• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2009년도 제33회 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.197-201
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• 2009

대향류확산화염에서 수축하는 화염디스크로부터 화염구멍으로 천이에 대한 실험 연구가 수행되었다. 이러한 연구는 버너직경, 전체신장율 그리고 속도비에 따라 묘사된다. 적절히 작은 버너 직경을 사용한 경우 고신장율 화염임에도 반경방향의 전도 열손실의 효과가 기여하는 것을 실험적으로 입증하였다. 그리고 화염소화 모드는 세 가지로 분류되며 특히, 충분히 큰 고신장율 화염의 표면에서 화염구멍 또는 줄무늬로 나타났다. 그리고 버너직경에 따라 화염소화모드를 구분 짓는 임계화염반경이 존재한다.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.24-30
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 페로망간 제조공정에서 발생한 집진분의 황산침출에 대하여 조사하였다. 황산의 농도, 반응온도, 교반속도, 입자크기 및 고-액비가 집진분 중의 Mn과 Fe의 침출에 미치는 영향에 대하여 검토하였다. Mn과 Fe의 침출속도는 황산의 농도가 높고 반응온도가 높을수록 높아졌다. 실험결과를 입자수축모델을 이용하여 검토한 결과 침출반응은 입자표면에서의 화학반응에 의해서 율속되는 것으로 생각된다. Mn과 Fe 침출반응의 활성화에너지는 각각 79.55 kJ/mol과 77.48 kJ/mol로 계산되었다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.94-99
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• 1987

By using the former equation (8), we modified the equation which can show the dissimilar osmotic behavior of liposome with composition change. The slope of the new equation was presented as the ratio of osmotically active volume (V$_{act}$= ) to the total volume (V$_{totel}$= $_{acl}$+ V$_{dead}$ ; V$_{dead}$ is osmotically inactive volume) of loposomes, we defined is as a Z-value, which can elucidate the dissimilarity of the osmotic activity of multilamellar liposomes with the change of phospholipid composition and the differences of physicochemical properties of liposomes. Z-value was applied for studying the physico-chemical properties of liposomal membrane. The factor that affects on the Z-value was not the lipid concentration of liposome stock dispersion but the lipid composition of liposomal membrane. As the content of dicetylphosphate, the negative charged phospholipid, was increased, the osmotic activity, represented by Z-value, of multilamellar liposome was decreased. Using the hypertonic conditions (shrinking region), Z-value steadily increased and reached a maximum at 10 mole percent cholesterol with increasing the cholesterol content.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.46-52
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• 2015

A leaching kinetics was conducted for the purpose of recovery of praseodymium in sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$) from REE slag concentrated by the smelting reduction process in an arc furnace as a reactant. The concentration of $H_2SO_4$ was fixed at an excess ratio under the condition of slurry density of 1.500 g slag/L, 0.3 mol $H_2SO_4$, and the effect of temperatures was investigated under the condition of 30 to $80^{\circ}C$. As a result, praseodymium oxide ($Pr_6O_{11}$) existing in the slag was completely converted into praseodymium sulfate ($Pr_2(SO_4)_3{\cdot}8H_2O$) after the leaching of 5 h. On the basis of the shrinking core model with a shape of sphere, the first leaching reaction was determined by chemical reaction mechanism. Generally, the solubility of pure REEs decreases with the increase of leaching temperatures in sulfuric acid, but REE slag was oppositely increased with increasing temperatures. It occurs because the ash layer included in the slag is affected as a resistance against the leaching. By using the Arrhenius expression, the apparent activation energy of the first chemical reaction was determined to be $9.195kJmol^{-1}$. In the second stage, the leaching rate is determined by the ash layer diffusion mechanism. The apparent activation energy of the second ash layer diffusion was determined to be $19.106kJmol^{-1}$. These relative low activation energy values were obtained by the existence of unreacted ash layer in the REE slag.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.1221-1228
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• 2005

Carbon electrode was applied to a wastewater treatment system as biofilm media. The spatial distribution of heterotrophic bacteria in aerobic wastewater biofilm grown on carbon electrode was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and biomass measurement. Five volts of electric oxidation and reduction potential were charged to the carbon anode and cathode of the bioelectrochemical system, respectively, but were not charged to electrodes of a conventional system. To correlate the biofilm architecture of bacterial populations with their activity, the bacterial treatment efficiency of organic carbons was measured in the bioelectrochemical system and compared with that in the conventional system. In the SEM image, the biofilm on the anodic medium of the bioelectrochemical system looked intact and active; however, that on the carbon medium of the conventional system appeared to be shrinking or damaging. In the AFM image, the thickness of biofilm formed on the carbon medium was about two times of those on the anodic medium. The bacterial treatment efficiency of organic carbons in the bioelectrochemical system was about 1.5 times higher than that in the conventional system. Some denitrifying bacteria can metabolically oxidize $H_{2}$, coupled to reduction of $NO_{3}^{-}\;to\;N_{2}$. $H_{2}$ was produced from the cathode in the bioelectrochemical system by electrolysis of water but was not so in the conventional system. The denitrification efficiency was less than $22\%$ in the conventional system and more than $77\%$ in the bioelectrochemical system. From these results, we found that the electrochemical coupling reactions between aerobic and anaerobic reactors may be a useful tool for improvement of wastewater treatment and denitrification efficiency, without special manipulations such as bacterial growth condition control, C/N ratio (the ratio of carbon to nitrogen) control, MLSS returning, or biofilm refreshing.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.369-377
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• 2010

