• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.258-296
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• 2002

This study is to consider varying factors of jnternal/external informational and operational environments in libraries, and develop a new evaluation indicators for university libraries in digital environments. The main research results are as follows. First, the results through the Delphi method that was to adopted to verify evaluation items and indicators determined by the literature review show that the repressed values for each evaluation category is greater than 3.00, overall average is 4.02, and standard deviation is ranged from 0.40 to 0.62 for each category. This means that the evaluation indicators are valid. Second, the factor analysis was performed to verify .the construct validity of evaluation indicators. As a result, the cumulative variance of evaluation indicators consisting of 11 dimensions per factor is 72.733%. In turn, this result shows that the validity of these indicators is very reliable. Third, t-test and one-way ANOVA are performed within significance probability 0.05 in order to verify differences in each librarians point of views for the degree of importance in evaluation indicators. Based on the Delphi study and our own analysis, we developed a new evaluation indicators that consists of 7 evaluation categories, 35 evaluation items, and 92 evaluation indicators.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 2006

Objectives : This experimental study was performed to investigate the effects of the Hominis placenta extracts on skin barrier. Methods : Male hairless mice, average weight 20g, were divided into two groups, intact and treatment group(paired, n=15). Intact group was not applied YB-301(an ointment including Hominis placenta). Treatment group was applied YB-301(an ointment including Hominis placenta) two times a day for 8 days. We observed skin melanin, skin erythema, skin pH, skin humidity, transepidermal water loss. Statistical analysis was performed by using paired sample T-test. Statistical significance was achieved if the probability was less than 5%(p<0.05) or 1%(p <0.01) Results : 1. YB-301(an ointment including Hominis placenta) showed statistically significant effect on skin melamin, skin pH, skin humidity(p<0.05). 2. YB-301(an ointment including Hominis placenta) showed statistically significant inhibitory effect on transepidermal water loss(p<0.01). 3. YB-301(an ointment including Hominis placenta) showed statistically no significant effect on skin erythema(p<0.05). conclusions : YB-301(an ointment including Hominis placenta) was effective m skin melanin, skin pH, skin humidity, transepidermal water loss in our study, so we suggest that Hominis placenta can be used as a ointment ingredient for strengthening the function of skin barrier.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.4089-4093
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the association of ${\beta}-catenin$ expression pattern with pathological response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer (BC) patients. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective exploratory study, data for 50 BC patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy were recorded. ${\beta}-catenin$ expression in tumours was assessed using immunohistochemistry and classified as either membranous or cytoplasmic according to the pattern of staining. Distributions of different clinico-pathological parameters according to ${\beta}-catenin$ expression were assessed using the Chi-square test. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess any relation of the pattern of ${\beta}-catenin$ expression with the pathological response. Results: Cytoplasmic ${\beta}-catenin$ expression was detected in 34% of BCs. Among our cases, 52% were hormonal receptor (HR)-positive, 24% were HER2-positive, 74% were clinical stage III and 74% received both anthracycline and taxane-based chemotherapy. Patients with cytoplasmic expression were more commonly younger than 40 years at diagnosis (cytoplasmic, 41.2% vs. no cytoplasmic expression, 12.1%, p=0.03). By doing t-test, cytoplasmic ${\beta}-catenin$ expression was linked with a higher body mass index compared to membranous-only expression ($mean{\pm}SD$ $33.0{\pm}4.47$ vs. $29.6{\pm}6.01$, respectively, p=0.046). No significant associations were found between ${\beta}-catenin$ expression and other parameters such as HR and HER2 status, or clinical stage. Complete pathological response (pCR) rate was twice as great in patients with membranous expression but without statistical significance (membranous-only, 33.3% vs. cytoplasmic, 17.6%, OR= 2.3, 95% CI= 0.55-9.87, p=0.24). Conclusions: This study suggests that cytoplasmic ${\beta}-catenin$ expression may be linked with lower probability of achieving pCR after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. These data need to be validated in a larger cohort of patients.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.111-123
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• 2006

