50%) in which all $cis-{\Delta}^{5,11,14}-C_{20:2}$ predominates.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.107-111
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• 2006

Kernel oils of Lindera erythrocarpa seeds had high level of unusual fatty acid. Picolinyl ester of this unknown fatty acid showed molecular ion at m/z = 317 with other diagnostic ions such as m/z = 151, 191 (40 amu between two peaks), 204, and 218 on GC-MS. Characteristic peak at $720\;cm^{-1}$ appeared in IR spectrum. In $^1H-NMR$ spectrum both methylene protons at C-3 and C-6 resonated at ${\delta}2.309$ and ${\delta}2.012$, and methine protons of double bond resonated in lower magnetic field centered at ${\delta}5.296$ (C-4) and ${\delta}5.387$ (C-5) as multiplet (J = 9.7Hz). In $^{13}C-NMR$, signals at ${\delta}22.669$ and ${\delta}27.048$ were due to C-3 and C-6 of ${\delta}^4$-monoenoic acid. Results obtained from spectroscopic measurements confirmed unknown fatty acid as cis-4-tetradecenoic acid (cis-4-$C_{14:1}$). Main fatty acid components of oils were cis-4-$C_{14:1}$ (44.5-45.1%), oleic acid ($C_{18:1}$), 20.4-21.3%), and lauric acid ($C_{12:0}$, 11.6-12.4%), along with trace amounts of cis-4-$C_{12:1}$ and cis-4-$C_{16:1}$.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2001

In search for several fatty acid with unusual structure in vegetable oils, we have found that unknown peaks were shown on GLC in the analysis of fatty acids of the lipids from the pulp of ripened jujube (Zizypus jujuba var. inermis) fruits. These fatty acids were identified as a series of cis-monoenoic acids with ${\omega}-5$ double bond system such as $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$, $C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$, including ${\omega}-7$ fatty acid as $C_{16:1{\omega}7}$ and $C_{18:1{\omega}7}$, by GLC, solid-phase extraction silver ion-column chromatographic, GLC-mass spectrometric and IR techniques. First of all, total fatty acid methyl esters were resolved into saturated and branched fatty acid, monoenoic acid, dienoic acid, and trienoic acid fraction, respectively, with 100% dichloromethane (DCM), DCM/acetone (9:1, v/v) 100% acetone, and acetone/ acetonitrile (97:3, v/v) solvent system. Unknown fatty acids were included in the monoenoic fraction and were confirmed to have cis-configuration by IR. Picolinyl esters of monoenoic fatty acids gave distinct molecular ion peak and dominant diagnostic peaks, for example, m/z 317, 220 and 260 fragment for $cis-C_{14:1{\omega}5}$, m/z 345, m/z 248 and 288 fragment for $cis-C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ and m/z 373, m/z 276 and 316 fragment for $cis-C_{18:1{\omega}5}$. In this way the occurrence of $cis-C_{16:1{\omega}7}$ and $cis-C_{18:1{\omega}7}$ could be deduced from the appearance of prominent fragments as m/z 345, 220 and 260, and m/z 373, 248 and 280. Level of total ${\omega}-5$ fatty acids amounted to about 30% in the fatty acid composition with the predominance of $C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ $ (18.7{\sim}25.0%)$, in the semi-ripened and/or ripened samples collected in September 14 ($C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ ; 18.7%, $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$ ; 3.6% and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$ ; 3.0%), September 22 ($C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ ; 25.0%, $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$ ; 1.4% and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$ ; 2.6%), and October $7 (C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ ; 24.7%, $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$ ; 7.7% and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$ ; 2.5%). However, the lipids extracted from unripened jujube in July and August contain these unusual fatty acids as low as negligible. It could be observed that the level of ${\omega}-5$ fatty acids in the pulps increased sharply with an elapse of ripening time of jujube fruits. Other monoenoic fatty acids with ${\omega}-7$ series, $C_{16:1{\omega}7}$ (palmitoleic acid) and $C_{18:1{\omega}7}$ (cis-vaccenic acid) could be detected. And in the lipids of the kernel and leaf of jujube, none of ${\omega}-5$ fatty acids could be detected.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.845-851
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• 2008

Bacillus sp. J105 strain으로부터 유도된 ${\beta}-lactamase$는 ammonium sulfate 침전, 이온 교환 칼럼 크로마토그래피, 겔 여과 등의 과정을 거쳐 SDS-PAGE에서 단일 band로 정제하였다. 정제된 효소의 분자량은 31 kDa이었으며 등전점은 7.35이었다. 효소반응의 최적 pH와 온도는 각각 5와 $40^{\circ}C$이었다. 정제 단백질의 총 아미노산 조성의 분석 결과, Gly과 Ala이 각각 14.1과 13.3 mole%로 가장 많은 아미노산 잔기를 차지하고 있었다. 정제 효소의 ampicillin을 기질로 하였을 때의 Km값은 1.33 mM이었고 Vmax값은 0.36 mM/ml이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1653-1663
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• 2016