To characterize ecotoxicological responses to a natural estrogen, $17{\beta}$-estradiol, we evaluated the life-history of the parental ($F_0$) and first generation ($F_1$) of the harpacticoid copepod, Tigriopus japonicus sensu lato. We evaluated the survival of nauplii and copepodites, the number of days until the emergence of copepodites and adult males, the sex ratio, brooding success, and the first brooding day of adult females. No significant differences in the survival rate were noted in response to treatments with different concentrations of $17{\beta}$-estradiol. However, $17{\beta}$-estradiol induced developmental delay and skewed the sex ratio toward males. Copepod development was delayed significantly in the 0.1 and $1\;{\mu}g\;l^{-1}$ $17{\beta}$-estradiol treatment groups relative to the control group, with a more pronounced delay in the $F_1$ group. Body length and biomass were significantly smaller in the $17{\beta}$-estradiol treated groups than in the controls. The male emergence of T. japonicus s.l. was very high in the 10 and $30\;{\mu}g\;l^{-1}$ $17{\beta}$-estradiol treatment group. Furthermore, exposure to $17{\beta}$-estradiol resulted in morphological deformities such as shrinking and swelling of the urosome, twisted setae of the caudal rami, setal loss of swimming legs, abnormal segmentation of antennules, and dwarfism.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제45권11호
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• pp.734-738
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• 2008

Ettringite$(3CaO{\cdot}Al_2O_3{\cdot}3CaSO_4{\cdot}32H_2O)$, one of the hydrated phase of Portland cement is usually formed in the early stage of hydration by the reaction of tricalciumaluminate$(C_3A)$ and gypsum. The rapid and strong crystal growth of separated rod-shaped ettringite have been utilized for the preparation of special cements of rapid setting, high strength and non-shrinking properties. The ettringite also has been noticed as a promising materials for the immobilization of various waste ions because of its unique crystal structure which has abundant channels and exchangeable ionic compounds. In this study, the formation and growth behavior of the ettringite was investigated in the system $C_3A-CaSO_4-H_2O$ using $C_3A$ clinker and gypsum to obtain a microporous body for waste ion immobilization. Ettringite was revealed to form by the dissolution-precipitation mechanism and the bulk body was by the entangled growth of rod-shaped ettringite crystals. The hardened body was composed of nearly pure rod-shaped ettringite interlocked each other with adequate mechanical strength. The homogeneity of structure, pore size, specific surface area and porosity of the hardened body were influenced by reaction temperature, water/powder ratio and the curing time. The hardened body prepared with water/powder ratio of 1 at $24^{\circ}C$ for one day showed excellent morphological properties for the purposed materials.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.293-299
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• 2009

섬유판을 이용한 탄화보드의 제조에 있어 무할렬 탄화법 및 탄화온도에 따른 수축률, 중량감소율 및 밀도변화에 대해 검토하였다. 섬유판을 두께별(3, 4.5, 6, 18 mm)로 준비한 후, 실험실용 탄화로를 사용하여 $400^{\circ}C{\sim}1,000^{\circ}C$의 온도조건에서 탄화보드를 제조하였다. 무할렬 탄화법은 시험편에 상하 눌림판을 설치하여 압체 탄화하는 방법을 적용하였다. 압체 탄화법에 의해 섬유판의 갈라짐과 뒤틀림 현상이 발생하지 않는 무할렬 탄화보드의 제조가 가능하였다. 탄화보드의 수축률은 길이방향 10~25%, 폭방향 12~25%, 두께방향 28~48%로 두께방향이 가장 크고 탄화온도가 상승함에 따라 커지는 경향이 나타났다. 탄화보드의 중량감소율은 섬유판의 두께에 따른 큰 차이는 나타나지 않았고 탄화온도가 상승함에 따라 커지는 경향이 나타났다. 탄화보드의 밀도는 두께 3 mm의 경질 섬유판에서 가장 컸고 탄화온도가 상승함에 따라 커지는 경향이 나타났다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.509-516
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• 2015

We investigated the reduction leaching process of manganese dioxide ore using black locust as reductant in sulfuric acid solution. The effect of parameters on the leaching efficiency of manganese was the primary focus. Experimental results indicate that manganese leaching efficiency of 97.57% was achieved under the optimal conditions: weight ratio of black locust to manganese dioxide ore (WT) of 4:10, ore particle size of $63{\mu}m$, $1.7mol{\cdot}L^{-1}\;H_2SO_4$, liquid to solid ratio (L/S) of 5:1, leaching time of 8 h, leaching temperature of 368 K and agitation rate of $400r{\cdot}min^{-1}$. The leaching rate of manganese, based on the shrinking core model, was found to be controlled by inner diffusion through the ash/inert layer composed of associated minerals. The activation energy of reductive leaching is $17.81kJ{\cdot}mol^{-1}$. To conclude the reaction mechanism, XRD analysis of leached ore residue indicates manganese compounds disappear; FTIR characterization of leached residue of black locust sawdust shows hemicellulose and cellulose disappear after the leaching process.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제10권12호
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• pp.3804-3814
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• 2009

경기침체 및 업종 과당경쟁으로 폐업하는 자영업자들이 갈수록 늘어나고 있다. 특히 정부의 소상공인 육성지원 대책을 통해 정책을 펼치고 있으나 업종포화, 소비위축, 자금부족, 대형점포 출현 등의 이유로 소상공인의 폐업률은 매년 증가되고 있으며, 폐업자 증가에 따른 또 다른 특징은 업종전환을 포함한 제 2의 창업 또한 증가 추세에 있는 것이다. 그러나 아직 정부의 지원정책은 미흡한 것으로 분석되어 진다. 본 연구는 소상공인의 업종전환에 관한 현실적이고 신뢰할만한 요인을 추출한 후 소상공인의 지속적인 성장에 도움이 되는 다양한 수익모델을 발굴하기 위한 심층적 연구를 통하여 향후 정부의 소상공인 지원제도에 대한 보다 좋은 정책 방향 모델을 제시하고자 한다.