A Study on the Fracture Strength of All-Ceramic Crown according to the Zirconia Coping Design using CAD/CAM System L. Bulgan, In-Ho Cho, Soo-Yeon Shin Department of Prosthodontics, Graduate School, Dankook University The fracture strength of prosthesis is important, because it affects the function, and long term success of prosthesis and teeth. The purpose of this study was to compare the fracture strength of zirconia coping designs. Experimental test group were classified into three designs according to coping design, Modified design: Zirconia coping margin was located at 1mm above the axiogingival line angle. Collarless design: The coping margin terminated at the axiogingival line angle Butt design: The coping margin was extended to the finishing line of prepared margin. A $Cercon^{(R)}$(Degussa, Germany) CAD/CAM system was used to make the zirconia coping. Fracture strength was measured using loading machine at a cross head speed of 1mm/min. The results were statistically analyzed using the one-way ANOVA and multiple comparison test. Statistical significance was set in advance at the probability level of less than 0.05. The result : I. Collarless($738N{\pm}155N$) and Modified($755N{\pm}185N$) groups showed significantly a lower fracture strength than Butt($1057N{\pm}262N$) group(p<0.05). II. There were no statistical differences of the fracture strength between Modified($755N{\pm}185N$) and Collarless($738N{\pm}155N$) groups. III. When comparing the fractured surface, all the group showed porcelain fracture, which were fractured at the labial surface of baked porcelain The butt design of the zirconia coping has higher fracture strength than modified and collarless design.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2020

Background: This study evaluated the efficacy of three intraoral topical anesthetics in reducing the injection needle prick pain from local anesthetic among children aged 7-11 years old. Methods: It is a prospective, Interventional, parallel design, single-blind, randomized clinical trial in which subjects (n=90) aged 7-11 years were included in the study based on an inclusion criteria. Subjects were divided into three groups based on computer-generated randomization with an allocation ratio of 1:1:1. Groups A, B, and C received benzocaine 20% jelly (Mucopain gel, ICPA health products Ltd, Ankleshwar, India), cetacaine anesthetic liquid (Cetylite Industries, Inc, Pennsauken, NJ), and EMLA cream (2% AstraZeneca UK Ltd, Luton, UK), respectively, according to manufacturer's instructions, for 1 minute prior to local anesthetic injection. After application of topical anesthetic agent, for all the groups, baseline pre-operative (prior to topical anesthetic administration) and post-operative scores (after local anesthetic administration) of pulse rate was recorded using Pulse oximeter (Gibson, Fingertip Pulse Oximeter, MD300C29, Beijing Choice Electronic). Peri-operative (i.e., during the administration of local anesthesia) scores were recorded using Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) Scale, Modified Children hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CPS) behavior rating scale, and Faces Pain Scale (FPS-R) - Revised (For self-reported pain). Direct self-reported and physiological measures were ascertained using FPS-R - Revised and Pulse oximeter, respectively, whereas CPS and FLACC scales assessed behavioral measures. To test the mean difference between the three groups, a one way ANOVA with post hoc tests was used. For statistical significance, a two-tailed probability value of P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The Cetacaine group had significantly lower pain scores for self-report (P < 0.001), behavioral, and physiological measures (P < 0.001) than the other two groups. However, there was no significant difference between the Benzocaine group and EMLA group during palatal injection prick. Conclusion: Cetacaine can be considered as an effective topical anesthetic agent compared to benzocaine 20% jelly (Mucopain gel) and EMLA cream.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.101-111
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fracture strength of porcelain fused to gold crown and gold electroformed crown according to incisal and incisal under 3mm. In this study, 28 gold electroformed crown and 28 porcelain fused to gold crown were fabricated. Fracture strength testing was carried out using an Instron 8871(Instron Corporation, U.S.A) at a cross head speed of 5mm/min. All of the measurements were statistically analyzed by Independent t-testing, and k-s testing. Statistical significance was set in advance at the probability level of less than 0.05. All measurements were analized with Windows $SPSS^{(R)}$ Version 10.0 software for the personal computer. The results of this study were as follows; 1. Comparison by location (1) A compared fracture strength of incisal and incisal under 3 mm, there was statistical significant difference between gold electro -formed crown and porcelain fused to gold crown (p<0.05). 2. Comparison by loading (1) When compared fracture strength of incisal, there was no significant difference between gold electroformed crown ($619.90{\pm}53.54N$)and porcelain fused to gold crown($674.68{\pm}87.42N$). (2) When compared fracture strength of incisal under 3 mm, there was significant difference between gold electroformed crown($688.29{\pm}14.88N$) and porcelain fused to gold crown($1931.81{\pm}29.64N$) (p<0.05). 3. Mode of fracture When compared of fracture mode, gold electroformed crown showed mode of fracture and fracture line reaching coping region and porcelain fused to gold crown showed only in porcelain region.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.31 no.5 s.86
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• pp.387-397
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• 2005