Meat quality is a complex trait influenced by many factors, including genetics, nutrition, feeding environment, animal handling, and their interactions. To elucidate relevant factors affecting pork quality associated with oxidative stress and muscle development, we analyzed protein expression in high quality longissimus dorsi muscles (HQLD) and low quality longissimus dorsi muscles (LQLD) from Duroc pigs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based proteomic analysis. Between HQLD (n = 20) and LQLD (n = 20) Duroc pigs, 24 differentially expressed proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS. A total of 10 and 14 proteins were highly expressed in HQLD and LQLD, respectively. The 24 proteins have putative functions in the following seven categories: catalytic activity (31%), ATPase activity (19%), oxidoreductase activity (13%), cytoskeletal protein binding (13%), actin binding (12%), calcium ion binding (6%), and structural constituent of muscle (6%). Silver-stained image analysis revealed significant differential expression of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) between HQLD and LQLD Duroc pigs. LDHA was subjected to in vitro study of myogenesis under oxidative stress conditions and LDH activity assay to verification its role in oxidative stress. No significant difference of mRNA expression level of LDHA was found between normal and oxidative stress condition. However, LDH activity was significantly higher under oxidative stress condition than at normal condition using in vitro model of myogenesis. The highly expressed LDHA was positively correlated with LQLD. Moreover, LDHA activity increased by oxidative stress was reduced by antioxidant resveratrol. This paper emphasizes the importance of differential expression patterns of proteins and their interaction for the development of meat quality traits. Our proteome data provides valuable information on important factors which might aid in the regulation of muscle development and the improvement of meat quality in longissimus dorsi muscles of Duroc pigs under oxidative stress conditions.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권9호
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• pp.1256-1264
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• 2011

시중에 유통되고 있는 조제분유의 지방산 및 TAG 조성을 알아보기 위하여 국내외 조제분유 총 11 품목을 선정하였고, Folch법을 이용하여 지방을 추출한 다음 총 지방산과 sn-2 위치의 지방산 및 silver ion HPLC를 이용한 단일불포화-포화-단일불포화 glycerol(MSM)의 조성을 분석하였다. 조제분유의 조지방의 함량은 17.21~23.51%이었고, 특히 K5의 조지방 함량이 23.51%로써 분석된 조제분유들 중에서 가장 높게 나왔으나, K1은 17.21%의 함량을 보이면서 가장 낮게 나타났다. 분석된 조제분유들의 주요 포화지방산은 lauric acid(C12:0), myristic acid(C14:0), palmitic acid(C16:0), stearic acid(C18:0)이었다. Lauric acid의 함량은 K5와 K6에서 19.49%와 23.34%로 분석되어 15%보다 높은 함량을 나타냈다. 한편, 분석된 조제분유의 palmitic acid의 함량은 7.59~21.65%의 범위로써 K2, K3, K6, F1에서 각각 14.64%, 8.29%, 13.47% 및 7.59%로써 낮은 함량을 나타냈다. 불포화 지방산들 중에서 단일불포화지방산(C14:1, myristoleic acid; C16:1, palmitoleic acid; C17:1, heptadecenoic acid; C18:1, oleic acid; C18:1t, elaidic acid)의 함량은 20.23~45.07%로 나타났고, 단일불포화지방산들 중에서 대부분을 구성하고 있는 지방산은 oleic acid(C18:1)이었다. 분석된 조제분유에서 oleic acid의 함량은 19.64~44.64%의 범위였고 총 다가불포화지방산은 19.08~29.67%의 범위였다. Omega-6 다가불포화지방산과 omega-3 다가불포화지방산의 주요한 지방산은 필수지방산인 linoleic acid(C18:2)와 linolenic acid(C18:3, n-3)로 분석된 조제분유의 비율은 10:1~13:1로, 조제분유의 지방산 조성에 대한 지표인 linoleic acid/linolenic acid의 비율인 5:1~15:1 범위 내였다. 분석한 조제분유들 중에서 sn-2 위치에서의 lauric acid 함량은 7.70~52.09%로 나타났고, myristic acid의 함량은 3.15~20.89%로써 분석된 조제분유들은 전반적으로 sn-2 위치에서의 lauric acid 함량이 20% 이상으로 높게 나타났다. 특히, 분석된 조제분유들의 sn-2 위치에 존재하는 palmitic acid의 함량은 1.84~38.74%의 범위로써 K8과 F3이 각각 38.55%와 38.90%의 높은 함량을 나타냈다. 따라서 대부분의 국내외 조제분유들을 구성하는 triacylglycerol(TAG)의 sn-2 위치에서의 palmitic acid 함량이 모유와 비교하였을 때 낮은 경향을 보임을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 조제분유보다 더 나아가 HPLC 분석을 통해서 모유의 주요 TAG 형태라고 할 수 있는 단일불포화-포화-단일불포화 glycerol(MSM)의 함량이 외국의 조제분유인 F3이 가장 높게 나타났다. 따라서 조제분유에 이러한 MSM 형태의 지방 함량을 높여야하며, MSM 형태의 모유대체지 연구를 산업화하려는 노력이 필요하다.