• ETRI Journal
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.583-588
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• 2004

In this paper we investigate the effect of a shield metal line inserted between adjacent bit lines on the refresh time and noise margin in a planar DRAM cell. The DRAM cell consists of an access transistor, which is biased to 2.5V during operation, and an NMOS capacitor having the capacitance of 10fF per unit cell and a cell size of $3.63{\mu}m^2$. We designed a 1Mb DRAM with an open bit-line structure. It appears that the refresh time is increased from 4.5 ms to 12 ms when the shield metal line is inserted. Also, it appears that no failure occurs when $V_{cc}$ is increased from 2.2 V to 3 V during a bump up test, while it fails at 2.8 V without a shield metal line. Raphael simulation reveals that the coupling noise between adjacent bit lines is reduced to 1/24 when a shield metal line is inserted, while total capacitance per bit line is increased only by 10%.

• 대한조선학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.21-32
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• 1980

The welding distortions, transverse shrinkage and angular change, on the butt welded joint made by the process of shielded metal arc welding, were studied on the basic study of bead on plate weld. On the study of bead on plate weld, the temperature distribution on the plane normal to the direction of the weld line was assumed to be parabolic. The form of the distortion formulas of welded joint for transverse shrinkage and angular change were derived theoretically. Also, the experiments were performed about three cases, for changing type, sizes of welding electrodes and types of grooves, welding on mild steel plate, to compare theoretical study and experiments. It was found that the theoretical study was in good agreement with the result of experiment. Also, the optimal welding conditions for reducing weld distortions were suggested.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회A
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• pp.706-711
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• 2007

Numerical studies were performed to examine the effects of notch location of impact specimens on the failure behavior of HAZ (heat affected zone) when Charpy V-notch impact test were made at a low temperature ($1^{\circ}C$). Carbon steel plate (SA-516 Gr. 70) with thickness of 25mm for pressure vessel was welded by SMAW (shielded metal-arc welding) and specimens were fabricated from the welded plate. Charpy tests were then performed with specimens having different notch positions of specimens varying from the fusion line through HAZ to base metal. A series of finite element analysis which simulates the Charpy test and crack propagation initiating at the tip of V-notch was carried out as well. The finite element analysis takes into account the irregular fusion line and non-homogenous material properties due to the notch location of the specimen in HAZ. Results reveals that the energies absorbed during impact test depend significantly on the notch location and direction of specimen. Finite element analysis also demonstrates that the notch location of specimens, to a great extent, influences the reliability and consistency of the test.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.7-13
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• 1998

본 연구에서는 LNG 저장탱크의 안전성을 확보하기 위한 연구의 일환으로서, 실제 탱크의 건설에서와 같은 조건으로 SMAW(Shielded Metal Arc Welding) 방식으로 용접된 $9\%$ Ni강의 X-개선 후판용접부내의 파괴인성의 변화를 평가하고 미세조직을 분석하였다. 이때 파괴인성의 평가는 본 연구자들이 제안한 '개선한 CTOD(crack tip opening displacement) 시험법'으로 행하였으며 열영향부내의 미세조직 및 파면은 광학현미경, 주사전자현미경 및 X-선 회절 분석기로 관찰하였다. 결과로부터 열영향부 내의 CTOD 값은, 평가위치가 용융선(Fusion Line-F.L.)으로 접근할수록 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 이는 잔류 오스테나이트의 양이 줄어들고 결정립 미세화 효과가 없어지는 영역인 결정립 조대화영역이 열영향 부내에서 차지하는 분율이 증가함에 따른 것이다. 한편, 잔류 오스테나이트의 열적 안정성이 상대적으로 감소하게 되는 F.L.${\~}$F.L.+3mm에서 온도감소에 따른 인성감소의 정도가 F.L.+5mm${\~}$F.L.+7mm보다 상대적으로 매우 큼을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.506-512
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• 2007

This study was conducted to describe the exposure levels of welding fumes by the type of manufacturers, work process, welding type and the size of manufacturers, and to find out the trend of chronological changes of airborne welding fume levels. The subjects of this study were 509 manufacturers, consisting of 11 types of manufacturers, 3 work processes, 7 welding types, in Busan from January, 1997 to December, 2005. Airborne concentration of welding fume was determined by manual of National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and the data were analyzed by using SPSS 10.0 for Windows program. The mean concentration of airborne welding fume in all manufacturers was $1.29\;mg/m^3$ (Range: $0.01{\sim}3.00\;mg/m^3)$. The level of welding fume was the highest, as $1.96\;mg/m^3$, for manufactures of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers, which was lower than $5.0\;mg/m^3$ of 8 hr-TWA in Korean permissible exposure limit for welding fume. There was a significant difference in the mean levels of welding fumes by work process, showing the highest in welding workshop ($1.39\;mg/m^3$), followed by pipeline welding workshop ($1.26\;mg/m^3$) and engineering workshop ($1.20\;mg/m^3$). Among welding types, the mean level of welding fume was the highest in the type of $CO_2$ & arc welding, as $1.46\;mg/m^3$, followed by $CO_2$ welding ($1.40\;mg/m^3$), shielded metal arc welding ($1.31\;mg/m^3$), spot welding ($1.27\;mg/m^3$), and so on. The highest mean level of welding fume was $1.58\;mg/m^3$ in work process of pipe line welding workshop for the manufacturers of basic iron and steel, and $2.27\;mg/m^3$ in the type of arc welding for the manufactures building ship and boats. By the size of manufacturers, the mean concentration of welding fume for manufactures in small scale with less than 50 workers was the highest as $1.45\;mg/m^3$ (Range: $0.07{\sim}3.00\;mg/m^3)$. The mean level of welding fume was the highest as $1.39\;mg/m^3$ both in 1997 and in 2005, showing a trend of fluctuating periodically within a range of $1.10{\sim}1.39\;mg/m^3$. The above results suggested that more effective control program for work environment producing welding fumes should be developed and applied since there were significant variations in welding fume levels by the type of manufacturers, work processes, welding types, the size of manufactures, and by year.