In oder to understand the deposition possibility of water-soluble inorganic ions in the atmospheric fine particulates for the human respiratory tract, the mass size distribution of ion species was measured using an Anderson sampler in the Iksan during fall, 2004. Samples were analyzed for major water-soluble ions using Dionex DX-100 ion chromatograph. The size distribution of water-soluble inorganic ions in the atmospheric particulates appeared bimodal distribution, which were divided around $1-2{\mu}m$ into two groups. Mass site distribution of total ion in the coarse mode was found to be almost similar level during the sampling period, but fluctuations of mass size distribution in the fine mode were observed. Considering the mass size distribution of total ion concentrations for the respiratory deposition region, it was found that about 77.1% of total tons could be deposited in the alveolar region, and which dominated the daily variation of total ion concentrations. The concentration of total ions, which could be deposited in both the head region and the tracheobronchial region, was $3.95{\mu}g/m^3$, whereas that in the alveolar rerion was $13.28{\mu}g/m^3$. Dominant ions which could be deposited in the alveolar region were ${NO_3}{^-},\;{SO_4}^{2-}\;and\;{NH_4{^+}$, accounting for about 40%, 27% and 22% of the total ions, respectively. Although $K^+$ was approximately 3% of total ions, it was shown that most of this could be deposited in the alveolar region due to its high fraction of small size distribution originated from anthropogenic source of biomass burning. The presence of these ions in the fine mode may be of public health significance as they are very biologically harmful to health and have a high probability of being deposited in human lung tissue.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.248-255
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• 2013

The objective of this study is to optimize the Metal Injection Molding(MIM) process with design of experiments(DOE) and numerical analysis. To derive the optimal process condition, experiment or numerical analysis was performed under various process conditions. To analyze the interaction among influential factors contributing to the temperature at flow front and response surface in MIM, both central point and axial point were added to the full factorial design with 2 levels and 5 factors and then their impacts on response variable in 43 experimental conditions were analyzed and the significance was evaluated. As a result, sprue, runner, and gate were completely filled in about 0.247 seconds after injection, the front part of the green body was filled in about 0.3344 seconds, the green body except gate, etc changed to almost solid state in about 3.29 seconds, the Packinging pressure was completed in about 6.29 seconds, and the green body inside and outside and sprue, etc became solid in 13.2 seconds. The impact of individual or reciprocal action of factors on the temperature at flow front was analyzed through regular probability, test statistics, main effect, and interaction effect. As a result, of a total of 31 combinations of factors, 9 unit factors and reciprocal actions were significant, and the screening was also possible. A proper regression equation was drawn with regression analysis and response surface design on the response variable of temperature at flow front, and the applicability could be verified.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.64-72
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• 2016

In this paper, we utilize a Gaussian process to predict the power consumption in the air-conditioning system. As the power consumption in the air-conditioning system takes a form of a time-series and the prediction of the power consumption becomes very important from the perspective of the efficient energy management, it is worth to investigate the time-series model for the prediction of the power consumption. To this end, we apply the Gaussian process to predict the power consumption, in which the Gaussian process provides a prior probability to every possible function and higher probabilities are given to functions that are more likely consistent with the empirical data. We also discuss how to estimate the hyper-parameters, which are parameters in the covariance function of the Gaussian process model. We estimated the hyper-parameters with two different methods (marginal likelihood and leave-one-out cross validation) and obtained a model that pertinently describes the data and the results are more or less independent of the estimation method of hyper-parameters. We validated the prediction results by the error analysis of the mean relative error and the mean absolute error. The mean relative error analysis showed that about 3.4% of the predicted value came from the error, and the mean absolute error analysis confirmed that the error in within the standard deviation of the predicted value. We also adopt the non-parametric Wilcoxon's sign-rank test to assess the fitness of the proposed model and found that the null hypothesis of uniformity was accepted under the significance level of 5%. These results can be applied to a more elaborate control of the power consumption in the air-conditioning system.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.299-304
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• 2013

A 17-run Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the synthesis conditions of a monolithic sorbent. The effects of the amount of monomer (mL), crosslink (mL) and porogen (mL) were investigated. The experimental data were fitted to a second-order polynomial equation by the multiple regression analysis and examined using statistical methods. The adjusted coefficient of determination ($R^2$) of the model was 0.9915. The probability value (p < 0.0001) demonstrated a high significance for the regression model. A mean amount of polymer as 2120.15 mg was produced under the following optimum synthesis conditions: the optimized volumes of monomer, crosslink and porogen are 0.30, 1.40, and 1.47 mL, respectively. This was in good agreement with the predicted model value.